"convolution" meaning in English

See convolution in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

Forms: convolutions [plural]
Rhymes: -uːʃən Etymology: Borrowed from Latin convolutus (“to roll together”), past participle of convolvere, from con- + volvere (“to roll”), with the suffix -tion. Equivalent to convolute + -ion. The mathematical sense is a semantic calque from Faltung. Etymology templates: {{bor|en|la|convolutus||to roll together}} Latin convolutus (“to roll together”), {{suffix|en|convolute|ion}} convolute + -ion Head templates: {{en-noun|~}} convolution (countable and uncountable, plural convolutions)
  1. A twist or fold. Tags: countable, uncountable Translations (twist or fold): извивка (izvivka) [feminine] (Bulgarian), витка (vitka) [feminine] (Bulgarian), poimu (Finnish), laskos (Finnish)
    Sense id: en-convolution-en-noun-ZJPkFvvY Disambiguation of 'twist or fold': 98 2 0 0 0 0 0
  2. Any of the folds on the surface of the brain. Tags: countable, uncountable Translations (any of the folds on the surface of the brain): гънка (gǎnka) [feminine] (Bulgarian), circumvolució [feminine] (Catalan), poimu (Finnish), circonvolution [feminine] (French)
    Sense id: en-convolution-en-noun-N9C79Q9J Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English terms suffixed with -ion, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries, Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Catalan translations, Terms with Central Kurdish translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with Icelandic translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Mandarin translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 1 34 5 4 15 20 21 Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -ion: 2 34 7 10 15 14 18 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 2 30 6 5 24 14 19 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 2 37 5 4 15 17 20 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 1 41 3 3 15 17 20 Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 3 28 7 9 18 12 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Catalan translations: 3 31 7 9 20 13 17 Disambiguation of Terms with Central Kurdish translations: 1 46 2 3 18 14 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 2 26 9 10 22 15 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 3 30 7 9 22 13 17 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 2 30 7 7 19 13 22 Disambiguation of Terms with Icelandic translations: 3 31 7 9 20 13 17 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 2 35 6 6 20 14 18 Disambiguation of Terms with Mandarin translations: 2 24 9 12 18 17 18 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 2 27 8 9 20 12 23 Disambiguation of Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations: 3 31 7 9 20 13 17 Disambiguation of 'any of the folds on the surface of the brain': 1 89 0 0 4 3 3
  3. The shape of something rotating; a vortex. Tags: countable, uncountable Translations (shape of something rotating; a vortex — see also vortex): витка (vitka) [feminine] (Bulgarian), kierre (Finnish)
    Sense id: en-convolution-en-noun-yoYEuKOO Disambiguation of 'shape of something rotating; a vortex — see also vortex': 0 7 60 4 17 7 4
  4. The state or condition of being convoluted. Tags: countable, uncountable Translations (state or condition of being convoluted): kiertyminen (Finnish)
    Sense id: en-convolution-en-noun-8K-SjUYX Categories (other): Terms with Czech translations Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 2 26 9 10 22 15 15 Disambiguation of 'state or condition of being convoluted': 0 0 4 89 3 2 1
  5. (mathematics, functional analysis) A mathematical operation on two functions that produces a third that expresses how the shape of one is modified by the other; the integral of the product of the two functions after one is reflected about the y-axis and shifted along the x-axis. Tags: countable, uncountable Categories (topical): Functional analysis, Mathematics Translations (mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions): لوول (lûl) (Central Kurdish), پێچ (pêç) (Central Kurdish), 卷積 (Chinese Mandarin), 卷积 (juǎnjī) (Chinese Mandarin), 褶積 (Chinese Mandarin), 褶积 (zhějī) (Chinese Mandarin), konvoluce [feminine] (Czech), konvolúció (Hungarian), földun [feminine] (Icelandic), convoluzione [feminine] (Italian), splot [masculine] (Polish)
    Sense id: en-convolution-en-noun-~Wk~rI3T Categories (other): Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Polish translations Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 3 28 7 9 18 12 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 2 26 9 10 22 15 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 2 27 8 9 20 12 23 Topics: mathematics, sciences Disambiguation of 'mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions': 0 3 6 5 60 23 3
  6. (computing) A function which maps a tuple of sequences into a sequence of tuples. Tags: countable, uncountable Categories (topical): Computing
    Sense id: en-convolution-en-noun-z3C6CZ7I Categories (other): Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Hungarian translations, Terms with Polish translations Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 3 28 7 9 18 12 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 2 26 9 10 22 15 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Hungarian translations: 2 19 12 9 20 26 12 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 2 27 8 9 20 12 23 Topics: computing, engineering, mathematics, natural-sciences, physical-sciences, sciences
  7. One 360° turn in a spring or similar helix. Tags: countable, uncountable Translations (one 360° turn in a spring or similar helix): kierros (Finnish)
    Sense id: en-convolution-en-noun-EVICXe76 Categories (other): Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Polish translations Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 3 28 7 9 18 12 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 2 26 9 10 22 15 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 2 27 8 9 20 12 23 Disambiguation of 'one 360° turn in a spring or similar helix': 0 1 1 1 2 1 94
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: autoconvolution, convolutional, convolutionless, convolution theorem, convolution transform, deconvolution, reconvolution, Titchmarsh convolution theorem Related terms: convolve, convolute, convoluted, autocorrelation, cross-correlation

Inflected forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "autoconvolution"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "convolutional"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "convolutionless"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "convolution theorem"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "convolution transform"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "deconvolution"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "reconvolution"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "Titchmarsh convolution theorem"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "convolutus",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to roll together"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin convolutus (“to roll together”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "convolute",
        "3": "ion"
      },
      "expansion": "convolute + -ion",
      "name": "suffix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin convolutus (“to roll together”), past participle of convolvere, from con- + volvere (“to roll”), with the suffix -tion. Equivalent to convolute + -ion. The mathematical sense is a semantic calque from Faltung.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "convolutions",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "~"
      },
      "expansion": "convolution (countable and uncountable, plural convolutions)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "convolve"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "convolute"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "convoluted"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "autocorrelation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cross-correlation"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A twist or fold."
      ],
      "id": "en-convolution-en-noun-ZJPkFvvY",
      "links": [
        [
          "twist",
          "twist"
        ],
        [
          "fold",
          "fold"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "98 2 0 0 0 0 0",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "izvivka",
          "sense": "twist or fold",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "извивка"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "98 2 0 0 0 0 0",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "vitka",
          "sense": "twist or fold",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "витка"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "98 2 0 0 0 0 0",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "twist or fold",
          "word": "poimu"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "98 2 0 0 0 0 0",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "twist or fold",
          "word": "laskos"
        }
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      "id": "en-convolution-en-noun-N9C79Q9J",
      "links": [
        [
          "fold",
          "fold"
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        [
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          "surface"
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        {
          "_dis1": "1 89 0 0 4 3 3",
          "code": "bg",
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          "sense": "any of the folds on the surface of the brain",
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            "feminine"
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            "feminine"
          ],
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      ]
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      "id": "en-convolution-en-noun-yoYEuKOO",
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          "rotating"
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          "vortex"
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          "_dis1": "0 7 60 4 17 7 4",
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          "sense": "shape of something rotating; a vortex — see also vortex",
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            "feminine"
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          "_dis1": "0 7 60 4 17 7 4",
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        }
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          "convoluted"
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          "_dis1": "0 0 4 89 3 2 1",
          "code": "fi",
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        {
          "text": "1934, Aurel Wintner,\nThe proper method in dealing with distribution functions and their convolutions (“Faltungen”) is the method of Fourier transforms, first applied systematically by Levy in his book on the calculus of probability."
        },
        {
          "ref": "1997, Richard Tolimieri, Myoung An, Chao Lu, Algorithms for Discrete Fourier Transform and Convolution, 2nd edition, Springer, page 101:",
          "text": "Linear convolution is one of the most frequent computations carried out in digital signal processing (DSP).",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1994, Semen B. Yakubovich, Yurii F. Luchko, The Hypergeometric Approach to Integral Transforms and Convolutions, Springer, page 183:",
          "text": "In Chapter 11 we considered H-convolutions of generalized H-transforms. These convolutions are bilinear, commutative and associative operations[…].",
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        }
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        [
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      ],
      "qualifier": "functional analysis",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(mathematics, functional analysis) A mathematical operation on two functions that produces a third that expresses how the shape of one is modified by the other; the integral of the product of the two functions after one is reflected about the y-axis and shifted along the x-axis."
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        {
          "_dis1": "0 3 6 5 60 23 3",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
          "word": "卷積"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "0 3 6 5 60 23 3",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "juǎnjī",
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          "word": "卷积"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "0 3 6 5 60 23 3",
          "code": "cmn",
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          "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
          "word": "褶積"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "0 3 6 5 60 23 3",
          "code": "cmn",
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          "roman": "zhějī",
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          "word": "褶积"
        },
        {
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          "code": "cs",
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          "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "konvoluce"
        },
        {
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          "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
          "word": "konvolúció"
        },
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          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
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        },
        {
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          "code": "it",
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          "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "convoluzione"
        },
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          "word": "splot"
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        "uncountable"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "0 1 1 1 2 1 94",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "one 360° turn in a spring or similar helix",
          "word": "kierros"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "rhymes": "-uːʃən"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "convolution"
  ],
  "word": "convolution"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms borrowed from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms suffixed with -ion",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Requests for review of Scottish Gaelic translations",
    "Rhymes:English/uːʃən",
    "Rhymes:English/uːʃən/4 syllables",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Catalan translations",
    "Terms with Central Kurdish translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with Hungarian translations",
    "Terms with Icelandic translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Mandarin translations",
    "Terms with Polish translations",
    "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "autoconvolution"
    },
    {
      "word": "convolutional"
    },
    {
      "word": "convolutionless"
    },
    {
      "word": "convolution theorem"
    },
    {
      "word": "convolution transform"
    },
    {
      "word": "deconvolution"
    },
    {
      "word": "reconvolution"
    },
    {
      "word": "Titchmarsh convolution theorem"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "convolutus",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to roll together"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin convolutus (“to roll together”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "convolute",
        "3": "ion"
      },
      "expansion": "convolute + -ion",
      "name": "suffix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin convolutus (“to roll together”), past participle of convolvere, from con- + volvere (“to roll”), with the suffix -tion. Equivalent to convolute + -ion. The mathematical sense is a semantic calque from Faltung.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "convolutions",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "~"
      },
      "expansion": "convolution (countable and uncountable, plural convolutions)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "convolve"
    },
    {
      "word": "convolute"
    },
    {
      "word": "convoluted"
    },
    {
      "word": "autocorrelation"
    },
    {
      "word": "cross-correlation"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A twist or fold."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "twist",
          "twist"
        ],
        [
          "fold",
          "fold"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Any of the folds on the surface of the brain."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "fold",
          "fold"
        ],
        [
          "surface",
          "surface"
        ],
        [
          "brain",
          "brain"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "The shape of something rotating; a vortex."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "rotating",
          "rotating"
        ],
        [
          "vortex",
          "vortex"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "The state or condition of being convoluted."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "convoluted",
          "convoluted"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "en:Functional analysis",
        "en:Mathematics"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "1934, Aurel Wintner,\nThe proper method in dealing with distribution functions and their convolutions (“Faltungen”) is the method of Fourier transforms, first applied systematically by Levy in his book on the calculus of probability."
        },
        {
          "ref": "1997, Richard Tolimieri, Myoung An, Chao Lu, Algorithms for Discrete Fourier Transform and Convolution, 2nd edition, Springer, page 101:",
          "text": "Linear convolution is one of the most frequent computations carried out in digital signal processing (DSP).",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1994, Semen B. Yakubovich, Yurii F. Luchko, The Hypergeometric Approach to Integral Transforms and Convolutions, Springer, page 183:",
          "text": "In Chapter 11 we considered H-convolutions of generalized H-transforms. These convolutions are bilinear, commutative and associative operations[…].",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A mathematical operation on two functions that produces a third that expresses how the shape of one is modified by the other; the integral of the product of the two functions after one is reflected about the y-axis and shifted along the x-axis."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "mathematics",
          "mathematics"
        ],
        [
          "functional analysis",
          "functional analysis"
        ],
        [
          "integral",
          "integral"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "functional analysis",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(mathematics, functional analysis) A mathematical operation on two functions that produces a third that expresses how the shape of one is modified by the other; the integral of the product of the two functions after one is reflected about the y-axis and shifted along the x-axis."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "mathematics",
        "sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Computing"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A function which maps a tuple of sequences into a sequence of tuples."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "computing",
          "computing#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "tuple",
          "tuple"
        ],
        [
          "sequences",
          "sequences"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(computing) A function which maps a tuple of sequences into a sequence of tuples."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "computing",
        "engineering",
        "mathematics",
        "natural-sciences",
        "physical-sciences",
        "sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "One 360° turn in a spring or similar helix."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "rhymes": "-uːʃən"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "izvivka",
      "sense": "twist or fold",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "извивка"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "vitka",
      "sense": "twist or fold",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "витка"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "twist or fold",
      "word": "poimu"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "twist or fold",
      "word": "laskos"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "gǎnka",
      "sense": "any of the folds on the surface of the brain",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "гънка"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "any of the folds on the surface of the brain",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "circumvolució"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "any of the folds on the surface of the brain",
      "word": "poimu"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "any of the folds on the surface of the brain",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "circonvolution"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "vitka",
      "sense": "shape of something rotating; a vortex — see also vortex",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "витка"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "shape of something rotating; a vortex — see also vortex",
      "word": "kierre"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "state or condition of being convoluted",
      "word": "kiertyminen"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
      "word": "卷積"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "juǎnjī",
      "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
      "word": "卷积"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
      "word": "褶積"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "zhějī",
      "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
      "word": "褶积"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "konvoluce"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
      "word": "konvolúció"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "földun"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "convoluzione"
    },
    {
      "code": "ckb",
      "lang": "Central Kurdish",
      "roman": "lûl",
      "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
      "word": "لوول"
    },
    {
      "code": "ckb",
      "lang": "Central Kurdish",
      "roman": "pêç",
      "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
      "word": "پێچ"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "mathematics: mathematical operation on two functions",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "splot"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "one 360° turn in a spring or similar helix",
      "word": "kierros"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "convolution"
  ],
  "word": "convolution"
}

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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.