See foe in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
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},
{
"word": "foelike"
},
{
"word": "foeman"
},
{
"word": "foeship"
},
{
"word": "foesome"
},
{
"word": "identification friend or foe"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*peyḱ-",
"id": "hostile"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "fo",
"4": "",
"5": "foe; hostile"
},
"expansion": "Middle English fo (“foe; hostile”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġefāh",
"4": "",
"5": "enemy"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġefāh (“enemy”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*faih"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *faih",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*faihaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *faihaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "fāch",
"3": "",
"4": "punishable"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian fāch (“punishable”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "gevēch",
"3": "",
"4": "feuder"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German gevēch (“feuder”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*peyḱ-",
"4": "*peyk/ḱ-",
"5": "to hate, be hostile",
"id": "hostile"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *peyk/ḱ- (“to hate, be hostile”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "óech",
"3": "",
"4": "enemy, fiend"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish óech (“enemy, fiend”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "pìktas",
"3": "",
"4": "evil"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian pi̇̀ktas (“evil”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English fo (“foe; hostile”), from earlier ifo (“foe”), from Old English ġefāh (“enemy”), from fāh (“hostile”), from Proto-West Germanic *faih, from Proto-Germanic *faihaz (compare Old Frisian fāch (“punishable”), Middle High German gevēch (“feuder”)), from Proto-Indo-European *peyk/ḱ- (“to hate, be hostile”) (compare Middle Irish óech (“enemy, fiend”), Lithuanian pi̇̀ktas (“evil”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "foes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "foe (plural foes)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
308,
313
]
],
"ref": "2013 June 29, “Travels and travails”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 55:",
"text": "Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An enemy."
],
"links": [
[
"enemy",
"enemy"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fəʊ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/foʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-foe.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/En-us-foe.ogg/En-us-foe.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/En-us-foe.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-əʊ"
},
{
"homophone": "faux"
},
{
"homophone": "pho"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "enemy",
"word": "adversary"
},
{
"sense": "enemy",
"word": "enemy"
},
{
"sense": "enemy",
"word": "opponent"
},
{
"sense": "enemy",
"word": "fiend"
}
],
"word": "foe"
}
{
"categories": [
"English acronyms",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with homophones",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/əʊ",
"Rhymes:English/əʊ/1 syllable",
"en:People",
"en:Units of energy"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ten to the power of fifty-one ergs",
"dot": ","
},
"expansion": "Acronym of [ten to the power of] fifty-one ergs,",
"name": "acronym of"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Acronym of [ten to the power of] fifty-one ergs, due to equalling 10⁵¹ ergs; coined by Gerald Brown of Stony Brook University in his work with Hans Bethe.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "foes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "foe (plural foes)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A unit of energy equal to 10⁴⁴ joules."
],
"links": [
[
"joule",
"joule"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fəʊ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/foʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-foe.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/En-us-foe.ogg/En-us-foe.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/En-us-foe.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-əʊ"
},
{
"homophone": "faux"
},
{
"homophone": "pho"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"alt": "B",
"word": "bethe"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"foe (unit)"
],
"word": "foe"
}
Download raw JSONL data for foe meaning in English (10.3kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in English: 'identification friend or foe', originally 'identification friend or foe'",
"path": [
"foe"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "foe",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "foe/English/adj: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "adj",
"title": "foe",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "foe/English/adj: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "adj",
"title": "foe",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "foe/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "foe",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "foe/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "foe",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "foe/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "foe",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "foe/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "foe",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-05 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (5ee713e and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.