"penance" meaning in All languages combined

See penance on Wiktionary

Noun [English]

IPA: /ˈpɛn.əns/ Audio: en-us-penance.ogg [US] Forms: penances [plural]
Etymology: From Middle English penaunce, from Anglo-Norman, from Old French peneance, from Latin paenitentia (“penitence”). Doublet of penitence. Etymology templates: {{root|en|ine-pro|*peh₁-}}, {{inh|en|enm|penaunce}} Middle English penaunce, {{der|en|xno|-}} Anglo-Norman, {{der|en|fro|peneance}} Old French peneance, {{der|en|la|paenitentia||penitence}} Latin paenitentia (“penitence”), {{doublet|en|penitence}} Doublet of penitence Head templates: {{en-noun|~}} penance (countable and uncountable, plural penances)
  1. A voluntary self-imposed punishment for a sinful act or wrongdoing. It may be intended to serve as reparation for the act. Tags: countable, uncountable Translations (voluntary self-imposed punishment): покая́ние (pokajánie) [neuter] (Bulgarian), penitència (Catalan), pønitense [common-gender] (Danish), boetedoening (Dutch), pénitence (French), penitencia [feminine] (Galician), მონანიება (monanieba) (Georgian), Buße [feminine] (German), Bußleistung [feminine] (German), Bußübung [feminine] (German), Bußwerk [neuter] (German), Bußverfahren [neuter] (German), Sühnung [feminine] (German), Selbstkasteiung [feminine] (German), Pönitenz [feminine] (German), vezeklés (Hungarian), aithrí [feminine] (Irish), penitenza (Italian), 難行 (nangyou) (alt: なんぎょう) (Japanese), 苦行 (kugyou) (alt: くぎょう) (Japanese), 難行苦行 (nangyou-kugyou) (alt: なんぎょうくぎょう) (Japanese), покаја́ние (pokajánie) [neuter] (Macedonian), покају́вање (pokajúvanje) [neuter] (Macedonian), rīpenetātanga (Maori), bot (Norwegian), peniténcia [feminine] (Occitan), pentiment [masculine] (Occitan), pokuta [feminine] (Polish), penitência [feminine] (Portuguese), pocăință (Romanian), искупле́ние (iskuplénije) [neuter] (Russian), peanas [masculine] (Scottish Gaelic), pokora (Serbo-Croatian), penitencia (Spanish), bot [common-gender] (Swedish), penitens [common-gender] (Swedish), pälśalñe (Tocharian B)
    Sense id: en-penance-en-noun-qtuiy5fy Disambiguation of 'voluntary self-imposed punishment': 61 1 33 1 4
  2. A sacrament in some Christian churches. Tags: countable, uncountable Categories (topical): Religion Translations (sacrament in some churches): penitència [feminine] (Catalan), berouw (Dutch), penitentie (Dutch), katumus (Finnish), pénitence [feminine] (French), Bußsakrament [neuter] (German), aithrí [feminine] (Irish), penitenza [feminine] (Italian), penitência [feminine] (Portuguese), penitencia [feminine] (Spanish)
    Sense id: en-penance-en-noun-3I2MgeJx Disambiguation of Religion: 0 100 0 0 0 0 Disambiguation of 'sacrament in some churches': 3 86 4 2 5
  3. Any instrument of self-punishment. Tags: countable, uncountable
    Sense id: en-penance-en-noun-lbhUxDo2 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English entries with language name categories using raw markup, English entries with topic categories using raw markup, English terms suffixed with -ance Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 30 4 52 1 6 7 Disambiguation of English entries with language name categories using raw markup: 27 4 54 2 6 7 Disambiguation of English entries with topic categories using raw markup: 26 5 52 2 7 8 Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -ance: 18 9 44 4 10 15
  4. (obsolete) repentance Tags: countable, obsolete, uncountable
    Sense id: en-penance-en-noun-zvsINIW~
  5. (obsolete) pain; sorrow; suffering Tags: countable, obsolete, uncountable
    Sense id: en-penance-en-noun-bnZajG1-
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: penitence, atonement

Verb [English]

IPA: /ˈpɛn.əns/ Audio: en-us-penance.ogg [US] Forms: penances [present, singular, third-person], penancing [participle, present], penanced [participle, past], penanced [past]
Etymology: From Middle English penaunce, from Anglo-Norman, from Old French peneance, from Latin paenitentia (“penitence”). Doublet of penitence. Etymology templates: {{root|en|ine-pro|*peh₁-}}, {{inh|en|enm|penaunce}} Middle English penaunce, {{der|en|xno|-}} Anglo-Norman, {{der|en|fro|peneance}} Old French peneance, {{der|en|la|paenitentia||penitence}} Latin paenitentia (“penitence”), {{doublet|en|penitence}} Doublet of penitence Head templates: {{en-verb}} penance (third-person singular simple present penances, present participle penancing, simple past and past participle penanced)
  1. To impose penance; to punish.
    Sense id: en-penance-en-verb-Y4nqyko8

Noun [Middle English]

Head templates: {{head|enm|noun}} penance
  1. pain; sorrow; suffering
    Sense id: en-penance-enm-noun-bnZajG1- Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for penance meaning in All languages combined (12.6kB)

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*peh₁-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "penaunce"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English penaunce",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "xno",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Anglo-Norman",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "peneance"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French peneance",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "paenitentia",
        "4": "",
        "5": "penitence"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin paenitentia (“penitence”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "penitence"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of penitence",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English penaunce, from Anglo-Norman, from Old French peneance, from Latin paenitentia (“penitence”). Doublet of penitence.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "penances",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "~"
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      "expansion": "penance (countable and uncountable, plural penances)",
      "name": "en-noun"
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  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "pen‧ance"
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A voluntary self-imposed punishment for a sinful act or wrongdoing. It may be intended to serve as reparation for the act."
      ],
      "id": "en-penance-en-noun-qtuiy5fy",
      "links": [
        [
          "punishment",
          "punishment"
        ],
        [
          "sinful",
          "sinful"
        ],
        [
          "reparation",
          "reparation"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "pokajánie",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "покая́ние"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "word": "penitència"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "pønitense"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "word": "boetedoening"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "word": "pénitence"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "penitencia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "monanieba",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "word": "მონანიება"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Buße"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Bußleistung"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Bußübung"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Bußwerk"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Bußverfahren"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Sühnung"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Selbstkasteiung"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Pönitenz"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "word": "vezeklés"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "aithrí"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "word": "penitenza"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "alt": "なんぎょう",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "nangyou",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "word": "難行"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "alt": "くぎょう",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "kugyou",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "word": "苦行"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "alt": "なんぎょうくぎょう",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "nangyou-kugyou",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "word": "難行苦行"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "pokajánie",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "покаја́ние"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "pokajúvanje",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "покају́вање"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "word": "rīpenetātanga"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "no",
          "lang": "Norwegian",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "word": "bot"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "oc",
          "lang": "Occitan",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "peniténcia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "oc",
          "lang": "Occitan",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "pentiment"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "pokuta"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "penitência"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "word": "pocăință"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "iskuplénije",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "искупле́ние"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "gd",
          "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "peanas"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "word": "pokora"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "word": "penitencia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "bot"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "penitens"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "61 1 33 1 4",
          "code": "txb",
          "lang": "Tocharian B",
          "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
          "word": "pälśalñe"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "0 100 0 0 0 0",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Religion",
          "orig": "en:Religion",
          "parents": [
            "Culture",
            "Society",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A sacrament in some Christian churches."
      ],
      "id": "en-penance-en-noun-3I2MgeJx",
      "links": [
        [
          "sacrament",
          "sacrament"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "3 86 4 2 5",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "penitència"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 86 4 2 5",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
          "word": "berouw"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 86 4 2 5",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
          "word": "penitentie"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 86 4 2 5",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
          "word": "katumus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 86 4 2 5",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "pénitence"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 86 4 2 5",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Bußsakrament"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 86 4 2 5",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "aithrí"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 86 4 2 5",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "penitenza"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 86 4 2 5",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "penitência"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 86 4 2 5",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "penitencia"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "30 4 52 1 6 7",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
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        {
          "_dis": "27 4 54 2 6 7",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 5 52 2 7 8",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 9 44 4 10 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms suffixed with -ance",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Any instrument of self-punishment."
      ],
      "id": "en-penance-en-noun-lbhUxDo2",
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "repentance"
      ],
      "id": "en-penance-en-noun-zvsINIW~",
      "links": [
        [
          "repentance",
          "repentance"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) repentance"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "obsolete",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "pain; sorrow; suffering"
      ],
      "id": "en-penance-en-noun-bnZajG1-",
      "links": [
        [
          "pain",
          "pain"
        ],
        [
          "sorrow",
          "sorrow"
        ],
        [
          "suffering",
          "suffering"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) pain; sorrow; suffering"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "obsolete",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈpɛn.əns/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-penance.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/En-us-penance.ogg/En-us-penance.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/En-us-penance.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "penitence"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "atonement"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "penance"
  ],
  "word": "penance"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*peh₁-"
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      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
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    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
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        "3": "penaunce"
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      "expansion": "Middle English penaunce",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
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      "expansion": "Anglo-Norman",
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    {
      "args": {
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        "3": "peneance"
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      "expansion": "Old French peneance",
      "name": "der"
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    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "la",
        "3": "paenitentia",
        "4": "",
        "5": "penitence"
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      "expansion": "Latin paenitentia (“penitence”)",
      "name": "der"
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    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "penitence"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of penitence",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English penaunce, from Anglo-Norman, from Old French peneance, from Latin paenitentia (“penitence”). Doublet of penitence.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "penances",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "penancing",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "penanced",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "penanced",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "penance (third-person singular simple present penances, present participle penancing, simple past and past participle penanced)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "pen‧ance"
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "To impose penance; to punish."
      ],
      "id": "en-penance-en-verb-Y4nqyko8",
      "links": [
        [
          "impose",
          "impose"
        ],
        [
          "penance",
          "#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "punish",
          "punish"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈpɛn.əns/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-penance.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/En-us-penance.ogg/En-us-penance.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/En-us-penance.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "penance"
  ],
  "word": "penance"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "penance",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "pain; sorrow; suffering"
      ],
      "id": "en-penance-enm-noun-bnZajG1-",
      "links": [
        [
          "pain",
          "pain"
        ],
        [
          "sorrow",
          "sorrow"
        ],
        [
          "suffering",
          "suffering"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "penance"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English 2-syllable words",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English doublets",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
    "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peh₁-",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms suffixed with -ance",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English verbs",
    "en:Religion"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*peh₁-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "penaunce"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English penaunce",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "xno",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Anglo-Norman",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "peneance"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French peneance",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "paenitentia",
        "4": "",
        "5": "penitence"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin paenitentia (“penitence”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "penitence"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of penitence",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English penaunce, from Anglo-Norman, from Old French peneance, from Latin paenitentia (“penitence”). Doublet of penitence.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "penances",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "~"
      },
      "expansion": "penance (countable and uncountable, plural penances)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "pen‧ance"
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A voluntary self-imposed punishment for a sinful act or wrongdoing. It may be intended to serve as reparation for the act."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "punishment",
          "punishment"
        ],
        [
          "sinful",
          "sinful"
        ],
        [
          "reparation",
          "reparation"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A sacrament in some Christian churches."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "sacrament",
          "sacrament"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Any instrument of self-punishment."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with obsolete senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "repentance"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "repentance",
          "repentance"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) repentance"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "obsolete",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with obsolete senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "pain; sorrow; suffering"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "pain",
          "pain"
        ],
        [
          "sorrow",
          "sorrow"
        ],
        [
          "suffering",
          "suffering"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) pain; sorrow; suffering"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "obsolete",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈpɛn.əns/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-penance.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/En-us-penance.ogg/En-us-penance.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/En-us-penance.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "penitence"
    },
    {
      "word": "atonement"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "pokajánie",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "покая́ние"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "word": "penitència"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "pønitense"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "word": "boetedoening"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "word": "pénitence"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "penitencia"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "monanieba",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "word": "მონანიება"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Buße"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Bußleistung"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Bußübung"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Bußwerk"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Bußverfahren"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Sühnung"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Selbstkasteiung"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Pönitenz"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "word": "vezeklés"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "aithrí"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "word": "penitenza"
    },
    {
      "alt": "なんぎょう",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "nangyou",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "word": "難行"
    },
    {
      "alt": "くぎょう",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "kugyou",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "word": "苦行"
    },
    {
      "alt": "なんぎょうくぎょう",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "nangyou-kugyou",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "word": "難行苦行"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "pokajánie",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "покаја́ние"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "pokajúvanje",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "покају́вање"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "word": "rīpenetātanga"
    },
    {
      "code": "no",
      "lang": "Norwegian",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "word": "bot"
    },
    {
      "code": "oc",
      "lang": "Occitan",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "peniténcia"
    },
    {
      "code": "oc",
      "lang": "Occitan",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "pentiment"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "pokuta"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "penitência"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "word": "pocăință"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "iskuplénije",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "искупле́ние"
    },
    {
      "code": "gd",
      "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "peanas"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "word": "pokora"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "word": "penitencia"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "bot"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "penitens"
    },
    {
      "code": "txb",
      "lang": "Tocharian B",
      "sense": "voluntary self-imposed punishment",
      "word": "pälśalñe"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "penitència"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
      "word": "berouw"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
      "word": "penitentie"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
      "word": "katumus"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "pénitence"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Bußsakrament"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "aithrí"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "penitenza"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "penitência"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "sacrament in some churches",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "penitencia"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "penance"
  ],
  "word": "penance"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English 2-syllable words",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English doublets",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
    "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peh₁-",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms suffixed with -ance",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English verbs",
    "en:Religion"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*peh₁-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "penaunce"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English penaunce",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "xno",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Anglo-Norman",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "peneance"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French peneance",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "paenitentia",
        "4": "",
        "5": "penitence"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin paenitentia (“penitence”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "penitence"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of penitence",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English penaunce, from Anglo-Norman, from Old French peneance, from Latin paenitentia (“penitence”). Doublet of penitence.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "penances",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "penancing",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "penanced",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "penanced",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "penance (third-person singular simple present penances, present participle penancing, simple past and past participle penanced)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "pen‧ance"
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "To impose penance; to punish."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "impose",
          "impose"
        ],
        [
          "penance",
          "#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "punish",
          "punish"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈpɛn.əns/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-penance.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/En-us-penance.ogg/En-us-penance.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/En-us-penance.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "penance"
  ],
  "word": "penance"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "penance",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
        "Middle English lemmas",
        "Middle English nouns"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "pain; sorrow; suffering"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "pain",
          "pain"
        ],
        [
          "sorrow",
          "sorrow"
        ],
        [
          "suffering",
          "suffering"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "penance"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.