See hypocorism in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "English",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "term of endearment"
},
"expansion": "sense 1",
"name": "senseno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "hypocorisma"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Late Latin hypocorisma",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ὑποκόρισμα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ὑποκόρισμα (hupokórisma)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ῠ̔πο-",
"3": "κορίζομαι",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "prefix indicating a small degree",
"t2": "to caress"
},
"expansion": "ῠ̔πο- (hupo-, prefix indicating a small degree) + κορίζομαι (korízomai, “to caress”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Late Latin hypocorisma, a loan from Ancient Greek ὑποκόρισμα (hupokórisma), ὑποκορισμός (hupokorismós, “pet name”), from ὑποκορίζεσθαι (hupokorízesthai), ὑποκορίζομαι (hupokorízomai, “to use a pet name; to act in a childish manner”), from ῠ̔πο- (hupo-, prefix indicating a small degree) + κορίζομαι (korízomai, “to caress”) (from κόρος (kóros, “boy; youth”), κόρη (kórē, “girl; young woman”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hypocorisms",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "hypocorism (countable and uncountable, plural hypocorisms)",
"name": "en-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "linguistics"
},
"expansion": "(linguistics)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"hy‧po‧co‧rism"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "hypocoristic"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "hypocoristical"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "hypocoristically"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "51 28 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 36 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Estonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 36 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 39 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "44 36 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 37 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 38 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 37 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 37 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "58 24 18",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "en:Linguistics",
"parents": [
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "68 19 12",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Onomastics",
"orig": "en:Onomastics",
"parents": [
"Linguistics",
"Names",
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1850 February 2, Benj[amin] H[all] Kennedy, “Pet-names”, in Notes and Queries: A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc., volume I, number 16, London: George Bell, […], published 16 February 1850, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 242, column 1:",
"text": "\"Mary\" is informed that \"Polly\" is one of those \"hypocorisms,\" or pet-names, in which our language abounds. Most are mere abbreviations, as Will, Nat, Pat, Bell, &c., taken usually from the beginning, sometimes from the end of the name.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1865, Frederic W[illiam] Farrar, “The Nature of Words”, in Chapters on Language, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, footnote 3, pages 281–282:",
"text": "For the flattering hypocorisms of lovers and parents see Plut. de Leg. Poet. p. 44; [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2000, Karen Jankulak, “The Cult of St Petroc in Cornwall”, in The Medieval Cult of St Petroc (Studies in Celtic History; 19), Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 41:",
"text": "The addition of diminutive or familiar prefixes and suffixes to the name of a saint to produce a 'pet name' or hypocorism, is common in the Celtic areas and would at times seem to produce extra saints from doublets of existing names.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2003, Mark Steven Morton, “My Swete Hurle Bawsy: Terms of Endearment”, in The Lover’s Tongue: A Merry Romp through the Language of Love and Sex, Toronto, Ont.: Insomniac Press, →ISBN, page 52:",
"text": "Cabbage, however, has enjoyed unlikely success as a hypocorism, a usage that dates back to the mid nineteenth century; this usage arose as a direct translation of chou, which French lovers had been calling each other for a long time: \"Oh, mon petit chou\"—\"Oh, my little cabbage.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Lukas Bleichenbacher, “Replacement Strategies”, in Multilingualism in the Movies: Hollywood Characters and Their Language Choices (Schweizer Anglistische Arbeiten [Swiss Studies in English]), Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg: Francke Verlag, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 5.3 (Evocation), page 66:",
"text": "Another example are hypocorisms (nicknames based on personal names) derived via language-specific word formation processes. In Amadeus, the German hypocorisms for Wolfgang and Constanze, Wolfie and Stanzi, can pass as German as well as American English – however, the latter hearing is encouraged by Constanze's pronunciation of the first vowel in Wolfie as [ˈvʊlfɪ] rather than German [ˈvɒlfɪ].",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Jessie Sams, “Word Formation in HIMYM [How I Met Your Mother]”, in Kristy Beers Fägersten, editor, Watching TV with a Linguist, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, →ISBN, page 172:",
"text": "Barney's own name is a hypocorism of Barnabas or Barnaby; Ted is a clipping of Theodore, which commonly becomes the hypocorism Teddy; among Barney's many sexual encounters were Wendy, Abby, and Jenny, each a hypocorism of original names Gwendolyn, Abigail, and Jennifer.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A term of endearment; a hypocoristic, a pet name."
],
"id": "en-hypocorism-en-noun-en:term_of_endearment",
"links": [
[
"term",
"term#Noun"
],
[
"endearment",
"endearment"
],
[
"hypocoristic",
"hypocoristic"
],
[
"pet name",
"pet name"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A term of endearment; a hypocoristic, a pet name."
],
"senseid": [
"en:term of endearment"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "hypocoristicon"
},
{
"word": "nickname"
},
{
"word": "pet name"
},
{
"word": "sobriquet"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipocorístic"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "暱稱"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nìchēng",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "昵称"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiǎomíng",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "小名"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kælenavn"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hypokorisme"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "koosnaam"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "koosnaampje"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "hüpokorism"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "lempinimi"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hypocoristique"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipocorístico"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ḳninobiti saxeli",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "კნინობითი სახელი"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "saalerso saxeli",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "საალერსო სახელი"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Lallname"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Kosename"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Hypokoristikum"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Hypokoristikon"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ypokórisma",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "υποκόρισμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ypokoristikó",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "υποκοριστικό"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "hupokórisma",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ὑποκόρισμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "becenév"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "becézés"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "becézett alak"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ipocoristico"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hypocorisma"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kjælenavn"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kjælenamn"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipokorystyk"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hipokorystykum"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipocorístico"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "hipocoristic"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "laskátelʹnoje ímja",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ласка́тельное и́мя"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "umenʹšítelʹnoje ímja",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "уменьши́тельное и́мя"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "umenʹšítelʹno-laskátelʹnoje ímja",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "уменьши́тельно-ласка́тельное и́мя"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "хипокористик"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "одмилица"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipokoristik"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "odmilica"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipocorístico"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "hypokorism"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 26 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "smeknamn"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 56 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 50 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms prefixed with hypo-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 58 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -ism",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 59 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 56 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 64 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 63 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 36 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 45 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 53 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Estonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 55 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 36 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 53 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 52 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 39 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 56 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 56 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "44 36 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 37 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 38 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 56 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 37 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 59 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 37 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2000, Karen Jankulak, “The Cult of St Petroc in Cornwall”, in The Medieval Cult of St Petroc (Studies in Celtic History; 19), Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 42:",
"text": "St Peter's cult, which dates from the earliest period in Brittany, is represented in the toponymy only in the radical form of his name, without hypocorism or mutation.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2010, George Yule, “Word Formation”, in The Study of Language, 4th edition, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 60:",
"text": "An acronym that never seems to have had capital letters comes from \"young urban professional\", plus the -ie suffix, as in hypocorism, to produce the word yuppie (first recorded in 1984).",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015, William B. McGregor, “Structure of Words: Morphology”, in Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, London, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, Part I (Language: System and Structure), page 86:",
"text": "A variant on clipping that is common in Australian English is hypocorism. This involves first clipping a word down to a closed monosyllable. Next the suffix -y ~ -ie (/i/) is attached to the clipped form. Some examples are Aussie 'Australian', brekky 'breakfast', bickie 'biscuit', barbie 'barbeque', and telly 'television'.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The formation of terms of endearment or pet names."
],
"id": "en-hypocorism-en-noun-W8t~MqZM",
"links": [
[
"formation",
"formation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) The formation of terms of endearment or pet names."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "30 67 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "formation of terms of endearment or pet names",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Hypokorismus"
},
{
"_dis1": "30 67 3",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ypokorismós",
"sense": "formation of terms of endearment or pet names",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "υποκορισμός"
},
{
"_dis1": "30 67 3",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "hupokorismós",
"sense": "formation of terms of endearment or pet names",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ὑποκορισμός"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "41 36 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Estonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 36 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 39 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "44 36 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 37 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 38 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 37 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 37 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1988, John Holm, “Lexicosemantics”, in Pidgins and Creoles (Cambridge Language Surveys), volumes I (Theory and Structure), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, published 1995, →ISBN, section 3.3.5 (Reduplication), page 88:",
"text": "In European languages reduplication is often associated with hypocorism or baby talk (e.g. wee-wee, or French bonbon) but this is not the case in the Atlantic creoles and the Niger-Congo languages.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Baby talk, such as bow-wow for dog and choo-choo for train."
],
"id": "en-hypocorism-en-noun-gobB9-gi",
"links": [
[
"Baby talk",
"baby talk"
],
[
"bow-wow",
"bow-wow#English"
],
[
"dog",
"dog#English"
],
[
"choo-choo",
"choo-choo#English"
],
[
"train",
"train#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, rare) Baby talk, such as bow-wow for dog and choo-choo for train."
],
"tags": [
"rare",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/haɪˈpɒ.kəˌɹɪ.zəm/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɪ-/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/haɪˈpɑ.kəˌɹɪ.zəm/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-hypocorism.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hypocorism.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hypocorism.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hypocorism.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hypocorism.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪzəm"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"UK"
],
"word": "hypocorisma"
}
],
"word": "hypocorism"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Late Latin",
"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"English terms derived from Late Latin",
"English terms prefixed with hypo-",
"English terms suffixed with -ism",
"English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɪzəm",
"Rhymes:English/ɪzəm/5 syllables",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"en:Linguistics",
"en:Onomastics"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "English",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "term of endearment"
},
"expansion": "sense 1",
"name": "senseno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "hypocorisma"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Late Latin hypocorisma",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ὑποκόρισμα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ὑποκόρισμα (hupokórisma)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ῠ̔πο-",
"3": "κορίζομαι",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "prefix indicating a small degree",
"t2": "to caress"
},
"expansion": "ῠ̔πο- (hupo-, prefix indicating a small degree) + κορίζομαι (korízomai, “to caress”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Late Latin hypocorisma, a loan from Ancient Greek ὑποκόρισμα (hupokórisma), ὑποκορισμός (hupokorismós, “pet name”), from ὑποκορίζεσθαι (hupokorízesthai), ὑποκορίζομαι (hupokorízomai, “to use a pet name; to act in a childish manner”), from ῠ̔πο- (hupo-, prefix indicating a small degree) + κορίζομαι (korízomai, “to caress”) (from κόρος (kóros, “boy; youth”), κόρη (kórē, “girl; young woman”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hypocorisms",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "hypocorism (countable and uncountable, plural hypocorisms)",
"name": "en-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "linguistics"
},
"expansion": "(linguistics)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"hy‧po‧co‧rism"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "hypocoristic"
},
{
"word": "hypocoristical"
},
{
"word": "hypocoristically"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1850 February 2, Benj[amin] H[all] Kennedy, “Pet-names”, in Notes and Queries: A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc., volume I, number 16, London: George Bell, […], published 16 February 1850, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 242, column 1:",
"text": "\"Mary\" is informed that \"Polly\" is one of those \"hypocorisms,\" or pet-names, in which our language abounds. Most are mere abbreviations, as Will, Nat, Pat, Bell, &c., taken usually from the beginning, sometimes from the end of the name.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1865, Frederic W[illiam] Farrar, “The Nature of Words”, in Chapters on Language, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, footnote 3, pages 281–282:",
"text": "For the flattering hypocorisms of lovers and parents see Plut. de Leg. Poet. p. 44; [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2000, Karen Jankulak, “The Cult of St Petroc in Cornwall”, in The Medieval Cult of St Petroc (Studies in Celtic History; 19), Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 41:",
"text": "The addition of diminutive or familiar prefixes and suffixes to the name of a saint to produce a 'pet name' or hypocorism, is common in the Celtic areas and would at times seem to produce extra saints from doublets of existing names.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2003, Mark Steven Morton, “My Swete Hurle Bawsy: Terms of Endearment”, in The Lover’s Tongue: A Merry Romp through the Language of Love and Sex, Toronto, Ont.: Insomniac Press, →ISBN, page 52:",
"text": "Cabbage, however, has enjoyed unlikely success as a hypocorism, a usage that dates back to the mid nineteenth century; this usage arose as a direct translation of chou, which French lovers had been calling each other for a long time: \"Oh, mon petit chou\"—\"Oh, my little cabbage.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Lukas Bleichenbacher, “Replacement Strategies”, in Multilingualism in the Movies: Hollywood Characters and Their Language Choices (Schweizer Anglistische Arbeiten [Swiss Studies in English]), Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg: Francke Verlag, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 5.3 (Evocation), page 66:",
"text": "Another example are hypocorisms (nicknames based on personal names) derived via language-specific word formation processes. In Amadeus, the German hypocorisms for Wolfgang and Constanze, Wolfie and Stanzi, can pass as German as well as American English – however, the latter hearing is encouraged by Constanze's pronunciation of the first vowel in Wolfie as [ˈvʊlfɪ] rather than German [ˈvɒlfɪ].",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Jessie Sams, “Word Formation in HIMYM [How I Met Your Mother]”, in Kristy Beers Fägersten, editor, Watching TV with a Linguist, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, →ISBN, page 172:",
"text": "Barney's own name is a hypocorism of Barnabas or Barnaby; Ted is a clipping of Theodore, which commonly becomes the hypocorism Teddy; among Barney's many sexual encounters were Wendy, Abby, and Jenny, each a hypocorism of original names Gwendolyn, Abigail, and Jennifer.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A term of endearment; a hypocoristic, a pet name."
],
"links": [
[
"term",
"term#Noun"
],
[
"endearment",
"endearment"
],
[
"hypocoristic",
"hypocoristic"
],
[
"pet name",
"pet name"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A term of endearment; a hypocoristic, a pet name."
],
"senseid": [
"en:term of endearment"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "hypocoristicon"
},
{
"word": "nickname"
},
{
"word": "pet name"
},
{
"word": "sobriquet"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2000, Karen Jankulak, “The Cult of St Petroc in Cornwall”, in The Medieval Cult of St Petroc (Studies in Celtic History; 19), Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 42:",
"text": "St Peter's cult, which dates from the earliest period in Brittany, is represented in the toponymy only in the radical form of his name, without hypocorism or mutation.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2010, George Yule, “Word Formation”, in The Study of Language, 4th edition, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 60:",
"text": "An acronym that never seems to have had capital letters comes from \"young urban professional\", plus the -ie suffix, as in hypocorism, to produce the word yuppie (first recorded in 1984).",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015, William B. McGregor, “Structure of Words: Morphology”, in Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, London, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, Part I (Language: System and Structure), page 86:",
"text": "A variant on clipping that is common in Australian English is hypocorism. This involves first clipping a word down to a closed monosyllable. Next the suffix -y ~ -ie (/i/) is attached to the clipped form. Some examples are Aussie 'Australian', brekky 'breakfast', bickie 'biscuit', barbie 'barbeque', and telly 'television'.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The formation of terms of endearment or pet names."
],
"links": [
[
"formation",
"formation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) The formation of terms of endearment or pet names."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with rare senses",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1988, John Holm, “Lexicosemantics”, in Pidgins and Creoles (Cambridge Language Surveys), volumes I (Theory and Structure), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, published 1995, →ISBN, section 3.3.5 (Reduplication), page 88:",
"text": "In European languages reduplication is often associated with hypocorism or baby talk (e.g. wee-wee, or French bonbon) but this is not the case in the Atlantic creoles and the Niger-Congo languages.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Baby talk, such as bow-wow for dog and choo-choo for train."
],
"links": [
[
"Baby talk",
"baby talk"
],
[
"bow-wow",
"bow-wow#English"
],
[
"dog",
"dog#English"
],
[
"choo-choo",
"choo-choo#English"
],
[
"train",
"train#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, rare) Baby talk, such as bow-wow for dog and choo-choo for train."
],
"tags": [
"rare",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/haɪˈpɒ.kəˌɹɪ.zəm/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɪ-/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/haɪˈpɑ.kəˌɹɪ.zəm/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-hypocorism.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hypocorism.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hypocorism.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hypocorism.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hypocorism.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪzəm"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"UK"
],
"word": "hypocorisma"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipocorístic"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "暱稱"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nìchēng",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "昵称"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiǎomíng",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "小名"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kælenavn"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hypokorisme"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "koosnaam"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "koosnaampje"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "hüpokorism"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "lempinimi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hypocoristique"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipocorístico"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ḳninobiti saxeli",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "კნინობითი სახელი"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "saalerso saxeli",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "საალერსო სახელი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Lallname"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Kosename"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Hypokoristikum"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Hypokoristikon"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ypokórisma",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "υποκόρισμα"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ypokoristikó",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "υποκοριστικό"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "hupokórisma",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ὑποκόρισμα"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "becenév"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "becézés"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"word": "becézett alak"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ipocoristico"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hypocorisma"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kjælenavn"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kjælenamn"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipokorystyk"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hipokorystykum"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipocorístico"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "hipocoristic"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "laskátelʹnoje ímja",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ласка́тельное и́мя"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "umenʹšítelʹnoje ímja",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "уменьши́тельное и́мя"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "umenʹšítelʹno-laskátelʹnoje ímja",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "уменьши́тельно-ласка́тельное и́мя"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "хипокористик"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "одмилица"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipokoristik"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "odmilica"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipocorístico"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "hypokorism"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "term of endearment",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "smeknamn"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "formation of terms of endearment or pet names",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Hypokorismus"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ypokorismós",
"sense": "formation of terms of endearment or pet names",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "υποκορισμός"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "hupokorismós",
"sense": "formation of terms of endearment or pet names",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ὑποκορισμός"
}
],
"word": "hypocorism"
}
Download raw JSONL data for hypocorism meaning in English (15.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.