See kolk on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nl",
"3": "kolk"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kolk",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Dutch kolk.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kolks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kolk (plural kolks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Geology",
"orig": "en:Geology",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "97 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 4 18 2 24 24 4 16 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 1 0 4 19 1 26 26 2 16 1 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An underwater vortex similar to a whirlwind, capable of dislodging, picking up, and moving boulders."
],
"id": "en-kolk-en-noun-A2VgcJwz",
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"vortex",
"vortex"
],
[
"whirlwind",
"whirlwind"
],
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) An underwater vortex similar to a whirlwind, capable of dislodging, picking up, and moving boulders."
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"kolk (vortex)"
],
"word": "kolk"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nds",
"3": "Kolk"
},
"expansion": "Low German Kolk",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Kolk"
},
"expansion": "German Kolk",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kolk"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kolk",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Low German Kolk, possibly via German Kolk. Cognate with Dutch kolk.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kolks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kolk (plural kolks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
35,
39
],
[
35,
40
],
[
203,
207
]
],
"ref": "1988 July 29, Heinz Ellenberg, Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 341:",
"text": "[…] bogs, but only around pools or kolks. The small-scale mosaic of hummocks and hollows so characteristic of the true raised bog is nowhere to be found on a wooded bog. The quaking bog community on the kolk edge, similar to that[…]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
20,
25
]
],
"ref": "1998, R. S. Ambasht, Modern Trends in Ecology and Environment:",
"text": "[…] bog hollows and kolks.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A relatively small water-filled depression, especially in a bog: a bog pond, a bog eye, a bog kolk."
],
"id": "en-kolk-en-noun-2gAYX7PI",
"links": [
[
"bog",
"bog"
],
[
"bog pond",
"bog pond"
],
[
"bog eye",
"bog eye"
],
[
"bog kolk",
"bog kolk"
]
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"kolk (vortex)"
],
"word": "kolk"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "draaikolk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "kolkdijk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "kolksloot"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "molenkolk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rioolkolk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "sluiskolk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "straatkolk"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "kolk",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Afrikaans: kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Afrikaans: kolk"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "colc"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch colc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*kolk"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *kolk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kolk",
"t": "hollow, pit, gully"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kolk (“hollow, pit, gully”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kulukaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kulukaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch colc, from Old Dutch *kolk, from Proto-West Germanic *kolk (“hollow, pit, gully”), from Proto-Germanic *kulukaz, an extension of *kelǭ (“throat”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kolken",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "-en",
"3": "+",
"g2": "m"
},
"expansion": "kolk f or m (plural kolken, diminutive kolkje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kolk"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"vortex, maelstrom"
],
"id": "en-kolk-nl-noun-3WJWkHKx",
"links": [
[
"vortex",
"vortex"
],
[
"maelstrom",
"maelstrom"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "draaikolk"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a drain that is part a sewer system"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"_dis1": "4 83 3 1 1 4 4",
"sense": "drain of a sewer system",
"word": "put"
}
],
"id": "en-kolk-nl-noun-D-vQBd5s",
"links": [
[
"drain",
"drain"
],
[
"sewer",
"sewer"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "put"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a small waterway connected to one or several windmills that control the water level in a polder, serving as a conduit to remove surplus water"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"_dis1": "5 1 66 14 2 8 3",
"sense": "small waterway connected to windmills in a polder",
"word": "sloot"
}
],
"id": "en-kolk-nl-noun-FwDIB1-9",
"links": [
[
"waterway",
"waterway"
],
[
"windmill",
"windmill"
],
[
"polder",
"polder"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "boezemsloot"
},
{
"word": "kolksloot"
},
{
"word": "molenkolk"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a dyke beside such a waterway"
],
"id": "en-kolk-nl-noun-l0dYOUiU",
"links": [
[
"waterway",
"waterway"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kolkdijk"
},
{
"word": "molenkolk"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a stagnant pool or lake resulting from the vortex of e.g. a breached dyke"
],
"id": "en-kolk-nl-noun-8kctVpkq",
"links": [
[
"pool",
"pool"
],
[
"lake",
"lake"
],
[
"breach",
"breach"
],
[
"dyke",
"dyke"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 4 18 2 24 24 4 16 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 1 0 4 19 1 26 26 2 16 1 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 2 3 0 5 21 1 29 29 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the body of water between sluice gates"
],
"id": "en-kolk-nl-noun-LTmkJjbW",
"links": [
[
"sluice",
"sluice"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "sluiskolk"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 13 12 9 11 18 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch nouns with f+m gender",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a dug watering hole"
],
"id": "en-kolk-nl-noun-0HJ9w3Vr",
"links": [
[
"dug",
"dug"
],
[
"watering hole",
"watering hole"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɔlk/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-kolk.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Nl-kolk.ogg/Nl-kolk.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Nl-kolk.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔlk"
}
],
"word": "kolk"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "kolk",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kolk"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 4 18 2 24 24 4 16 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 1 0 4 19 1 26 26 2 16 1 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 2 3 0 5 21 1 29 29 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "kolken"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of kolken:",
"first-person singular present indicative"
],
"id": "en-kolk-nl-verb-j~wVJqoN",
"links": [
[
"kolken",
"kolken#Dutch"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 4 18 2 24 24 4 16 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 1 0 4 19 1 26 26 2 16 1 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 2 3 0 5 21 1 29 29 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "kolken"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of kolken:",
"second-person singular present indicative"
],
"id": "en-kolk-nl-verb-4IP8jtxA",
"links": [
[
"kolken",
"kolken#Dutch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of kolken:",
"(in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in case of inversion"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "kolken"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of kolken:",
"imperative"
],
"id": "en-kolk-nl-verb-sdd4NeLp",
"links": [
[
"kolken",
"kolken#Dutch"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɔlk/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-kolk.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Nl-kolk.ogg/Nl-kolk.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Nl-kolk.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔlk"
}
],
"word": "kolk"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*colc"
},
"expansion": "Old English: *colc\n>? Middle English: colk\n>? English: coke\n⇒? Middle English: colkenen (“to gasp, gulp”)\n>? Scots: cowk (“to retch, vomit”)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: *colc\n>? Middle English: colk\n>? English: coke\n⇒? Middle English: colkenen (“to gasp, gulp”)\n>? Scots: cowk (“to retch, vomit”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "kolk"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: kolk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Kolk"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Kolk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kolk"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: kolk"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*kolk"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *kolk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "kolk",
"3": "kulk"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: kolk, kulk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: kolk, kulk"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Kolk"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: Kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: Kolk"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "kolc",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle High German: kolc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle High German: kolc"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kolk"
},
"expansion": "German: Kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Kolk"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "kolken",
"3": "kölken",
"4": "kolksen",
"der": "1",
"q2": "dialectal",
"t": "to gulp",
"t3": "to vomit"
},
"expansion": "⇒ German: kolken (“to gulp”), (dialectal) kölken, kolksen (“to vomit”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ German: kolken (“to gulp”), (dialectal) kölken, kolksen (“to vomit”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "kulke",
"bor": "1",
"der": "1",
"t": "to swallow, gulp"
},
"expansion": "→⇒ Danish: kulke (“to swallow, gulp”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→⇒ Danish: kulke (“to swallow, gulp”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*kolk"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *kolk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "colc",
"3": "culc",
"4": "colck"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: colc, culc, colck",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: colc, culc, colck"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kolk"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: kolk"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "kolk",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: kolk"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kolken",
"der": "1",
"t": "to belch"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Dutch: kolken (“to belch”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Dutch: kolken (“to belch”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kulukaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kulukaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier *koluk, from Proto-Germanic *kulukaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "kolk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kolk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kolku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*kolk m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kolk",
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kolk",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "kelā"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "keluk"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "61 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "68 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a depression, hollow, well"
],
"id": "en-kolk-gmw-pro-noun-AKGHxSzV",
"links": [
[
"depression",
"depression"
],
[
"hollow",
"hollow"
],
[
"well",
"well"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"the pit of the stomach, gullet"
],
"id": "en-kolk-gmw-pro-noun-~FMExFA5",
"links": [
[
"pit",
"pit"
],
[
"stomach",
"stomach"
],
[
"gullet",
"gullet"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) the pit of the stomach, gullet"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kolk"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch feminine nouns",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch masculine nouns",
"Dutch non-lemma forms",
"Dutch nouns",
"Dutch nouns with f+m gender",
"Dutch nouns with multiple genders",
"Dutch nouns with plural in -en",
"Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Dutch verb forms",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Dutch/ɔlk",
"Rhymes:Dutch/ɔlk/1 syllable"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "draaikolk"
},
{
"word": "kolkdijk"
},
{
"word": "kolksloot"
},
{
"word": "molenkolk"
},
{
"word": "rioolkolk"
},
{
"word": "sluiskolk"
},
{
"word": "straatkolk"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "kolk",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Afrikaans: kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Afrikaans: kolk"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "colc"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch colc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*kolk"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *kolk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kolk",
"t": "hollow, pit, gully"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kolk (“hollow, pit, gully”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kulukaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kulukaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch colc, from Old Dutch *kolk, from Proto-West Germanic *kolk (“hollow, pit, gully”), from Proto-Germanic *kulukaz, an extension of *kelǭ (“throat”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kolken",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "-en",
"3": "+",
"g2": "m"
},
"expansion": "kolk f or m (plural kolken, diminutive kolkje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"sense": "drain of a sewer system",
"word": "put"
},
{
"sense": "small waterway connected to windmills in a polder",
"word": "sloot"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kolk"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"vortex, maelstrom"
],
"links": [
[
"vortex",
"vortex"
],
[
"maelstrom",
"maelstrom"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "draaikolk"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a drain that is part a sewer system"
],
"links": [
[
"drain",
"drain"
],
[
"sewer",
"sewer"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "put"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a small waterway connected to one or several windmills that control the water level in a polder, serving as a conduit to remove surplus water"
],
"links": [
[
"waterway",
"waterway"
],
[
"windmill",
"windmill"
],
[
"polder",
"polder"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "boezemsloot"
},
{
"word": "kolksloot"
},
{
"word": "molenkolk"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a dyke beside such a waterway"
],
"links": [
[
"waterway",
"waterway"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kolkdijk"
},
{
"word": "molenkolk"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a stagnant pool or lake resulting from the vortex of e.g. a breached dyke"
],
"links": [
[
"pool",
"pool"
],
[
"lake",
"lake"
],
[
"breach",
"breach"
],
[
"dyke",
"dyke"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"the body of water between sluice gates"
],
"links": [
[
"sluice",
"sluice"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "sluiskolk"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a dug watering hole"
],
"links": [
[
"dug",
"dug"
],
[
"watering hole",
"watering hole"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɔlk/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-kolk.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Nl-kolk.ogg/Nl-kolk.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Nl-kolk.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔlk"
}
],
"word": "kolk"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch non-lemma forms",
"Dutch verb forms",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Dutch/ɔlk",
"Rhymes:Dutch/ɔlk/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "kolk",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kolk"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "kolken"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of kolken:",
"first-person singular present indicative"
],
"links": [
[
"kolken",
"kolken#Dutch"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "kolken"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of kolken:",
"second-person singular present indicative"
],
"links": [
[
"kolken",
"kolken#Dutch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of kolken:",
"(in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in case of inversion"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "kolken"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of kolken:",
"imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"kolken",
"kolken#Dutch"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɔlk/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-kolk.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Nl-kolk.ogg/Nl-kolk.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Nl-kolk.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔlk"
}
],
"word": "kolk"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Dutch",
"English terms borrowed from German",
"English terms borrowed from Low German",
"English terms derived from Dutch",
"English terms derived from German",
"English terms derived from Low German",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nl",
"3": "kolk"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kolk",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Dutch kolk.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kolks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kolk (plural kolks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"en:Geology"
],
"glosses": [
"An underwater vortex similar to a whirlwind, capable of dislodging, picking up, and moving boulders."
],
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"vortex",
"vortex"
],
[
"whirlwind",
"whirlwind"
],
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) An underwater vortex similar to a whirlwind, capable of dislodging, picking up, and moving boulders."
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"kolk (vortex)"
],
"word": "kolk"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from German",
"English terms borrowed from Low German",
"English terms derived from German",
"English terms derived from Low German",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nds",
"3": "Kolk"
},
"expansion": "Low German Kolk",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Kolk"
},
"expansion": "German Kolk",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kolk"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kolk",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Low German Kolk, possibly via German Kolk. Cognate with Dutch kolk.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kolks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kolk (plural kolks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
35,
39
],
[
35,
40
],
[
203,
207
]
],
"ref": "1988 July 29, Heinz Ellenberg, Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 341:",
"text": "[…] bogs, but only around pools or kolks. The small-scale mosaic of hummocks and hollows so characteristic of the true raised bog is nowhere to be found on a wooded bog. The quaking bog community on the kolk edge, similar to that[…]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
20,
25
]
],
"ref": "1998, R. S. Ambasht, Modern Trends in Ecology and Environment:",
"text": "[…] bog hollows and kolks.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A relatively small water-filled depression, especially in a bog: a bog pond, a bog eye, a bog kolk."
],
"links": [
[
"bog",
"bog"
],
[
"bog pond",
"bog pond"
],
[
"bog eye",
"bog eye"
],
[
"bog kolk",
"bog kolk"
]
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"kolk (vortex)"
],
"word": "kolk"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine a-stem nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*colc"
},
"expansion": "Old English: *colc\n>? Middle English: colk\n>? English: coke\n⇒? Middle English: colkenen (“to gasp, gulp”)\n>? Scots: cowk (“to retch, vomit”)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: *colc\n>? Middle English: colk\n>? English: coke\n⇒? Middle English: colkenen (“to gasp, gulp”)\n>? Scots: cowk (“to retch, vomit”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "kolk"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: kolk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Kolk"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Kolk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kolk"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: kolk"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*kolk"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *kolk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "kolk",
"3": "kulk"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: kolk, kulk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: kolk, kulk"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Kolk"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: Kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: Kolk"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "kolc",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle High German: kolc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle High German: kolc"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kolk"
},
"expansion": "German: Kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Kolk"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "kolken",
"3": "kölken",
"4": "kolksen",
"der": "1",
"q2": "dialectal",
"t": "to gulp",
"t3": "to vomit"
},
"expansion": "⇒ German: kolken (“to gulp”), (dialectal) kölken, kolksen (“to vomit”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ German: kolken (“to gulp”), (dialectal) kölken, kolksen (“to vomit”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "kulke",
"bor": "1",
"der": "1",
"t": "to swallow, gulp"
},
"expansion": "→⇒ Danish: kulke (“to swallow, gulp”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→⇒ Danish: kulke (“to swallow, gulp”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*kolk"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *kolk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "colc",
"3": "culc",
"4": "colck"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: colc, culc, colck",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: colc, culc, colck"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kolk"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: kolk"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "kolk",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: kolk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: kolk"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kolken",
"der": "1",
"t": "to belch"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Dutch: kolken (“to belch”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Dutch: kolken (“to belch”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kulukaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kulukaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier *koluk, from Proto-Germanic *kulukaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "kolk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kolk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kolku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kolkum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*kolk m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kolk",
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kolk",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "kelā"
},
{
"word": "keluk"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a depression, hollow, well"
],
"links": [
[
"depression",
"depression"
],
[
"hollow",
"hollow"
],
[
"well",
"well"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"the pit of the stomach, gullet"
],
"links": [
[
"pit",
"pit"
],
[
"stomach",
"stomach"
],
[
"gullet",
"gullet"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) the pit of the stomach, gullet"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kolk"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kolk meaning in All languages combined (14.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (74c5344 and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.