"sadism" meaning in English

See sadism in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ˈseɪdɪzəm/ Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-sadism.wav Forms: sadisms [plural]
Etymology: From French sadisme and German Sadismus. Named after the Marquis de Sade, famed for his libertine writings depicting the pleasure of inflicting pain to others. The word for "sadism" (sadisme) was coined or acknowledged in the 1834 posthumous reprint of French lexicographer Boiste's Dictionnaire universel de la langue française; it is reused along with "sadist" (sadique) in 1862 by French critic Sainte-Beuve in his commentary of Flaubert's novel Salammbô; it is reused (possibly independently) in 1886 by Austrian psychiatrist Krafft-Ebing in Psychopathia Sexualis which popularized it; it is directly reused in 1905 by Freud in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality which definitively established the word. Etymology templates: {{uder|en|fr|sadisme}} French sadisme, {{bor|en|de|Sadismus}} German Sadismus Head templates: {{en-noun|~}} sadism (countable and uncountable, plural sadisms)
  1. (chiefly psychiatry) The enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation without pity. Tags: countable, uncountable Categories (topical): Psychiatry, BDSM Translations (psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation): سادية [feminine] (Arabic), садизъм (sadizǎm) [masculine] (Bulgarian), 虐待狂 (nüèdàikuáng) (Chinese Mandarin), sadismus [masculine] (Czech), sadisme [common-gender] (Danish), sadisme [neuter] (Dutch), sadismo (Esperanto), sadismi (Finnish), sadisme [masculine] (French), სადიზმი (sadizmi) (Georgian), Sadismus [masculine] (German), σαδισμός (sadismós) [masculine] (Greek), परपीड़न (parpīṛan) (Hindi), szadizmus (Hungarian), sadisme (Indonesian), sadismo [masculine] (Italian), サディズム (sadizumu) (Japanese), kesadisan (Malay), sadisme (Malay), سادیسم (sâdism) (Persian), دگر آزاری (degar âzâri) (Persian), sadyzm [masculine] (Polish), sadismo [masculine] (Portuguese), sadism [neuter] (Romanian), сади́зм (sadízm) [masculine] (Russian), sadizam [masculine] (Serbo-Croatian), садизам [masculine] (Serbo-Croatian), sadismo (Spanish), sadism (Swedish), sadizm (Turkish), sadistlik (Turkish), ezezerlik (Turkish), сади́зм (sadýzm) [masculine] (Ukrainian), סאַדיזם (sadizm) [masculine] (Yiddish)
    Sense id: en-sadism-en-noun-WlZN1DE~ Disambiguation of BDSM: 40 35 25 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English terms suffixed with -ism, English undefined derivations, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries, Terms with Arabic translations, Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Danish translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with Esperanto translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with Georgian translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Greek translations, Terms with Hindi translations, Terms with Indonesian translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Japanese translations, Terms with Malay translations, Terms with Mandarin translations, Terms with Persian translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Romanian translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Swedish translations, Terms with Turkish translations, Terms with Ukrainian translations, Terms with Yiddish translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 35 32 34 Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -ism: 35 33 33 Disambiguation of English undefined derivations: 34 32 34 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 34 33 33 Disambiguation of Pages with 3 entries: 34 33 33 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 34 32 34 Disambiguation of Terms with Arabic translations: 35 31 34 Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 31 32 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 34 31 35 Disambiguation of Terms with Danish translations: 32 31 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 32 32 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Esperanto translations: 32 32 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 31 30 38 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 32 33 35 Disambiguation of Terms with Georgian translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 32 31 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Greek translations: 32 31 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Hindi translations: 36 32 32 Disambiguation of Terms with Indonesian translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 32 32 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Japanese translations: 32 32 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Malay translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Mandarin translations: 33 31 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Persian translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Romanian translations: 31 30 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 32 32 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 33 32 35 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 31 30 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Turkish translations: 31 30 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Ukrainian translations: 31 30 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Yiddish translations: 32 31 37 Topics: human-sciences, medicine, psychiatry, psychology, sciences Disambiguation of 'psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation': 61 34 5
  2. Achievement of sexual gratification by inflicting pain or humiliation on others, or watching pain or humiliation inflicted on others. Tags: countable, uncountable Categories (topical): BDSM Translations (sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted): sadisme [common-gender] (Danish), sadisme [neuter] (Dutch), sadismi (Finnish), sadisme [masculine] (French), სადიზმი (sadizmi) (Georgian), σαδισμός (sadismós) [masculine] (Greek), परपीड़न रति (parpīṛan rati) (Hindi), परपीड़न कामुकता (parpīṛan kāmuktā) (Hindi), سادیسم (sâdism) (Persian), sadyzm [masculine] (Polish), sadomasoquismo [masculine] (Portuguese), sadism [neuter] (Romanian), sadizam [masculine] (Serbo-Croatian), sadomasoquismo (Spanish), sadism [common-gender] (Swedish), сади́зм (sadýzm) [masculine] (Ukrainian)
    Sense id: en-sadism-en-noun-x5gxNCpN Disambiguation of BDSM: 40 35 25 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English terms suffixed with -ism, English undefined derivations, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries, Terms with Arabic translations, Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Danish translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with Esperanto translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with Georgian translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Greek translations, Terms with Hindi translations, Terms with Indonesian translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Japanese translations, Terms with Malay translations, Terms with Mandarin translations, Terms with Persian translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Romanian translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Swedish translations, Terms with Turkish translations, Terms with Ukrainian translations, Terms with Yiddish translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 35 32 34 Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -ism: 35 33 33 Disambiguation of English undefined derivations: 34 32 34 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 34 33 33 Disambiguation of Pages with 3 entries: 34 33 33 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 34 32 34 Disambiguation of Terms with Arabic translations: 35 31 34 Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 31 32 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 34 31 35 Disambiguation of Terms with Danish translations: 32 31 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 32 32 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Esperanto translations: 32 32 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 31 30 38 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 32 33 35 Disambiguation of Terms with Georgian translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 32 31 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Greek translations: 32 31 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Hindi translations: 36 32 32 Disambiguation of Terms with Indonesian translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 32 32 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Japanese translations: 32 32 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Malay translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Mandarin translations: 33 31 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Persian translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Romanian translations: 31 30 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 32 32 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 33 32 35 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 31 30 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Turkish translations: 31 30 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Ukrainian translations: 31 30 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Yiddish translations: 32 31 37 Disambiguation of 'sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted': 36 53 11
  3. (loosely) Deliberate or wanton cruelty, either mental or physical, to other people, or to animals, regardless of whether for (sexual) gratification. Tags: broadly, countable, uncountable Categories (topical): BDSM Translations (deliberate cruelty): sadisme [common-gender] (Danish), sadisme [neuter] (Dutch), sadismi (Finnish), sadisme [masculine] (French), სადიზმი (sadizmi) (Georgian), szadizmus (Hungarian), sadizam [masculine] (Serbo-Croatian), sadism [common-gender] (Swedish)
    Sense id: en-sadism-en-noun-9bqsNmLx Disambiguation of BDSM: 40 35 25 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English terms suffixed with -ism, English undefined derivations, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries, Terms with Arabic translations, Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Danish translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with Esperanto translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with Georgian translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Greek translations, Terms with Hindi translations, Terms with Hungarian translations, Terms with Indonesian translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Japanese translations, Terms with Malay translations, Terms with Mandarin translations, Terms with Persian translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Romanian translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Swedish translations, Terms with Turkish translations, Terms with Ukrainian translations, Terms with Yiddish translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 35 32 34 Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -ism: 35 33 33 Disambiguation of English undefined derivations: 34 32 34 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 34 33 33 Disambiguation of Pages with 3 entries: 34 33 33 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 34 32 34 Disambiguation of Terms with Arabic translations: 35 31 34 Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 31 32 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 34 31 35 Disambiguation of Terms with Danish translations: 32 31 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 32 32 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Esperanto translations: 32 32 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 31 30 38 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 32 33 35 Disambiguation of Terms with Georgian translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 32 31 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Greek translations: 32 31 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Hindi translations: 36 32 32 Disambiguation of Terms with Hungarian translations: 30 29 40 Disambiguation of Terms with Indonesian translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 32 32 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Japanese translations: 32 32 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Malay translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Mandarin translations: 33 31 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Persian translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Romanian translations: 31 30 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 32 32 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations: 31 31 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 33 32 35 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 31 30 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Turkish translations: 31 30 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Ukrainian translations: 31 30 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Yiddish translations: 32 31 37 Disambiguation of 'deliberate cruelty': 3 3 94
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: anal sadism, enforcing sadism, explosive sadism, sadist, sadistic, sadomasochism, spineless sadism, tyrannical sadism, zoosadism Related terms: cruelty, masochism, schadenfreude

Inflected forms

{
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    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "anal sadism"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "enforcing sadism"
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    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "explosive sadism"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "sadist"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "sadistic"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "sadomasochism"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "spineless sadism"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "tyrannical sadism"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "zoosadism"
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      "expansion": "German Sadismus",
      "name": "bor"
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  "etymology_text": "From French sadisme and German Sadismus. Named after the Marquis de Sade, famed for his libertine writings depicting the pleasure of inflicting pain to others. The word for \"sadism\" (sadisme) was coined or acknowledged in the 1834 posthumous reprint of French lexicographer Boiste's Dictionnaire universel de la langue française; it is reused along with \"sadist\" (sadique) in 1862 by French critic Sainte-Beuve in his commentary of Flaubert's novel Salammbô; it is reused (possibly independently) in 1886 by Austrian psychiatrist Krafft-Ebing in Psychopathia Sexualis which popularized it; it is directly reused in 1905 by Freud in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality which definitively established the word.",
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    }
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      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "cruelty"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "masochism"
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      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
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        "The enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation without pity."
      ],
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        "(chiefly psychiatry) The enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation without pity."
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        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "سادية"
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        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "bg",
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          "roman": "sadizǎm",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "садизъм"
        },
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          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "nüèdàikuáng",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "虐待狂"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sadismus"
        },
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          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
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          ],
          "word": "sadisme"
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          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
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          "word": "sadisme"
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          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "sadismo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "sadismi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sadisme"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "sadizmi",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "სადიზმი"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Sadismus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "roman": "sadismós",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "σαδισμός"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "roman": "parpīṛan",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "परपीड़न"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "szadizmus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "id",
          "lang": "Indonesian",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "sadisme"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sadismo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "sadizumu",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "サディズム"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "ms",
          "lang": "Malay",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "kesadisan"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "ms",
          "lang": "Malay",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "sadisme"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "fa",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "roman": "sâdism",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "سادیسم"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "fa",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "roman": "degar âzâri",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "دگر آزاری"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sadyzm"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sadismo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "sadism"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "sadízm",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "сади́зм"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sadizam"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "садизам"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "sadismo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "sadism"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "sadizm"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "sadistlik"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "word": "ezezerlik"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "sadýzm",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
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          "word": "сади́зм"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 34 5",
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          "roman": "sadizm",
          "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "סאַדיזם"
        }
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          "_dis": "40 35 25",
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            "Human behaviour",
            "Sex",
            "Human",
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            "Reproduction",
            "Fundamental",
            "Life",
            "Nature"
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      "glosses": [
        "Achievement of sexual gratification by inflicting pain or humiliation on others, or watching pain or humiliation inflicted on others."
      ],
      "id": "en-sadism-en-noun-x5gxNCpN",
      "links": [
        [
          "sexual",
          "sexual"
        ],
        [
          "gratification",
          "gratification"
        ],
        [
          "inflicting",
          "inflicting"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "sadisme"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "sadisme"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "word": "sadismi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sadisme"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "sadizmi",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "word": "სადიზმი"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "roman": "sadismós",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "σαδισμός"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "roman": "parpīṛan rati",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "word": "परपीड़न रति"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "roman": "parpīṛan kāmuktā",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "word": "परपीड़न कामुकता"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "fa",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "roman": "sâdism",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "word": "سادیسم"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sadyzm"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sadomasoquismo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "sadism"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sadizam"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "word": "sadomasoquismo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "sadism"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "36 53 11",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "sadýzm",
          "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "сади́зм"
        }
      ]
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      "glosses": [
        "Deliberate or wanton cruelty, either mental or physical, to other people, or to animals, regardless of whether for (sexual) gratification."
      ],
      "id": "en-sadism-en-noun-9bqsNmLx",
      "links": [
        [
          "wanton",
          "wanton"
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      "raw_glosses": [
        "(loosely) Deliberate or wanton cruelty, either mental or physical, to other people, or to animals, regardless of whether for (sexual) gratification."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "broadly",
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "3 3 94",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "sadisme"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 3 94",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "sadisme"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 3 94",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
          "word": "sadismi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 3 94",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sadisme"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 3 94",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "sadizmi",
          "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
          "word": "სადიზმი"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 3 94",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
          "word": "szadizmus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 3 94",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sadizam"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 3 94",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "sadism"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈseɪdɪzəm/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-sadism.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sadism.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sadism.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sadism.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sadism.wav.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Marquis de Sade",
    "sadism"
  ],
  "word": "sadism"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English eponyms",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms borrowed from German",
    "English terms derived from French",
    "English terms derived from German",
    "English terms suffixed with -ism",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English undefined derivations",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Requests for review of German translations",
    "Terms with Arabic translations",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Danish translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Esperanto translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with Georgian translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Greek translations",
    "Terms with Hindi translations",
    "Terms with Hungarian translations",
    "Terms with Indonesian translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Japanese translations",
    "Terms with Malay translations",
    "Terms with Mandarin translations",
    "Terms with Persian translations",
    "Terms with Polish translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Romanian translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Turkish translations",
    "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
    "Terms with Yiddish translations",
    "en:BDSM"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "anal sadism"
    },
    {
      "word": "enforcing sadism"
    },
    {
      "word": "explosive sadism"
    },
    {
      "word": "sadist"
    },
    {
      "word": "sadistic"
    },
    {
      "word": "sadomasochism"
    },
    {
      "word": "spineless sadism"
    },
    {
      "word": "tyrannical sadism"
    },
    {
      "word": "zoosadism"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fr",
        "3": "sadisme"
      },
      "expansion": "French sadisme",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "de",
        "3": "Sadismus"
      },
      "expansion": "German Sadismus",
      "name": "bor"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From French sadisme and German Sadismus. Named after the Marquis de Sade, famed for his libertine writings depicting the pleasure of inflicting pain to others. The word for \"sadism\" (sadisme) was coined or acknowledged in the 1834 posthumous reprint of French lexicographer Boiste's Dictionnaire universel de la langue française; it is reused along with \"sadist\" (sadique) in 1862 by French critic Sainte-Beuve in his commentary of Flaubert's novel Salammbô; it is reused (possibly independently) in 1886 by Austrian psychiatrist Krafft-Ebing in Psychopathia Sexualis which popularized it; it is directly reused in 1905 by Freud in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality which definitively established the word.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "sadisms",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "~"
      },
      "expansion": "sadism (countable and uncountable, plural sadisms)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "cruelty"
    },
    {
      "word": "masochism"
    },
    {
      "word": "schadenfreude"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Psychiatry"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation without pity."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "psychiatry",
          "psychiatry"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(chiefly psychiatry) The enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation without pity."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "human-sciences",
        "medicine",
        "psychiatry",
        "psychology",
        "sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Achievement of sexual gratification by inflicting pain or humiliation on others, or watching pain or humiliation inflicted on others."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "sexual",
          "sexual"
        ],
        [
          "gratification",
          "gratification"
        ],
        [
          "inflicting",
          "inflicting"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Deliberate or wanton cruelty, either mental or physical, to other people, or to animals, regardless of whether for (sexual) gratification."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "wanton",
          "wanton"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(loosely) Deliberate or wanton cruelty, either mental or physical, to other people, or to animals, regardless of whether for (sexual) gratification."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "broadly",
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈseɪdɪzəm/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-sadism.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sadism.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sadism.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sadism.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sadism.wav.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "سادية"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "sadizǎm",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "садизъм"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "nüèdàikuáng",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "虐待狂"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sadismus"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "sadisme"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "sadisme"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "sadismo"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "sadismi"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sadisme"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "sadizmi",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "სადიზმი"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Sadismus"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "sadismós",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "σαδισμός"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "roman": "parpīṛan",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "परपीड़न"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "szadizmus"
    },
    {
      "code": "id",
      "lang": "Indonesian",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "sadisme"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sadismo"
    },
    {
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "sadizumu",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "サディズム"
    },
    {
      "code": "ms",
      "lang": "Malay",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "kesadisan"
    },
    {
      "code": "ms",
      "lang": "Malay",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "sadisme"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "roman": "sâdism",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "سادیسم"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "roman": "degar âzâri",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "دگر آزاری"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sadyzm"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sadismo"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "sadism"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "sadízm",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "сади́зм"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sadizam"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "садизам"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "sadismo"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "sadism"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "sadizm"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "sadistlik"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "word": "ezezerlik"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "sadýzm",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "сади́зм"
    },
    {
      "code": "yi",
      "lang": "Yiddish",
      "roman": "sadizm",
      "sense": "psychology: the enjoyment of inflicting pain or humiliation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "סאַדיזם"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "sadisme"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "sadisme"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "word": "sadismi"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sadisme"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "sadizmi",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "word": "სადიზმი"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "sadismós",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "σαδισμός"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "roman": "parpīṛan rati",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "word": "परपीड़न रति"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "roman": "parpīṛan kāmuktā",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "word": "परपीड़न कामुकता"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "roman": "sâdism",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "word": "سادیسم"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sadyzm"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sadomasoquismo"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "sadism"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sadizam"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "word": "sadomasoquismo"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "sadism"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "sadýzm",
      "sense": "sexual gratification from inflicting pain or humiliation, or watching it inflicted",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "сади́зм"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "sadisme"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "sadisme"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
      "word": "sadismi"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sadisme"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "sadizmi",
      "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
      "word": "სადიზმი"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
      "word": "szadizmus"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sadizam"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "deliberate cruelty",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "sadism"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Marquis de Sade",
    "sadism"
  ],
  "word": "sadism"
}

Download raw JSONL data for sadism meaning in English (13.1kB)

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/2013",
  "msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": sadismós vs. sadismós",
  "path": [
    "sadism"
  ],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "sadism",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/2013",
  "msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": sadismós vs. sadismós",
  "path": [
    "sadism"
  ],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "sadism",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.