See calligraphy in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for calligraphy meaning in English (20.7kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "fauxligraphy"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "カリグラフィー",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "karigurafī"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese: カリグラフィー (karigurafī)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Japanese: カリグラフィー (karigurafī)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "calligraphie"
},
"expansion": "French calligraphie",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "καλλιγραφία",
"lit": "pretty writing"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek καλλιγραφία (kalligraphía, literally “pretty writing”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κάλλος",
"3": "",
"4": "beauty"
},
"expansion": "κάλλος (kállos, “beauty”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "γράφω",
"3": "",
"4": "to draw"
},
"expansion": "γράφω (gráphō, “to draw”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French calligraphie, from Ancient Greek καλλιγραφία (kalligraphía, literally “pretty writing”), from κάλλος (kállos, “beauty”) + γράφω (gráphō, “to draw”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "calligraphies",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "calligraphy (countable and uncountable, plural calligraphies)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "calligrapher"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "calligraphic"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1981, Wayne E. Begley, “2: The Symbolic Role of Calligraphy on Three Imperial Mosques of Shāh Jahān”, in Joanna Gottfried Williams, editor, Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India, page 7",
"text": "This paper will explore the role of calligraphy on three royal mosques built during the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (1628-1658):[…].",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1987, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islamic Art and Spirituality, page 27",
"text": "There is, however, a temporal separation between the earthly crystallization of Quranic calligraphy and the advent of the Quranic revelation.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2004, Leslie Cabarga, Logo, Font & Lettering Bible, page 78",
"text": "Calligraphy, however, can seem like a live concert recording with a shallow, raw sound and awkward \"accidentals.\" But calligraphy has grown on me, and a distinction must be made between the calligraphy of high school diplomas and that of experts whose work is often breathtakingly beautiful.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The art or practice of writing letters and words in a decorative style; the letters and words so written."
],
"id": "en-calligraphy-en-noun-thhCXty8",
"links": [
[
"art",
"art"
],
[
"practice",
"practice"
],
[
"writing",
"writing"
],
[
"letter",
"letter"
],
[
"decorative",
"decorative"
],
[
"style",
"style"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) The art or practice of writing letters and words in a decorative style; the letters and words so written."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "32 50 18",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Calligraphy",
"orig": "en:Calligraphy",
"parents": [
"Art",
"Writing",
"Culture",
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"Society",
"Human",
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2008 March 15, Roberta Smith, “Fair Goes From Feast to Tasting Menu”, in New York Times",
"text": "Around the corner, at Goedhuis, among more contemporary calligraphies, the fat and fuzzy brushwork of Zeng Yizeng (born 1973) stands out.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any such style of decorative writing."
],
"id": "en-calligraphy-en-noun-wI-UgImH",
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) Any such style of decorative writing."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bukurshkrim"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ḵaṭṭ",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "خَطّ"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "geġagrutʿyun",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "գեղագրություն"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "vayelčʿagrutʿyun",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "վայելչագրություն"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caligrafía"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "kalihráfija",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "калігра́фія"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kaligrafija",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "калиграфия"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krasnopis",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "краснопис"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "písane na rǎká",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "пи́сане на ръка́"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cal·ligrafia"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "書法"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "shūfǎ",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "书法"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "筆法"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bǐfǎ",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "笔法"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "書道"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"note": "of Japanese calligraphy",
"roman": "shūdào",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "书道"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "筆跡"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bǐjì",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "笔迹"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "寫法"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiěfǎ",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "写法"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "co",
"lang": "Corsican",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calligrafia"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "co",
"lang": "Corsican",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calligraffia"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kaligrafie"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "krasopis"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kalligrafi"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kalligrafie"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "schoonschrijven"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "schoonschrift"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "dz",
"lang": "Dzongkha",
"roman": "yig bzo'i rig rtsal",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "ཡིག་བཟོའི་རིག་རྩལ"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kaligrafio"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fagurskrift"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "skreytskrift"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kalligrafia"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kaunokirjoitus"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calligraphie"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "chirographie"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "fur",
"lang": "Friulian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caligrafie"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caligrafía"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ḳaligrapia",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "კალიგრაფია"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "supta c̣era",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "სუფთა წერა"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Kalligraphie"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Schönschreibkunst"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "Schönschreiben"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "Schönschrift"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "gute Handschrift"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kalligrafía",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "καλλιγραφία"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "ktiva tama",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "כתיבה תמה"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kaligráfya",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "קליגרפיה"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "sulekh",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "सुलेख"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kalligráfia"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "skrautskrift"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "skrautritun"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kaligrafi"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "callagrafaíocht"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calligrafia"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "chirografia"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"note": "for Japanese calligraphy",
"roman": "shodō",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "書道"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"note": "for other kinds",
"roman": "shohō",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "書法"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "karigurafī",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "カリグラフィー"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shūji",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "習字"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "qūsni jazu",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "құсни жазу"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kaa sɑɑsee ʼɑksɑɑ phcɑng",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "ការសរសេរអក្សរផ្ចង់"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "aksɑɑ pcɑŋ",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "អក្សរផ្ចង់"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"alt": "達筆",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "dalpil",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "달필"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"alt": "書法",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "seobeop",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "서법"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"alt": "書藝",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "seoye",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "서예"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kaligrāfija"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kaligrafija"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kaligrafi"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "khat"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kirografi"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "tuhi rerehua"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "tuhiwhakairo"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kalligrafi"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "skrivekunst"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kalligrafi"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "skrivekunst"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "xošnevisi",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "خوشنویسی"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "xattâti",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "خطاطی"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kaligrafia"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caligrafia"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "quirografia"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caligrafie"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "chirografie"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "čistopisánije",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "чистописа́ние"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kalligráfija",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "каллигра́фия"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "калиграфија"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "краснопис"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "красопис"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "kaligrafija"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "krasnopis"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "krasopis"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caligrafía"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "quirografía"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kalligrafi"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "sulat-kamay"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "vaṉappeḻuttu",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "வனப்பெழுத்து"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "àk-sɔ̌ɔ-rá-wí-jìt",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "อักษรวิจิตร"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kaligrafi"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kalihráfija",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "калігра́фія"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "ug",
"lang": "Uyghur",
"roman": "xettatliq",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "خەتتاتلىق"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "huật viết chữ đẹp"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"alt": "筆法",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "bút pháp"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"alt": "書法",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "thư pháp"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kaligraf"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 46 18",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"note": "action",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kaligrafam"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "12 22 66",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 26 57",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 27 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 24 59",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -graphy",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "2004, Diana J, Mukpo, Carolyn Rose Gimian (editors), Chogyam Trungpa, The Collected Works of Chogyam Trungpa, Volume 7, page 169,\nOnly a small number of Trungpa Rinpoche's calligraphies have been reproduced heretofore, some in very limited editions."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A document written in decorative style."
],
"id": "en-calligraphy-en-noun-nh9xkx3H",
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A document written in decorative style."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kəˈlɪɡɹəfi/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-calligraphy.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calligraphy.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calligraphy.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calligraphy.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calligraphy.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"enpr": "kə-lĭg'rə-fi"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "47 41 12",
"sense": "art or practice of decorative writing",
"word": "chirography"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 41 12",
"sense": "art or practice of decorative writing",
"word": "penmanship"
}
],
"word": "calligraphy"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 4-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from French",
"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms suffixed with -graphy",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"en:Calligraphy"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "fauxligraphy"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "カリグラフィー",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "karigurafī"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese: カリグラフィー (karigurafī)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Japanese: カリグラフィー (karigurafī)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "calligraphie"
},
"expansion": "French calligraphie",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "καλλιγραφία",
"lit": "pretty writing"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek καλλιγραφία (kalligraphía, literally “pretty writing”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κάλλος",
"3": "",
"4": "beauty"
},
"expansion": "κάλλος (kállos, “beauty”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "γράφω",
"3": "",
"4": "to draw"
},
"expansion": "γράφω (gráphō, “to draw”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French calligraphie, from Ancient Greek καλλιγραφία (kalligraphía, literally “pretty writing”), from κάλλος (kállos, “beauty”) + γράφω (gráphō, “to draw”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "calligraphies",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "calligraphy (countable and uncountable, plural calligraphies)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "calligrapher"
},
{
"word": "calligraphic"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1981, Wayne E. Begley, “2: The Symbolic Role of Calligraphy on Three Imperial Mosques of Shāh Jahān”, in Joanna Gottfried Williams, editor, Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India, page 7",
"text": "This paper will explore the role of calligraphy on three royal mosques built during the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (1628-1658):[…].",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1987, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islamic Art and Spirituality, page 27",
"text": "There is, however, a temporal separation between the earthly crystallization of Quranic calligraphy and the advent of the Quranic revelation.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2004, Leslie Cabarga, Logo, Font & Lettering Bible, page 78",
"text": "Calligraphy, however, can seem like a live concert recording with a shallow, raw sound and awkward \"accidentals.\" But calligraphy has grown on me, and a distinction must be made between the calligraphy of high school diplomas and that of experts whose work is often breathtakingly beautiful.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The art or practice of writing letters and words in a decorative style; the letters and words so written."
],
"links": [
[
"art",
"art"
],
[
"practice",
"practice"
],
[
"writing",
"writing"
],
[
"letter",
"letter"
],
[
"decorative",
"decorative"
],
[
"style",
"style"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) The art or practice of writing letters and words in a decorative style; the letters and words so written."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2008 March 15, Roberta Smith, “Fair Goes From Feast to Tasting Menu”, in New York Times",
"text": "Around the corner, at Goedhuis, among more contemporary calligraphies, the fat and fuzzy brushwork of Zeng Yizeng (born 1973) stands out.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any such style of decorative writing."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) Any such style of decorative writing."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "2004, Diana J, Mukpo, Carolyn Rose Gimian (editors), Chogyam Trungpa, The Collected Works of Chogyam Trungpa, Volume 7, page 169,\nOnly a small number of Trungpa Rinpoche's calligraphies have been reproduced heretofore, some in very limited editions."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A document written in decorative style."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A document written in decorative style."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kəˈlɪɡɹəfi/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-calligraphy.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calligraphy.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calligraphy.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calligraphy.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calligraphy.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"enpr": "kə-lĭg'rə-fi"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "art or practice of decorative writing",
"word": "chirography"
},
{
"sense": "art or practice of decorative writing",
"word": "penmanship"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bukurshkrim"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ḵaṭṭ",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "خَطّ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "geġagrutʿyun",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "գեղագրություն"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "vayelčʿagrutʿyun",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "վայելչագրություն"
},
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caligrafía"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "kalihráfija",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "калігра́фія"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kaligrafija",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "калиграфия"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krasnopis",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "краснопис"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "písane na rǎká",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "пи́сане на ръка́"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cal·ligrafia"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "書法"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "shūfǎ",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "书法"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "筆法"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bǐfǎ",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "笔法"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "書道"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"note": "of Japanese calligraphy",
"roman": "shūdào",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "书道"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "筆跡"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bǐjì",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "笔迹"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "寫法"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiěfǎ",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "写法"
},
{
"code": "co",
"lang": "Corsican",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calligrafia"
},
{
"code": "co",
"lang": "Corsican",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calligraffia"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kaligrafie"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "krasopis"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kalligrafi"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kalligrafie"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "schoonschrijven"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "schoonschrift"
},
{
"code": "dz",
"lang": "Dzongkha",
"roman": "yig bzo'i rig rtsal",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "ཡིག་བཟོའི་རིག་རྩལ"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kaligrafio"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fagurskrift"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "skreytskrift"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kalligrafia"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kaunokirjoitus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calligraphie"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "chirographie"
},
{
"code": "fur",
"lang": "Friulian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caligrafie"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caligrafía"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ḳaligrapia",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "კალიგრაფია"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "supta c̣era",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "სუფთა წერა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Kalligraphie"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Schönschreibkunst"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "Schönschreiben"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "Schönschrift"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "gute Handschrift"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kalligrafía",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "καλλιγραφία"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "ktiva tama",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "כתיבה תמה"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kaligráfya",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "קליגרפיה"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "sulekh",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "सुलेख"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kalligráfia"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "skrautskrift"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "skrautritun"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kaligrafi"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "callagrafaíocht"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calligrafia"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "chirografia"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"note": "for Japanese calligraphy",
"roman": "shodō",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "書道"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"note": "for other kinds",
"roman": "shohō",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "書法"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "karigurafī",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "カリグラフィー"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shūji",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "習字"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "qūsni jazu",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "құсни жазу"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kaa sɑɑsee ʼɑksɑɑ phcɑng",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "ការសរសេរអក្សរផ្ចង់"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "aksɑɑ pcɑŋ",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "អក្សរផ្ចង់"
},
{
"alt": "達筆",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "dalpil",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "달필"
},
{
"alt": "書法",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "seobeop",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "서법"
},
{
"alt": "書藝",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "seoye",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "서예"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kaligrāfija"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kaligrafija"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kaligrafi"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "khat"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kirografi"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "tuhi rerehua"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "tuhiwhakairo"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kalligrafi"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "skrivekunst"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kalligrafi"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "skrivekunst"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "xošnevisi",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "خوشنویسی"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "xattâti",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "خطاطی"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kaligrafia"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caligrafia"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "quirografia"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caligrafie"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "chirografie"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "čistopisánije",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "чистописа́ние"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kalligráfija",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "каллигра́фия"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "калиграфија"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "краснопис"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "красопис"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "kaligrafija"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "krasnopis"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "krasopis"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caligrafía"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "quirografía"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kalligrafi"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "sulat-kamay"
},
{
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "vaṉappeḻuttu",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "வனப்பெழுத்து"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "àk-sɔ̌ɔ-rá-wí-jìt",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "อักษรวิจิตร"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kaligrafi"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kalihráfija",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "калігра́фія"
},
{
"code": "ug",
"lang": "Uyghur",
"roman": "xettatliq",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "خەتتاتلىق"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "huật viết chữ đẹp"
},
{
"alt": "筆法",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "bút pháp"
},
{
"alt": "書法",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "thư pháp"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kaligraf"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"note": "action",
"sense": "art of writing beautifully",
"word": "kaligrafam"
}
],
"word": "calligraphy"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (82c8ff9 and f4967a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.