See subterfuge on Wiktionary
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{
"text": "Overt subterfuge in a region nearly caused a minor accident.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Clare Vanderpool, Moon Over Manifest, →ISBN, →OCLC:",
"text": "How’s the spy hunt going? Uncovered any subterfuge?",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2012 March 16, William E. Carter with Merri Sue Carter, “The British Longitude Act Reconsidered”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, Sigma Xi, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-02-20, page 87:",
"text": "But was it responsible governance to pass the Longitude Act without other efforts to protect British seamen? Or might it have been subterfuge—a disingenuous attempt to shift attention away from the realities of their life at sea.",
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],
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"(countable) An indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; a blind. Refers especially to war and diplomatics."
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},
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"code": "fi",
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"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"word": "harhautus"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"word": "ansa"
},
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],
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},
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"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
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],
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},
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"roman": "téchnasma",
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"neuter"
],
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},
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"code": "el",
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"roman": "ypekfygí",
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"tags": [
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],
"word": "υπεκφυγή"
},
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"word": "fortély"
},
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"word": "csel"
},
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"word": "trükk"
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"ref": "1672, [Andrew Marvell], The Rehearsal Transpros’d: Or, Animadversions upon a Late Book, Entituled, A Preface, Shewing what Grounds there are of Fears and Jealousies of Popery, London: [s.n.], →OCLC, pages 57–58:",
"text": "But in the mean time […] it looks all ſo like ſubterfuge and inveagling; it is ſo nauſeating and teadious a task, that no man thinks he ovvs the Author ſo much ſervice as to find out the reaſon of his ovvn Categoricalneſs for him.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2023 July 26, Christian Wolmar, “Closing ticket offices to lead to 'catch-22' for passengers”, in RAIL, number 988, page 42:",
"text": "I have been critical of the RDG in the past for merely being a cypher for government announcements, but the failure of its members to make a stand on this issue and not be complicit in the Government's subterfuge is a shocking indictment of their failure to protect the industry.",
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"(uncountable) Deception; misrepresentation of the true nature of an activity."
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"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "bg",
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"word": "artifiko"
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{
"_dis1": "0 100",
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"word": "harha"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "fi",
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"sense": "deception",
"word": "harhautuminen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
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"tags": [
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{
"_dis1": "0 100",
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"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "deception",
"word": "megtévesztés"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
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"roman": "ízmama",
"sense": "deception",
"tags": [
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"word": "и́змама"
},
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{
"_dis1": "0 100",
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],
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"tags": [
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]
],
"tags": [
"active",
"form-of",
"imperative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "subterfuge"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *-teros",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰewg- (flee)",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Punjabi translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"en:Diplomacy",
"en:Military"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-teros",
"4": "*bʰewg- (flee)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "subterfuge",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "Middle French subterfuge m",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "subterfugium",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin subterfugium n",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "subterfugiō",
"4": "",
"5": "I flee secretly"
},
"expansion": "Latin subterfugiō (“I flee secretly”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Middle French subterfuge m, from Medieval Latin subterfugium n, from Latin subterfugiō (“I flee secretly”), from subter (“under”) and fugiō (“I flee”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "subterfuges",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "subterfuge (countable and uncountable, plural subterfuges)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Overt subterfuge in a region nearly caused a minor accident.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Clare Vanderpool, Moon Over Manifest, →ISBN, →OCLC:",
"text": "How’s the spy hunt going? Uncovered any subterfuge?",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2012 March 16, William E. Carter with Merri Sue Carter, “The British Longitude Act Reconsidered”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, Sigma Xi, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-02-20, page 87:",
"text": "But was it responsible governance to pass the Longitude Act without other efforts to protect British seamen? Or might it have been subterfuge—a disingenuous attempt to shift attention away from the realities of their life at sea.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; a blind. Refers especially to war and diplomatics."
],
"links": [
[
"indirect",
"indirect"
],
[
"deceptive",
"deceptive"
],
[
"device",
"device"
],
[
"stratagem",
"stratagem"
],
[
"blind",
"blind"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) An indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; a blind. Refers especially to war and diplomatics."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1672, [Andrew Marvell], The Rehearsal Transpros’d: Or, Animadversions upon a Late Book, Entituled, A Preface, Shewing what Grounds there are of Fears and Jealousies of Popery, London: [s.n.], →OCLC, pages 57–58:",
"text": "But in the mean time […] it looks all ſo like ſubterfuge and inveagling; it is ſo nauſeating and teadious a task, that no man thinks he ovvs the Author ſo much ſervice as to find out the reaſon of his ovvn Categoricalneſs for him.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2023 July 26, Christian Wolmar, “Closing ticket offices to lead to 'catch-22' for passengers”, in RAIL, number 988, page 42:",
"text": "I have been critical of the RDG in the past for merely being a cypher for government announcements, but the failure of its members to make a stand on this issue and not be complicit in the Government's subterfuge is a shocking indictment of their failure to protect the industry.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deception; misrepresentation of the true nature of an activity."
],
"links": [
[
"Deception",
"deception"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) Deception; misrepresentation of the true nature of an activity."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈsʌbtəɹˌfjuːd͡ʒ/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-subterfuge.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/En-us-subterfuge.ogg/En-us-subterfuge.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/En-us-subterfuge.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-subterfuge.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/En-au-subterfuge.ogg/En-au-subterfuge.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/En-au-subterfuge.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "uvǎrtane",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "увъртане"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "hitruvane",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "хитруване"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "truc"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"word": "harhautus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"word": "ansa"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Täuschung"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Trick"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "téchnasma",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "τέχνασμα"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ypekfygí",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "υπεκφυγή"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"word": "fortély"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"word": "csel"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"word": "trükk"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calumnia"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "mŕdanje",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "мр́дање"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"word": "nuka"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ulóvka",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "уло́вка"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "uxiščrénije",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ухищре́ние"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "vrdanje"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "izvrdavanje"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "obmana"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "subterfugio"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "vyvert",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"word": "виверт"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "vykrut",
"sense": "indirect or deceptive device or stratagem; blind",
"word": "викрут"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "izmama",
"sense": "deception",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "измама"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "deception",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "misleiding"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "deception",
"word": "artifiko"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "deception",
"word": "harha"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "deception",
"word": "harhautuminen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "deception",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Täuschung"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "deception",
"word": "megtévesztés"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "ízmama",
"sense": "deception",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "и́змама"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "obmán",
"sense": "deception",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "обма́н"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "deception",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "izvrdavanje"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "deception",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "obmana"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "deception",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "subterfugio"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "obman",
"sense": "deception",
"word": "обман"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"subterfuge"
],
"word": "subterfuge"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "subterfuge",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "Middle French subterfuge m",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "subterfugium",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin subterfugium n",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "subterfugiō",
"4": "",
"5": "to flee secretly"
},
"expansion": "Latin subterfugiō (“to flee secretly”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French subterfuge m, borrowed from Medieval Latin subterfugium n, from Latin subterfugiō (“to flee secretly”), from subter (“under”) and fugio (“to flee”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "subterfuges",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "subterfuge m (plural subterfuges)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French 3-syllable words",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine nouns",
"French nouns",
"French terms borrowed from Medieval Latin",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"subterfuge"
],
"links": [
[
"subterfuge",
"subterfuge#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "stratagème"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/syp.tɛʁ.fyʒ/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-subterfuge.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-subterfuge.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-subterfuge.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-subterfuge.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-subterfuge.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "subterfuge"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "subterfuge",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin verb forms",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "subterfugiō"
}
],
"glosses": [
"second-person singular present active imperative of subterfugiō"
],
"links": [
[
"subterfugiō",
"subterfugio#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"active",
"form-of",
"imperative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "subterfuge"
}
Download raw JSONL data for subterfuge meaning in All languages combined (12.2kB)
{
"called_from": "translations/324",
"msg": "possible sense number in translation item: French: subterfuge (fr) m (1)",
"path": [
"subterfuge"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "subterfuge",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (e4a2c88 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.