See kanaka on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "canaque",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ French: canaque\n→ English: Kanak",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ French: canaque\n→ English: Kanak"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kanake",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Kanake",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Kanake"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "haw",
"3": "kanaka",
"4": "",
"5": "person"
},
"expansion": "Hawaiian kanaka (“person”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "poz-pol-pro",
"3": "*taŋata"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Polynesian *taŋata",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "1840. From Hawaiian kanaka (“person”), ultimately from Proto-Polynesian *taŋata.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kanakas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kanaka",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "s",
"2": "kanaka"
},
"expansion": "kanaka (plural kanakas or kanaka)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Canaque"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Canuck"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Kanak"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"German"
],
"word": "Kanake"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2004 October 29, Peter Wong, “Interracial-marriage ban used in Measure 36 comparisons”, in Statesman Journal, volume 152, number 214, Salem, OR, page 2A:",
"text": "It was considered one of the nation’s strictest bans because of the reference to Kanakas – native Hawaiians – and because Nevada was the only other state to add Chinese.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Mike Farris, Kanaka Blues, Savant Books and Publications, page 21:",
"text": "\"Who was the call from?\"\n\"I don't know. Sound like a kanaka though.” When Erin frowned, he added, “A Hawaiian, like me.”",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A person of Hawaiian descent."
],
"id": "en-kanaka-en-noun-Pq~XR9gy",
"links": [
[
"person",
"person"
],
[
"Hawaiian",
"Hawaiian"
],
[
"descent",
"descent"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ḳanaḳi",
"sense": "a person of Hawaiian descent",
"word": "კანაკი"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"roman": "kānākā",
"sense": "a person of Hawaiian descent",
"word": "कानाका"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kanák",
"sense": "a person of Hawaiian descent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кана́к"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 85 2 3 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 90 1 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 72",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 73",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Marathi translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1912, Arthur Berriedale Keith, Responsible Government in the Dominions, Volume II, page 1098:",
"text": "There remains one case to be considered, that of the deportation of the Kanakas who were introduced into Queensland for the purpose of work on the sugar plantations.[…]It was, however, felt in the south that a white Australia was essential, and the Commonwealth passed in 1901 an Act (No. 16) which arranged for the deportation of all Kanakas within a few years.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1921, W. Somerset Maugham, “Red”, in The Trembling of a Leaf: Little Stories of the South Sea Islands, The Floating Press, published 2011, page 47:",
"text": "The Kanaka at the wheel gave him a glance, but did not speak.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "1933, Cambridge History of the British Empire, Part I, Volume VII, Cambridge University Press, Reissued 1988, Ernest Scott (editor), Australia, Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, page 313,\nSo long as the Kanakas remained, white labour in Queensland went into the mills, from which the Kanakas were excluded, rather than into the cane brakes. Slowly, however, the change proceeded. […] The gentleman planter, owning broad estates worked by Kanaka gangs, crushing and refining his own sugar after a fashion in the plantation mill, was by that time obsolescent. Though the small farmers into whose hands the plantations were divided might employ a Kanaka or two, no Kanaka might own land."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A South Pacific Islander, especially a labourer in Australia or Canada."
],
"id": "en-kanaka-en-noun-LaqJgX5R",
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) A South Pacific Islander, especially a labourer in Australia or Canada."
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Kanaka"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"kanaka"
],
"word": "kanaka"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hwc",
"2": "kanak",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Hawaiian Creole: kanak",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Hawaiian Creole: kanak"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "chn",
"2": "kanaka",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Chinook Jargon: kanaka",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or via English"
},
"expansion": "(or via English)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "→ Chinook Jargon: kanaka (or via English)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "kanaka",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: kanaka\n→ French: canaque\n→ English: Kanak\n→ German: Kanake",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ English: kanaka\n→ French: canaque\n→ English: Kanak\n→ German: Kanake"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "haw",
"2": "poz-pol-pro",
"3": "*taŋata"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Polynesian *taŋata",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mi",
"2": "tangata"
},
"expansion": "Maori tangata",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Polynesian *taŋata, cognate with Maori tangata. Doublet of kaʻaka.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kānaka",
"tags": [
"irregular",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "haw",
"2": "noun",
"3": "irregular plural",
"4": "kānaka"
},
"expansion": "kanaka (irregular plural kānaka)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hawaiian",
"lang_code": "haw",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"human being"
],
"id": "en-kanaka-haw-noun-K8DsBWjA",
"links": [
[
"human being",
"human being"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"subject, retainer"
],
"id": "en-kanaka-haw-noun-3mYi7aDE",
"links": [
[
"subject",
"subject"
],
[
"retainer",
"retainer"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 13 81",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hawaiian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a Hawaiian"
],
"id": "en-kanaka-haw-noun-ROQn~Nao",
"links": [
[
"Hawaiian",
"Hawaiian"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kaˈna.ka/"
},
{
"ipa": "[kəˈnɐ.kə]"
}
],
"word": "kanaka"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jv",
"2": "romanization",
"head": "",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "kanaka",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kanaka",
"name": "jv-rom"
}
],
"lang": "Javanese",
"lang_code": "jv",
"pos": "romanization",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "ꦏꦤꦏ"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Javanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Javanese romanizations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Javanese terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Romanization of ꦏꦤꦏ"
],
"id": "en-kanaka-jv-romanization-ThD9sKfk",
"links": [
[
"ꦏꦤꦏ",
"ꦏꦤꦏ#Javanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
}
],
"word": "kanaka"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tpi",
"2": "de",
"3": "Kanake"
},
"expansion": "German Kanake",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably from German Kanake (see other entries on this page for more).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tpi",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "kanaka",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Tok Pisin",
"lang_code": "tpi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tok Pisin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "tpi",
"name": "People",
"orig": "tpi:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bus kanaka"
},
{
"word": "buskanaka"
}
],
"glosses": [
"aborigine; native; tribesman"
],
"id": "en-kanaka-tpi-noun-2LL5YYFB",
"links": [
[
"aborigine",
"aborigine"
],
[
"native",
"native"
],
[
"tribesman",
"tribesman"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "tokples"
}
]
}
],
"word": "kanaka"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English indeclinable nouns",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms derived from Hawaiian",
"English terms derived from Proto-Polynesian",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with Marathi translations",
"Terms with Russian translations"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "canaque",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ French: canaque\n→ English: Kanak",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ French: canaque\n→ English: Kanak"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kanake",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Kanake",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Kanake"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "haw",
"3": "kanaka",
"4": "",
"5": "person"
},
"expansion": "Hawaiian kanaka (“person”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "poz-pol-pro",
"3": "*taŋata"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Polynesian *taŋata",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "1840. From Hawaiian kanaka (“person”), ultimately from Proto-Polynesian *taŋata.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kanakas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kanaka",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "s",
"2": "kanaka"
},
"expansion": "kanaka (plural kanakas or kanaka)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "Canaque"
},
{
"word": "Canuck"
},
{
"word": "Kanak"
},
{
"tags": [
"German"
],
"word": "Kanake"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2004 October 29, Peter Wong, “Interracial-marriage ban used in Measure 36 comparisons”, in Statesman Journal, volume 152, number 214, Salem, OR, page 2A:",
"text": "It was considered one of the nation’s strictest bans because of the reference to Kanakas – native Hawaiians – and because Nevada was the only other state to add Chinese.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Mike Farris, Kanaka Blues, Savant Books and Publications, page 21:",
"text": "\"Who was the call from?\"\n\"I don't know. Sound like a kanaka though.” When Erin frowned, he added, “A Hawaiian, like me.”",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A person of Hawaiian descent."
],
"links": [
[
"person",
"person"
],
[
"Hawaiian",
"Hawaiian"
],
[
"descent",
"descent"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1912, Arthur Berriedale Keith, Responsible Government in the Dominions, Volume II, page 1098:",
"text": "There remains one case to be considered, that of the deportation of the Kanakas who were introduced into Queensland for the purpose of work on the sugar plantations.[…]It was, however, felt in the south that a white Australia was essential, and the Commonwealth passed in 1901 an Act (No. 16) which arranged for the deportation of all Kanakas within a few years.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1921, W. Somerset Maugham, “Red”, in The Trembling of a Leaf: Little Stories of the South Sea Islands, The Floating Press, published 2011, page 47:",
"text": "The Kanaka at the wheel gave him a glance, but did not speak.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "1933, Cambridge History of the British Empire, Part I, Volume VII, Cambridge University Press, Reissued 1988, Ernest Scott (editor), Australia, Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, page 313,\nSo long as the Kanakas remained, white labour in Queensland went into the mills, from which the Kanakas were excluded, rather than into the cane brakes. Slowly, however, the change proceeded. […] The gentleman planter, owning broad estates worked by Kanaka gangs, crushing and refining his own sugar after a fashion in the plantation mill, was by that time obsolescent. Though the small farmers into whose hands the plantations were divided might employ a Kanaka or two, no Kanaka might own land."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A South Pacific Islander, especially a labourer in Australia or Canada."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) A South Pacific Islander, especially a labourer in Australia or Canada."
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Kanaka"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ḳanaḳi",
"sense": "a person of Hawaiian descent",
"word": "კანაკი"
},
{
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"roman": "kānākā",
"sense": "a person of Hawaiian descent",
"word": "कानाका"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kanák",
"sense": "a person of Hawaiian descent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кана́к"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"kanaka"
],
"word": "kanaka"
}
{
"categories": [
"Hawaiian entries with incorrect language header",
"Hawaiian lemmas",
"Hawaiian nouns",
"Hawaiian terms derived from Proto-Polynesian",
"Hawaiian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hwc",
"2": "kanak",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Hawaiian Creole: kanak",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Hawaiian Creole: kanak"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "chn",
"2": "kanaka",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Chinook Jargon: kanaka",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or via English"
},
"expansion": "(or via English)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "→ Chinook Jargon: kanaka (or via English)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "kanaka",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: kanaka\n→ French: canaque\n→ English: Kanak\n→ German: Kanake",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ English: kanaka\n→ French: canaque\n→ English: Kanak\n→ German: Kanake"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "haw",
"2": "poz-pol-pro",
"3": "*taŋata"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Polynesian *taŋata",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mi",
"2": "tangata"
},
"expansion": "Maori tangata",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Polynesian *taŋata, cognate with Maori tangata. Doublet of kaʻaka.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kānaka",
"tags": [
"irregular",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "haw",
"2": "noun",
"3": "irregular plural",
"4": "kānaka"
},
"expansion": "kanaka (irregular plural kānaka)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hawaiian",
"lang_code": "haw",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"human being"
],
"links": [
[
"human being",
"human being"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"subject, retainer"
],
"links": [
[
"subject",
"subject"
],
[
"retainer",
"retainer"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a Hawaiian"
],
"links": [
[
"Hawaiian",
"Hawaiian"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kaˈna.ka/"
},
{
"ipa": "[kəˈnɐ.kə]"
}
],
"word": "kanaka"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jv",
"2": "romanization",
"head": "",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "kanaka",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kanaka",
"name": "jv-rom"
}
],
"lang": "Javanese",
"lang_code": "jv",
"pos": "romanization",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "ꦏꦤꦏ"
}
],
"categories": [
"Javanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Javanese non-lemma forms",
"Javanese romanizations",
"Javanese terms with redundant script codes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"Romanization of ꦏꦤꦏ"
],
"links": [
[
"ꦏꦤꦏ",
"ꦏꦤꦏ#Javanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
}
],
"word": "kanaka"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "bus kanaka"
},
{
"word": "buskanaka"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tpi",
"2": "de",
"3": "Kanake"
},
"expansion": "German Kanake",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably from German Kanake (see other entries on this page for more).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tpi",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "kanaka",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Tok Pisin",
"lang_code": "tpi",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "tokples"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Tok Pisin entries with incorrect language header",
"Tok Pisin lemmas",
"Tok Pisin nouns",
"Tok Pisin terms derived from German",
"tpi:People"
],
"glosses": [
"aborigine; native; tribesman"
],
"links": [
[
"aborigine",
"aborigine"
],
[
"native",
"native"
],
[
"tribesman",
"tribesman"
]
]
}
],
"word": "kanaka"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kanaka meaning in All languages combined (8.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.