See χθών in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "autókhthōn",
"word": "αὐτόχθων"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "enosíkhthōn",
"word": "ἐνοσίχθων"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "khthónios",
"word": "χθόνιος"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "khthonostibḗs",
"word": "χθονοστιβής"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Khthōnía",
"word": "Χθωνία"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "grk-pro",
"3": "*kʰtʰṓn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *kʰtʰṓn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "grk-pro",
"3": "*tʰkʰṓn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *tʰkʰṓn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰéǵʰōm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "metathesis",
"2": "metathesizing"
},
"expansion": "metathesizing",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "क्ष"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit क्ष (kṣa)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "humus"
},
"expansion": "Latin humus",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Hellenic *kʰtʰṓn (earlier Proto-Hellenic *tʰkʰṓn), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm, with regular transference to n-stem (cf. εἷς (heîs), χῐών (khĭṓn)) and metathesizing of the Proto-Indo-European cluster *dʰǵʰ-, since Greek stop clusters must always end in a dental. Cognates include Sanskrit क्ष (kṣa) and Latin humus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "khthṓn",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "χθονός",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Attic declension-3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Third declension",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "ἡ χθών",
"roman": "hē khthṓn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "χθόνε",
"roman": "khthóne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "αἱ χθόνες",
"roman": "hai khthónes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῆς χθονός",
"roman": "tês khthonós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "χθονοῖν",
"roman": "khthonoîn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "χθονῶν",
"roman": "khthonôn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῇ χθονῐ́",
"roman": "têi khthonĭ́",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "χθονοῖν",
"roman": "khthonoîn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ταῖς χθοσῐ́",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "χθοσῐ́ν",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "taîs khthosĭ́(n)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τὴν χθόνᾰ",
"roman": "tḕn khthónă",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "χθόνε",
"roman": "khthóne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τᾱ̀ς χθόνᾰς",
"roman": "tā̀s khthónăs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "χθών",
"roman": "khthṓn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "χθόνε",
"roman": "khthóne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "χθόνες",
"roman": "khthónes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "χθονός",
"2": "f",
"3": "third"
},
"expansion": "χθών • (khthṓn) f (genitive χθονός); third declension",
"name": "grc-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "χθών",
"2": "χθονός",
"form": "F"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "khamádis",
"word": "χαμάδις"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "khamâze",
"word": "χαμᾶζε"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "khamâthen",
"word": "χαμᾶθεν"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "khamaí",
"word": "χαμαί"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "khamaieunás",
"word": "χαμαιευνάς"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "khamaieúnēs",
"word": "χαμαιεύνης"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "khamaízēlos",
"word": "χαμαίζηλος"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "khamaîthen",
"word": "χαμαῖθεν"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "khamaikoítēs",
"word": "χαμαικοίτης"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "khamóthen",
"word": "χαμόθεν"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "khthamalós",
"word": "χθαμαλός"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "49 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 26 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "62 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "79 11 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ground, soil, surface of the earth"
],
"id": "en-χθών-grc-noun-RqvJ74--",
"links": [
[
"ground",
"ground"
],
[
"soil",
"soil"
],
[
"earth",
"earth"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"earth, world"
],
"id": "en-χθών-grc-noun-7I0eL3Sa",
"links": [
[
"earth",
"earth"
],
[
"world",
"world"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"land, country"
],
"id": "en-χθών-grc-noun-5eP7rmge",
"links": [
[
"land",
"land"
],
[
"country",
"country"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kʰtʰɔ̌ːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/xθon/"
},
{
"ipa": "/xθon/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰtʰɔ̌ːn/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰtʰon/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/xθon/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/xθon/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/xθon/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "χθών"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek 1-syllable words",
"Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"Ancient Greek feminine nouns",
"Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the third declension",
"Ancient Greek lemmas",
"Ancient Greek nouns",
"Ancient Greek oxytone terms",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic",
"Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Ancient Greek third-declension nouns",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "autókhthōn",
"word": "αὐτόχθων"
},
{
"roman": "enosíkhthōn",
"word": "ἐνοσίχθων"
},
{
"roman": "khthónios",
"word": "χθόνιος"
},
{
"roman": "khthonostibḗs",
"word": "χθονοστιβής"
},
{
"roman": "Khthōnía",
"word": "Χθωνία"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "grk-pro",
"3": "*kʰtʰṓn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *kʰtʰṓn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "grk-pro",
"3": "*tʰkʰṓn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *tʰkʰṓn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰéǵʰōm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "metathesis",
"2": "metathesizing"
},
"expansion": "metathesizing",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "क्ष"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit क्ष (kṣa)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "humus"
},
"expansion": "Latin humus",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Hellenic *kʰtʰṓn (earlier Proto-Hellenic *tʰkʰṓn), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm, with regular transference to n-stem (cf. εἷς (heîs), χῐών (khĭṓn)) and metathesizing of the Proto-Indo-European cluster *dʰǵʰ-, since Greek stop clusters must always end in a dental. Cognates include Sanskrit क्ष (kṣa) and Latin humus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "khthṓn",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "χθονός",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Attic declension-3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Third declension",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "ἡ χθών",
"roman": "hē khthṓn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "χθόνε",
"roman": "khthóne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "αἱ χθόνες",
"roman": "hai khthónes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῆς χθονός",
"roman": "tês khthonós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "χθονοῖν",
"roman": "khthonoîn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "χθονῶν",
"roman": "khthonôn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῇ χθονῐ́",
"roman": "têi khthonĭ́",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "χθονοῖν",
"roman": "khthonoîn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ταῖς χθοσῐ́",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "χθοσῐ́ν",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "taîs khthosĭ́(n)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τὴν χθόνᾰ",
"roman": "tḕn khthónă",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "χθόνε",
"roman": "khthóne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τᾱ̀ς χθόνᾰς",
"roman": "tā̀s khthónăs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "χθών",
"roman": "khthṓn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "χθόνε",
"roman": "khthóne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "χθόνες",
"roman": "khthónes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "χθονός",
"2": "f",
"3": "third"
},
"expansion": "χθών • (khthṓn) f (genitive χθονός); third declension",
"name": "grc-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "χθών",
"2": "χθονός",
"form": "F"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"roman": "khamádis",
"word": "χαμάδις"
},
{
"roman": "khamâze",
"word": "χαμᾶζε"
},
{
"roman": "khamâthen",
"word": "χαμᾶθεν"
},
{
"roman": "khamaí",
"word": "χαμαί"
},
{
"roman": "khamaieunás",
"word": "χαμαιευνάς"
},
{
"roman": "khamaieúnēs",
"word": "χαμαιεύνης"
},
{
"roman": "khamaízēlos",
"word": "χαμαίζηλος"
},
{
"roman": "khamaîthen",
"word": "χαμαῖθεν"
},
{
"roman": "khamaikoítēs",
"word": "χαμαικοίτης"
},
{
"roman": "khamóthen",
"word": "χαμόθεν"
},
{
"roman": "khthamalós",
"word": "χθαμαλός"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"ground, soil, surface of the earth"
],
"links": [
[
"ground",
"ground"
],
[
"soil",
"soil"
],
[
"earth",
"earth"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"earth, world"
],
"links": [
[
"earth",
"earth"
],
[
"world",
"world"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"land, country"
],
"links": [
[
"land",
"land"
],
[
"country",
"country"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kʰtʰɔ̌ːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/xθon/"
},
{
"ipa": "/xθon/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰtʰɔ̌ːn/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰtʰon/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/xθon/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/xθon/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/xθon/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "χθών"
}
Download raw JSONL data for χθών meaning in Ancient Greek (5.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Ancient Greek dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (58c391d and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.