See 彬 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for 彬 meaning in Chinese (7.6kB)
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "dīxià",
"word": "低下"
},
{
"roman": "dīsú",
"word": "低俗"
},
{
"roman": "dījí",
"word": "低級"
},
{
"roman": "dījí",
"word": "低级"
},
{
"roman": "súqì",
"word": "俗氣"
},
{
"roman": "súqì",
"word": "俗气"
},
{
"roman": "zuk6 gwat1",
"tags": [
"Cantonese"
],
"word": "俗骨"
},
{
"roman": "cāngsú",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "傖俗"
},
{
"roman": "cāngsú",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "伧俗"
},
{
"roman": "bēisú",
"word": "卑俗"
},
{
"roman": "yōngsú",
"word": "庸俗"
},
{
"roman": "bǐsú",
"word": "鄙俗"
},
{
"roman": "bǐlìn",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "鄙吝"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "大彬壺"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "大彬壶"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "bīnbīn",
"word": "彬彬"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "彬彬君子"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "彬彬文質"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "彬彬文质"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "bīnbīnyǒulǐ",
"word": "彬彬有禮"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "bīnbīnyǒulǐ",
"word": "彬彬有礼"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "彬蔚"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "wénzhìbīnbīn",
"word": "文質彬彬"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "wénzhìbīnbīn",
"word": "文质彬彬"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "江彬"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "濟濟彬彬"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "济济彬彬"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "línbīn",
"word": "璘彬"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "Han phono-semantic compounds"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "categorize"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "psc",
"adj": "",
"nocap": "",
"pron": "OC *prɯn"
},
"expansion": "Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯn)",
"name": "liushu"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "焚",
"2": "彡",
"abb1": "y",
"c1": "p",
"c2": "s",
"ls": "psc",
"t2": ""
},
"expansion": "Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯn) : abbreviated phonetic 焚 (OC *bun) + semantic 彡",
"name": "Han compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "Han phono-semantic compounds"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "categorize"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "psc",
"adj": "",
"nocap": "y",
"pron": "OC *prɯn"
},
"expansion": "phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯn)",
"name": "liushu"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "棼",
"2": "彡",
"abb1": "y",
"c1": "p",
"c2": "s",
"ls": "psc",
"nocap": "y",
"t2": ""
},
"expansion": "phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯn) : abbreviated phonetic 棼 (OC *bɯn) + semantic 彡",
"name": "Han compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯn) : abbreviated phonetic 焚 (OC *bun) + semantic 彡.\nAlternatively may be phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯn) : abbreviated phonetic 棼 (OC *bɯn) + semantic 彡.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "斌"
},
{
"form": "邠"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "hanzi"
},
"expansion": "彬",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"elegant; refined"
],
"id": "en-彬-zh-character-VkO~0dXd",
"links": [
[
"elegant",
"elegant"
],
[
"refined",
"refined"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese surnames",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "28 72",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 86",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a surname"
],
"id": "en-彬-zh-character-v2O7m9sM",
"links": [
[
"surname",
"surname"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "bīn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "bin¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄅㄧㄣ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "ban¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "pîn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "pin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bing¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "bīn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "bin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "pin¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "bīn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "bin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "бинь"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "binʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "ban¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "bān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "ban¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"zh-pron": "ben¹"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɐn⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "pîn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "bin´"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "bin¹"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "pin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "pyn"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pin³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ping"
},
{
"ipa": "/piŋ³³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "pin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*prɯn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɐn⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/piŋ³³/"
},
{
"other": "/*prɯn/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "of music, scenery",
"roman": "yōuměi",
"word": "優美"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "of music, scenery",
"roman": "yōuměi",
"word": "优美"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "diǎnyǎ",
"word": "典雅"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gǔyǎ",
"word": "古雅"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "xián",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "嫻"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "xián",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "娴"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "xiánjìng",
"word": "嫻靜"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "xiánjìng",
"word": "娴静"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "of an environment",
"roman": "yōuměi",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "幽美"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "bīnbīn",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "彬彬"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "wényǎ",
"word": "文雅"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "wénjìng",
"word": "文靜"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "wénjìng",
"word": "文静"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "sīwén",
"word": "斯文"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "si1 wen2 tai1 tai1",
"tags": [
"Sichuanese"
],
"word": "斯文胎胎"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "sīsīwénwén",
"word": "斯斯文文"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "of music, scenery",
"roman": "róuměi",
"word": "柔美"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "酥巧"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "ia3 sian4",
"tags": [
"Xiang"
],
"word": "雅相"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yǎzhì",
"word": "雅緻"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yǎzhì",
"word": "雅致"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gāoshàng",
"word": "高尚"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gāoyǎ",
"word": "高雅"
}
],
"word": "彬"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "dīxià",
"word": "低下"
},
{
"roman": "dīsú",
"word": "低俗"
},
{
"roman": "dījí",
"word": "低級"
},
{
"roman": "dījí",
"word": "低级"
},
{
"roman": "súqì",
"word": "俗氣"
},
{
"roman": "súqì",
"word": "俗气"
},
{
"roman": "zuk6 gwat1",
"tags": [
"Cantonese"
],
"word": "俗骨"
},
{
"roman": "cāngsú",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "傖俗"
},
{
"roman": "cāngsú",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "伧俗"
},
{
"roman": "bēisú",
"word": "卑俗"
},
{
"roman": "yōngsú",
"word": "庸俗"
},
{
"roman": "bǐsú",
"word": "鄙俗"
},
{
"roman": "bǐlìn",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "鄙吝"
}
],
"categories": [
"Chinese Han characters",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese proper nouns",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese lemmas"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "大彬壺"
},
{
"word": "大彬壶"
},
{
"roman": "bīnbīn",
"word": "彬彬"
},
{
"word": "彬彬君子"
},
{
"word": "彬彬文質"
},
{
"word": "彬彬文质"
},
{
"roman": "bīnbīnyǒulǐ",
"word": "彬彬有禮"
},
{
"roman": "bīnbīnyǒulǐ",
"word": "彬彬有礼"
},
{
"word": "彬蔚"
},
{
"roman": "wénzhìbīnbīn",
"word": "文質彬彬"
},
{
"roman": "wénzhìbīnbīn",
"word": "文质彬彬"
},
{
"word": "江彬"
},
{
"word": "濟濟彬彬"
},
{
"word": "济济彬彬"
},
{
"roman": "línbīn",
"word": "璘彬"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "Han phono-semantic compounds"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "categorize"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "psc",
"adj": "",
"nocap": "",
"pron": "OC *prɯn"
},
"expansion": "Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯn)",
"name": "liushu"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "焚",
"2": "彡",
"abb1": "y",
"c1": "p",
"c2": "s",
"ls": "psc",
"t2": ""
},
"expansion": "Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯn) : abbreviated phonetic 焚 (OC *bun) + semantic 彡",
"name": "Han compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "Han phono-semantic compounds"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "categorize"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "psc",
"adj": "",
"nocap": "y",
"pron": "OC *prɯn"
},
"expansion": "phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯn)",
"name": "liushu"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "棼",
"2": "彡",
"abb1": "y",
"c1": "p",
"c2": "s",
"ls": "psc",
"nocap": "y",
"t2": ""
},
"expansion": "phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯn) : abbreviated phonetic 棼 (OC *bɯn) + semantic 彡",
"name": "Han compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯn) : abbreviated phonetic 焚 (OC *bun) + semantic 彡.\nAlternatively may be phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯn) : abbreviated phonetic 棼 (OC *bɯn) + semantic 彡.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "斌"
},
{
"form": "邠"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "hanzi"
},
"expansion": "彬",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"elegant; refined"
],
"links": [
[
"elegant",
"elegant"
],
[
"refined",
"refined"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese surnames"
],
"glosses": [
"a surname"
],
"links": [
[
"surname",
"surname"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "bīn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "bin¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄅㄧㄣ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "ban¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "pîn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "pin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bing¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "bīn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "bin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "pin¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "bīn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "bin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "бинь"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "binʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "ban¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "bān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "ban¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"zh-pron": "ben¹"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɐn⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "pîn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "bin´"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "bin¹"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "pin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "pyn"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pin³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ping"
},
{
"ipa": "/piŋ³³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "pin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*prɯn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɐn⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pin⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/piŋ³³/"
},
{
"other": "/*prɯn/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "of music, scenery",
"roman": "yōuměi",
"word": "優美"
},
{
"english": "of music, scenery",
"roman": "yōuměi",
"word": "优美"
},
{
"roman": "diǎnyǎ",
"word": "典雅"
},
{
"roman": "gǔyǎ",
"word": "古雅"
},
{
"roman": "xián",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "嫻"
},
{
"roman": "xián",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "娴"
},
{
"roman": "xiánjìng",
"word": "嫻靜"
},
{
"roman": "xiánjìng",
"word": "娴静"
},
{
"english": "of an environment",
"roman": "yōuměi",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "幽美"
},
{
"roman": "bīnbīn",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "彬彬"
},
{
"roman": "wényǎ",
"word": "文雅"
},
{
"roman": "wénjìng",
"word": "文靜"
},
{
"roman": "wénjìng",
"word": "文静"
},
{
"roman": "sīwén",
"word": "斯文"
},
{
"roman": "si1 wen2 tai1 tai1",
"tags": [
"Sichuanese"
],
"word": "斯文胎胎"
},
{
"roman": "sīsīwénwén",
"word": "斯斯文文"
},
{
"english": "of music, scenery",
"roman": "róuměi",
"word": "柔美"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "酥巧"
},
{
"roman": "ia3 sian4",
"tags": [
"Xiang"
],
"word": "雅相"
},
{
"roman": "yǎzhì",
"word": "雅緻"
},
{
"roman": "yǎzhì",
"word": "雅致"
},
{
"roman": "gāoshàng",
"word": "高尚"
},
{
"roman": "gāoyǎ",
"word": "高雅"
}
],
"word": "彬"
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese)⁺'",
"path": [
"彬"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "彬",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
"path": [
"彬"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "彬",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-20 using wiktextract (1b9bfc5 and 0136956). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.