See hough on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for hough meaning in All languages combined (18.1kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "hough",
"id": "hough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English hough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "houȝ"
},
"expansion": "houȝ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "hoch"
},
"expansion": "hoch",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "howghe"
},
"expansion": "howghe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "hōh",
"t": "heel, hough"
},
"expansion": "Old English hōh (“heel, hough”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*hanhaz",
"t": "heel"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hanhaz (“heel”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hoo"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of hoo",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
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"1": "en",
"2": "huxen"
},
"expansion": "huxen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "",
"3": "*hoxen"
},
"expansion": "*hoxen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hōhsinu"
},
"expansion": "Old English hōhsinu",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English hough, houȝ, hoch, howghe, from Old English hōh (“heel, hough”), from Proto-Germanic *hanhaz (“heel”). Doublet of hoo.\nThe regular modern English development would be /hʌf/, /haʊ/; this has been replaced by /hɒk/, originating in the compound huxen (also *hoxen), from Old English hōhsinu.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "houghs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "hough (plural houghs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "the hollow behind the knee",
"word": "hock"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 16 12 20 20 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
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],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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"kind": "other",
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{
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"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1922, James Joyce, Ulysses",
"text": "In the bright light, lightened and cooled in limb, he eyed carefully his black trousers, the ends, the knees, the houghs of the knees.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of hock (“the hollow behind the knee”)"
],
"id": "en-hough-en-noun-hRCRn7RO",
"links": [
[
"hock",
"hock#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "tarsal joint of a digitigrade quadruped",
"word": "hock"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 16 12 20 20 14",
"kind": "other",
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{
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{
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"kind": "other",
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"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of hock (“tarsal joint of a digitigrade quadruped”)"
],
"id": "en-hough-en-noun-DMocQwZY",
"links": [
[
"hock",
"hock#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/hɒk/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɑk/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hʌf/",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɒk"
},
{
"homophone": "hock"
}
],
"word": "hough"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "hough",
"id": "hough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English hough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "houȝ"
},
"expansion": "houȝ",
"name": "m"
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{
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{
"args": {
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"2": "ang",
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},
{
"args": {
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"2": "gem-pro",
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"t": "heel"
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"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hanhaz (“heel”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
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"2": "hoo"
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"expansion": "Doublet of hoo",
"name": "doublet"
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"2": "huxen"
},
"expansion": "huxen",
"name": "m"
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{
"args": {
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"2": "",
"3": "*hoxen"
},
"expansion": "*hoxen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hōhsinu"
},
"expansion": "Old English hōhsinu",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English hough, houȝ, hoch, howghe, from Old English hōh (“heel, hough”), from Proto-Germanic *hanhaz (“heel”). Doublet of hoo.\nThe regular modern English development would be /hʌf/, /haʊ/; this has been replaced by /hɒk/, originating in the compound huxen (also *hoxen), from Old English hōhsinu.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "houghs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "houghing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "houghed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "houghed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
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"args": {},
"expansion": "hough (third-person singular simple present houghs, present participle houghing, simple past and past participle houghed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "to hamstring",
"word": "hock"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 16 12 20 20 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 14 16 15 16 17 1 0 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 15 15 15 16 16 1 0 6 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "hougher"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1866, Charles Kingsley, chapter 25, in Hereward the Wake, London: Nelson, page 337",
"text": "Far and wide the farms were burnt over their owners’ heads, the growing crops upon the ground; the horses were houghed, the cattle driven off; while of human death and misery there was no end.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of hock (“to hamstring”)"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "disable"
}
],
"id": "en-hough-en-verb-7se33J6f",
"links": [
[
"hock",
"hock#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "hamstring"
},
{
"word": "hock"
},
{
"word": "hox"
}
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/hɒk/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɑk/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hʌf/",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɒk"
},
{
"homophone": "hock"
}
],
"word": "hough"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hoe",
"3": "",
"4": "agricultural tool"
},
"expansion": "hoe (“agricultural tool”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See hoe (“agricultural tool”).",
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{
"form": "houghs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {},
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{
"_dis": "15 15 15 15 16 16 1 0 6 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Obsolete spelling of hoe"
],
"id": "en-hough-en-noun-wNm35EJf",
"links": [
[
"hoe",
"hoe#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"word": "hough"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
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{
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"3": "",
"4": "agricultural tool"
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],
"etymology_text": "See hoe (“agricultural tool”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "houghs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "houghing",
"tags": [
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"present"
]
},
{
"form": "houghed",
"tags": [
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{
"form": "houghed",
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
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{
"word": "hoe"
}
],
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{
"_dis": "17 16 12 20 20 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
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{
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"kind": "other",
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"Entry maintenance"
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{
"_dis": "15 15 15 15 16 16 1 0 6 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1748, James Thomson, The Castle of Indolence, K:LV\nBetter the toiling Swain, oh happier far!\nPerhaps the happieſt of the Sons of Men!\nWho vigorous plies the Plough, the Team, or Car;\nWho houghs the Field, or ditches in the Glen,\nDelves in his Garden, or ſecures his Pen."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Archaic spelling of hoe."
],
"id": "en-hough-en-verb-ZDenL8tG",
"links": [
[
"hoe",
"hoe#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"archaic"
]
}
],
"word": "hough"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "ho"
},
"expansion": "Middle English ho",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "howe"
},
"expansion": "howe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "hogh"
},
"expansion": "hogh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "hōh",
"t": "a promontory"
},
"expansion": "Old English hōh (“a promontory”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English ho, howe, hogh, from Old English hōh (“a promontory”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "houghs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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"args": {},
"expansion": "hough (plural houghs)",
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"word": "hoe"
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"_dis": "17 16 12 20 20 14",
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{
"_dis": "15 15 15 15 16 16 1 0 6 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
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],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of hoe"
],
"id": "en-hough-en-noun-B1cRv~PE",
"links": [
[
"hoe",
"hoe#Etymology 3"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
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}
],
"word": "hough"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hough",
"3": "hoff",
"4": "hock"
},
"expansion": "English: hough, hoff, hock",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: hough, hoff, hock"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "hoch",
"3": "houch"
},
"expansion": "Scots: hoch, houch",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: hoch, houch"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "houghany",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Yola: houghany",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Yola: houghany"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "hough"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "hōh",
"id": "heel",
"t": "heel"
},
"expansion": "Old English hōh (“heel”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*hą̄h"
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
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},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hanhaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "hele",
"id": "heel",
"t": "heel"
},
"expansion": "hele (“heel”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Old English hōh (“heel”), from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄h, from Proto-Germanic *hanhaz. Compare hele (“heel”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "houghes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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{
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"2": "nouns",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
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"sort": ""
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"expansion": "hough",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "houghes"
},
"expansion": "hough (plural houghes)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "hokschyne"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 9 31 35",
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Landforms",
"orig": "enm:Landforms",
"parents": [
"Earth",
"Places",
"Nature",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The heel (rear of a foot)"
],
"id": "en-hough-enm-noun-bSInFAni",
"links": [
[
"heel",
"heel"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "hele"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The hough (bend of the knee)"
],
"id": "en-hough-enm-noun-u3EIT034",
"links": [
[
"hough",
"hough#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "12 7 58 22",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Animal body parts",
"orig": "enm:Animal body parts",
"parents": [
"Body parts",
"Animals",
"Body",
"Anatomy",
"Lifeforms",
"Human",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 5 77 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Cuts of meat",
"orig": "enm:Cuts of meat",
"parents": [
"Meats",
"Foods",
"Eating",
"Food and drink",
"Human behaviour",
"All topics",
"Human",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 12 51 19",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Limbs",
"orig": "enm:Limbs",
"parents": [
"Body parts",
"Body",
"Anatomy",
"Human",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 9 31 35",
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Landforms",
"orig": "enm:Landforms",
"parents": [
"Earth",
"Places",
"Nature",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The hock or its meat."
],
"id": "en-hough-enm-noun-GSJJUdFP",
"links": [
[
"hock",
"hock"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/huːx/",
"note": "regular development"
},
{
"ipa": "/hoː/",
"note": "from inflected forms"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔx/",
"note": "generalised from Old English hōhsinu"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔk/",
"note": "generalised from Old English hōhsinu"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ho"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hogh"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "hoche"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "hoȝ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "hokke"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "hoo"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "houȝ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "houe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "howe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "howghe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "howh"
}
],
"word": "hough"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "heugh"
},
"expansion": "English: heugh",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hoe"
},
"expansion": "hoe",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hogh"
},
"expansion": "hogh",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hough"
},
"expansion": "hough",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "how"
},
"expansion": "how",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "English: heugh; hoe, hogh, hough, how"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "heuch"
},
"expansion": "Scots: heuch",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: heuch"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "promontory"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "hōh",
"id": "promontory",
"t": "promontory"
},
"expansion": "Old English hōh (“promontory”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hōn",
"t": "to hang"
},
"expansion": "hōn (“to hang”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "haugr",
"t": "hill, mound"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse haugr (“hill, mound”)",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Old English hōh (“promontory”), related to hōn (“to hang”). Reinforced by unrelated Old Norse haugr (“hill, mound”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "hough",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 9 31 35",
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Landforms",
"orig": "enm:Landforms",
"parents": [
"Earth",
"Places",
"Nature",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"promontory, cliff"
],
"id": "en-hough-enm-noun-gB2RWIsy",
"links": [
[
"promontory",
"promontory"
],
[
"cliff",
"cliff"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "hoghe"
},
{
"word": "how"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/hoː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/huːx/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ho"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "hogh"
}
],
"word": "hough"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Rhymes:English/ɒk",
"Rhymes:English/ɒk/1 syllable",
"enm:Animal body parts",
"enm:Cuts of meat",
"enm:Landforms",
"enm:Limbs"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "hough",
"id": "hough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English hough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "houȝ"
},
"expansion": "houȝ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "hoch"
},
"expansion": "hoch",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "howghe"
},
"expansion": "howghe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "hōh",
"t": "heel, hough"
},
"expansion": "Old English hōh (“heel, hough”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*hanhaz",
"t": "heel"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hanhaz (“heel”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hoo"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of hoo",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "huxen"
},
"expansion": "huxen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "",
"3": "*hoxen"
},
"expansion": "*hoxen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hōhsinu"
},
"expansion": "Old English hōhsinu",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English hough, houȝ, hoch, howghe, from Old English hōh (“heel, hough”), from Proto-Germanic *hanhaz (“heel”). Doublet of hoo.\nThe regular modern English development would be /hʌf/, /haʊ/; this has been replaced by /hɒk/, originating in the compound huxen (also *hoxen), from Old English hōhsinu.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "houghs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "hough (plural houghs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "the hollow behind the knee",
"word": "hock"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1922, James Joyce, Ulysses",
"text": "In the bright light, lightened and cooled in limb, he eyed carefully his black trousers, the ends, the knees, the houghs of the knees.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of hock (“the hollow behind the knee”)"
],
"links": [
[
"hock",
"hock#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "tarsal joint of a digitigrade quadruped",
"word": "hock"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of hock (“tarsal joint of a digitigrade quadruped”)"
],
"links": [
[
"hock",
"hock#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/hɒk/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɑk/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hʌf/",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɒk"
},
{
"homophone": "hock"
}
],
"word": "hough"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Rhymes:English/ɒk",
"Rhymes:English/ɒk/1 syllable",
"enm:Animal body parts",
"enm:Cuts of meat",
"enm:Landforms",
"enm:Limbs"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "hougher"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "hough",
"id": "hough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English hough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "houȝ"
},
"expansion": "houȝ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "hoch"
},
"expansion": "hoch",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "howghe"
},
"expansion": "howghe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "hōh",
"t": "heel, hough"
},
"expansion": "Old English hōh (“heel, hough”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*hanhaz",
"t": "heel"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hanhaz (“heel”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hoo"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of hoo",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "huxen"
},
"expansion": "huxen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "",
"3": "*hoxen"
},
"expansion": "*hoxen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hōhsinu"
},
"expansion": "Old English hōhsinu",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English hough, houȝ, hoch, howghe, from Old English hōh (“heel, hough”), from Proto-Germanic *hanhaz (“heel”). Doublet of hoo.\nThe regular modern English development would be /hʌf/, /haʊ/; this has been replaced by /hɒk/, originating in the compound huxen (also *hoxen), from Old English hōhsinu.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "houghs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "houghing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "houghed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "houghed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "hough (third-person singular simple present houghs, present participle houghing, simple past and past participle houghed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "disable"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "to hamstring",
"word": "hock"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1866, Charles Kingsley, chapter 25, in Hereward the Wake, London: Nelson, page 337",
"text": "Far and wide the farms were burnt over their owners’ heads, the growing crops upon the ground; the horses were houghed, the cattle driven off; while of human death and misery there was no end.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of hock (“to hamstring”)"
],
"links": [
[
"hock",
"hock#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/hɒk/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɑk/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hʌf/",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɒk"
},
{
"homophone": "hock"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "hamstring"
},
{
"word": "hock"
},
{
"word": "hox"
}
],
"word": "hough"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"enm:Animal body parts",
"enm:Cuts of meat",
"enm:Landforms",
"enm:Limbs"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hoe",
"3": "",
"4": "agricultural tool"
},
"expansion": "hoe (“agricultural tool”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See hoe (“agricultural tool”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "houghs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "hough (plural houghs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "hoe"
}
],
"categories": [
"English obsolete forms"
],
"glosses": [
"Obsolete spelling of hoe"
],
"links": [
[
"hoe",
"hoe#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"word": "hough"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"enm:Animal body parts",
"enm:Cuts of meat",
"enm:Landforms",
"enm:Limbs"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hoe",
"3": "",
"4": "agricultural tool"
},
"expansion": "hoe (“agricultural tool”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See hoe (“agricultural tool”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "houghs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "houghing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "houghed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "houghed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "hough (third-person singular simple present houghs, present participle houghing, simple past and past participle houghed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "hoe"
}
],
"categories": [
"English archaic forms"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1748, James Thomson, The Castle of Indolence, K:LV\nBetter the toiling Swain, oh happier far!\nPerhaps the happieſt of the Sons of Men!\nWho vigorous plies the Plough, the Team, or Car;\nWho houghs the Field, or ditches in the Glen,\nDelves in his Garden, or ſecures his Pen."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Archaic spelling of hoe."
],
"links": [
[
"hoe",
"hoe#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"archaic"
]
}
],
"word": "hough"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"enm:Animal body parts",
"enm:Cuts of meat",
"enm:Landforms",
"enm:Limbs"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "ho"
},
"expansion": "Middle English ho",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "howe"
},
"expansion": "howe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "hogh"
},
"expansion": "hogh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "hōh",
"t": "a promontory"
},
"expansion": "Old English hōh (“a promontory”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English ho, howe, hogh, from Old English hōh (“a promontory”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "houghs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "hough (plural houghs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "hoe"
}
],
"categories": [
"English links with manual fragments",
"English links with redundant alt parameters"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of hoe"
],
"links": [
[
"hoe",
"hoe#Etymology 3"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "hough"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"enm:Animal body parts",
"enm:Cuts of meat",
"enm:Landforms",
"enm:Limbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hough",
"3": "hoff",
"4": "hock"
},
"expansion": "English: hough, hoff, hock",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: hough, hoff, hock"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "hoch",
"3": "houch"
},
"expansion": "Scots: hoch, houch",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: hoch, houch"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "houghany",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Yola: houghany",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Yola: houghany"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "hough"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "hōh",
"id": "heel",
"t": "heel"
},
"expansion": "Old English hōh (“heel”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*hą̄h"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *hą̄h",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*hanhaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hanhaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "hele",
"id": "heel",
"t": "heel"
},
"expansion": "hele (“heel”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Old English hōh (“heel”), from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄h, from Proto-Germanic *hanhaz. Compare hele (“heel”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "houghes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "hough",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "houghes"
},
"expansion": "hough (plural houghes)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "hokschyne"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The heel (rear of a foot)"
],
"links": [
[
"heel",
"heel"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "hele"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The hough (bend of the knee)"
],
"links": [
[
"hough",
"hough#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The hock or its meat."
],
"links": [
[
"hock",
"hock"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/huːx/",
"note": "regular development"
},
{
"ipa": "/hoː/",
"note": "from inflected forms"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔx/",
"note": "generalised from Old English hōhsinu"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔk/",
"note": "generalised from Old English hōhsinu"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ho"
},
{
"word": "hoche"
},
{
"word": "hogh"
},
{
"word": "hoȝ"
},
{
"word": "hokke"
},
{
"word": "hoo"
},
{
"word": "houȝ"
},
{
"word": "houe"
},
{
"word": "howe"
},
{
"word": "howghe"
},
{
"word": "howh"
}
],
"word": "hough"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"enm:Animal body parts",
"enm:Cuts of meat",
"enm:Landforms",
"enm:Limbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "heugh"
},
"expansion": "English: heugh",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hoe"
},
"expansion": "hoe",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hogh"
},
"expansion": "hogh",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hough"
},
"expansion": "hough",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "how"
},
"expansion": "how",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "English: heugh; hoe, hogh, hough, how"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "heuch"
},
"expansion": "Scots: heuch",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: heuch"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "promontory"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "hōh",
"id": "promontory",
"t": "promontory"
},
"expansion": "Old English hōh (“promontory”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hōn",
"t": "to hang"
},
"expansion": "hōn (“to hang”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "haugr",
"t": "hill, mound"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse haugr (“hill, mound”)",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Old English hōh (“promontory”), related to hōn (“to hang”). Reinforced by unrelated Old Norse haugr (“hill, mound”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "hough",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"promontory, cliff"
],
"links": [
[
"promontory",
"promontory"
],
[
"cliff",
"cliff"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/hoː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/huːx/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ho"
},
{
"word": "hogh"
},
{
"word": "hoghe"
},
{
"word": "how"
}
],
"word": "hough"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.