"holk" meaning in All languages combined

See holk on Wiktionary

Noun [English]

Forms: holks [plural]
Etymology: From Middle English holk, from Old English holc, holoc (“hole, cavity”), from Proto-West Germanic *holuk, from Proto-Germanic *hulukaz (“a hollow”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide”). Equivalent to hole + -ock (diminutive ending). Cognate with Low German holke, hölke (“small hole”), German Holk (“a type of flat-bottomed barge”), Swedish holk (“nest, birdhouse”), dialectal Norwegian holk, hylke (“wooden barrel, cask”), Icelandic hólkur (“hollow cylinder or tube”). Related to hulk. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|holk}} Middle English holk, {{inh|en|ang|holc}} Old English holc, {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*holuk}} Proto-West Germanic *holuk, {{inh|en|gem-pro|*hulukaz|t=a hollow}} Proto-Germanic *hulukaz (“a hollow”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*ḱel-|t=to cover, hide}} Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide”), {{suf|en|hole|-ock|nocat=1|pos2=diminutive ending}} hole + -ock (diminutive ending), {{cog|nds|holke}} Low German holke, {{cog|de|Holk|t=a type of flat-bottomed barge}} German Holk (“a type of flat-bottomed barge”), {{cog|sv|holk|t=nest, birdhouse}} Swedish holk (“nest, birdhouse”), {{cog|no|holk}} Norwegian holk, {{cog|is|hólkur|t=hollow cylinder or tube}} Icelandic hólkur (“hollow cylinder or tube”) Head templates: {{en-noun}} holk (plural holks)
  1. (UK dialectal) A hollow cavity. Tags: UK, dialectal
    Sense id: en-holk-en-noun-dLTfBLfd Categories (other): British English, English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 33 30 17 21
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: howk, houk [Northern-England, Scotland]
Etymology number: 1

Verb [English]

Forms: holks [present, singular, third-person], holking [participle, present], holked [participle, past], holked [past]
Etymology: From Middle English holken, from Old English *holcian (attested in āholcian, āhlocian (“to dig out”), from Proto-West Germanic *holukōn, derived from the noun above. Cognate with Middle Low German holken, hȫlken (“to hollow out”), German Low German uthöhlken (“to hollow out”). Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|holken}} Middle English holken, {{inh|en|ang|*holcian}} Old English *holcian, {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*holukōn}} Proto-West Germanic *holukōn, {{cog|gml|holken}} Middle Low German holken, {{cog|nds-de|uthöhlken|t=to hollow out}} German Low German uthöhlken (“to hollow out”) Head templates: {{en-verb}} holk (third-person singular simple present holks, present participle holking, simple past and past participle holked)
  1. (transitive, UK dialectal) To dig out; make hollow; hollow out. Tags: UK, dialectal, transitive
    Sense id: en-holk-en-verb-t~9Wszn3 Categories (other): British English, English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 33 30 17 21
  2. (transitive, UK dialectal) To dig; dig into; pierce; penetrate; investigate; poke. Tags: UK, dialectal, transitive
    Sense id: en-holk-en-verb-AmndkTe4 Categories (other): British English, English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 33 30 17 21
  3. (transitive, UK dialectal) To dig up; excavate. Tags: UK, dialectal, transitive
    Sense id: en-holk-en-verb-tQ~NMamA Categories (other): British English, English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 33 30 17 21
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: howk, houk [Northern-England, Scotland]
Etymology number: 2

Noun [Middle Low German]

Etymology: Compare Middle High German holche, Ancient Greek ὁλκάς (holkás, “barge”), ἕλκειν (hélkein, “to drag”). Etymology templates: {{cog|gmh|holche}} Middle High German holche, {{cog|grc|ὁλκάς|t=barge}} Ancient Greek ὁλκάς (holkás, “barge”) Head templates: {{head|gml|noun|g=m}} holk m
  1. hulk (large cargo ship) Tags: masculine Synonyms: hulk, hollek, hollik, hollich, holyk, hulyck
    Sense id: en-holk-gml-noun-8gN-Lzb- Categories (other): Middle Low German entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries, Pages with 3 entries Disambiguation of Pages with 3 entries: 8 9 9 10 29 27 6 2

Noun [Swedish]

Etymology: From Old Swedish holker, from Proto-Germanic *hulkaz (“cavity, hollow, recess”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”), cognate with English hulk. Etymology templates: {{inh|sv|gmq-osw|holker}} Old Swedish holker, {{inh|sv|gem-pro|*hulkaz|t=cavity, hollow, recess}} Proto-Germanic *hulkaz (“cavity, hollow, recess”), {{der|sv|ine-pro|*ḱel-|t=to cover, hide, conceal}} Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”), {{cog|en|hulk}} English hulk Head templates: {{head|sv|nouns||g=c|g2=|head=|sort=}} holk c, {{sv-noun|c}} holk c Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], holk [indefinite, nominative, singular], holks [genitive, indefinite, singular], holken [definite, nominative, singular], holkens [definite, genitive, singular], holkar [indefinite, nominative, plural], holkars [genitive, indefinite, plural], holkarna [definite, nominative, plural], holkarnas [definite, genitive, plural]
  1. a nest box, a birdhouse Tags: common-gender Synonyms: fågelholk
    Sense id: en-holk-sv-noun-sv:nest_box Categories (other): Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries, Swedish entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Pages with 3 entries: 8 9 9 10 29 27 6 2 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 6 7 7 7 26 38 7 1 Disambiguation of Swedish entries with incorrect language header: 77 19 4
  2. a hulk, an old, decommissioned ship (used for storage or housing) Tags: common-gender
    Sense id: en-holk-sv-noun-9z7ilqr0
  3. (slang) a pipe stuffed with cannabis, or more rarely a joint Tags: common-gender, slang
    Sense id: en-holk-sv-noun-~eqWv9v9
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Related terms: batteriholk, fågelholk, holka, holkyxa, holkärm, starholk

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "holk"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English holk",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "holc"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English holc",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*holuk"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *holuk",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*hulukaz",
        "t": "a hollow"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hulukaz (“a hollow”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*ḱel-",
        "t": "to cover, hide"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "hole",
        "3": "-ock",
        "nocat": "1",
        "pos2": "diminutive ending"
      },
      "expansion": "hole + -ock (diminutive ending)",
      "name": "suf"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nds",
        "2": "holke"
      },
      "expansion": "Low German holke",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Holk",
        "t": "a type of flat-bottomed barge"
      },
      "expansion": "German Holk (“a type of flat-bottomed barge”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "holk",
        "t": "nest, birdhouse"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish holk (“nest, birdhouse”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "no",
        "2": "holk"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian holk",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "hólkur",
        "t": "hollow cylinder or tube"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic hólkur (“hollow cylinder or tube”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English holk, from Old English holc, holoc (“hole, cavity”), from Proto-West Germanic *holuk, from Proto-Germanic *hulukaz (“a hollow”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide”). Equivalent to hole + -ock (diminutive ending).\nCognate with Low German holke, hölke (“small hole”), German Holk (“a type of flat-bottomed barge”), Swedish holk (“nest, birdhouse”), dialectal Norwegian holk, hylke (“wooden barrel, cask”), Icelandic hólkur (“hollow cylinder or tube”). Related to hulk.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "holks",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "holk (plural holks)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "British English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 30 17 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A hollow cavity."
      ],
      "id": "en-holk-en-noun-dLTfBLfd",
      "links": [
        [
          "hollow",
          "hollow"
        ],
        [
          "cavity",
          "cavity"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(UK dialectal) A hollow cavity."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "dialectal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "howk"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "Northern-England",
        "Scotland"
      ],
      "word": "houk"
    }
  ],
  "word": "holk"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "holken"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English holken",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "*holcian"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English *holcian",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*holukōn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *holukōn",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gml",
        "2": "holken"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Low German holken",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nds-de",
        "2": "uthöhlken",
        "t": "to hollow out"
      },
      "expansion": "German Low German uthöhlken (“to hollow out”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English holken, from Old English *holcian (attested in āholcian, āhlocian (“to dig out”), from Proto-West Germanic *holukōn, derived from the noun above. Cognate with Middle Low German holken, hȫlken (“to hollow out”), German Low German uthöhlken (“to hollow out”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "holks",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holking",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holked",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holked",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "holk (third-person singular simple present holks, present participle holking, simple past and past participle holked)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "British English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 30 17 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To dig out; make hollow; hollow out."
      ],
      "id": "en-holk-en-verb-t~9Wszn3",
      "links": [
        [
          "dig out",
          "dig out"
        ],
        [
          "hollow",
          "hollow"
        ],
        [
          "hollow out",
          "hollow out"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, UK dialectal) To dig out; make hollow; hollow out."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "dialectal",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "British English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 30 17 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To dig; dig into; pierce; penetrate; investigate; poke."
      ],
      "id": "en-holk-en-verb-AmndkTe4",
      "links": [
        [
          "dig",
          "dig"
        ],
        [
          "dig into",
          "dig into"
        ],
        [
          "pierce",
          "pierce"
        ],
        [
          "penetrate",
          "penetrate"
        ],
        [
          "investigate",
          "investigate"
        ],
        [
          "poke",
          "poke"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, UK dialectal) To dig; dig into; pierce; penetrate; investigate; poke."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "dialectal",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "British English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 30 17 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1908, Aberdeen University Studies, volume 35, University of Aberdeen, page 96:",
          "text": "The Sessioune perceiving gryt perell through the burieing of people in the kirkyaird of thair perroche kirk and within the kirk itself by raising of grene graivis and holking under the kirk vall undermynding of the samyne ordanis fra this furth that na persone presume to mak graivis within the precinct thairof or yit to burie any persone within the boundis of the samine.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To dig up; excavate."
      ],
      "id": "en-holk-en-verb-tQ~NMamA",
      "links": [
        [
          "dig up",
          "dig up"
        ],
        [
          "excavate",
          "excavate"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, UK dialectal) To dig up; excavate."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "dialectal",
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "howk"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "Northern-England",
        "Scotland"
      ],
      "word": "houk"
    }
  ],
  "word": "holk"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmh",
        "2": "holche"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German holche",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ὁλκάς",
        "t": "barge"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek ὁλκάς (holkás, “barge”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Compare Middle High German holche, Ancient Greek ὁλκάς (holkás, “barge”), ἕλκειν (hélkein, “to drag”).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gml",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "holk m",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle Low German",
  "lang_code": "gml",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Low German entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 3 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 9 9 10 29 27 6 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 3 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hulk (large cargo ship)"
      ],
      "id": "en-holk-gml-noun-8gN-Lzb-",
      "links": [
        [
          "hulk",
          "hulk"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "hulk"
        },
        {
          "word": "hollek"
        },
        {
          "word": "hollik"
        },
        {
          "word": "hollich"
        },
        {
          "word": "holyk"
        },
        {
          "word": "hulyck"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "holk"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "gmq-osw",
        "3": "holker"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Swedish holker",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*hulkaz",
        "t": "cavity, hollow, recess"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hulkaz (“cavity, hollow, recess”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*ḱel-",
        "t": "to cover, hide, conceal"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "hulk"
      },
      "expansion": "English hulk",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Swedish holker, from Proto-Germanic *hulkaz (“cavity, hollow, recess”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”), cognate with English hulk.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "l",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holk",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holks",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "indefinite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holken",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holkens",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holkar",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holkars",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "indefinite",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holkarna",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holkarnas",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "nouns",
        "3": "",
        "g": "c",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "holk c",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "c"
      },
      "expansion": "holk c",
      "name": "sv-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Swedish",
  "lang_code": "sv",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "batteriholk"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "fågelholk"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "holka"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "holkyxa"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "holkärm"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "starholk"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "8 9 9 10 29 27 6 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 3 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 7 7 7 26 38 7 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "77 19 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a nest box, a birdhouse"
      ],
      "id": "en-holk-sv-noun-sv:nest_box",
      "links": [
        [
          "nest box",
          "nest box"
        ],
        [
          "birdhouse",
          "birdhouse"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "sv:nest box"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "fågelholk"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "a hulk, an old, decommissioned ship (used for storage or housing)"
      ],
      "id": "en-holk-sv-noun-9z7ilqr0",
      "links": [
        [
          "hulk",
          "hulk"
        ],
        [
          "ship",
          "ship"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "a pipe stuffed with cannabis, or more rarely a joint"
      ],
      "id": "en-holk-sv-noun-~eqWv9v9",
      "links": [
        [
          "pipe",
          "pipe"
        ],
        [
          "cannabis",
          "cannabis"
        ],
        [
          "joint",
          "joint"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(slang) a pipe stuffed with cannabis, or more rarely a joint"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "common-gender",
        "slang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "sv:holk"
  ],
  "word": "holk"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "English verbs",
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "holk"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English holk",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "holc"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English holc",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*holuk"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *holuk",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*hulukaz",
        "t": "a hollow"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hulukaz (“a hollow”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*ḱel-",
        "t": "to cover, hide"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "hole",
        "3": "-ock",
        "nocat": "1",
        "pos2": "diminutive ending"
      },
      "expansion": "hole + -ock (diminutive ending)",
      "name": "suf"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nds",
        "2": "holke"
      },
      "expansion": "Low German holke",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Holk",
        "t": "a type of flat-bottomed barge"
      },
      "expansion": "German Holk (“a type of flat-bottomed barge”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "holk",
        "t": "nest, birdhouse"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish holk (“nest, birdhouse”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "no",
        "2": "holk"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian holk",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "hólkur",
        "t": "hollow cylinder or tube"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic hólkur (“hollow cylinder or tube”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English holk, from Old English holc, holoc (“hole, cavity”), from Proto-West Germanic *holuk, from Proto-Germanic *hulukaz (“a hollow”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide”). Equivalent to hole + -ock (diminutive ending).\nCognate with Low German holke, hölke (“small hole”), German Holk (“a type of flat-bottomed barge”), Swedish holk (“nest, birdhouse”), dialectal Norwegian holk, hylke (“wooden barrel, cask”), Icelandic hólkur (“hollow cylinder or tube”). Related to hulk.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "holks",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "holk (plural holks)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "British English",
        "English dialectal terms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A hollow cavity."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hollow",
          "hollow"
        ],
        [
          "cavity",
          "cavity"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(UK dialectal) A hollow cavity."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "dialectal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "howk"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern-England",
        "Scotland"
      ],
      "word": "houk"
    }
  ],
  "word": "holk"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "English verbs",
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "holken"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English holken",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "*holcian"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English *holcian",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*holukōn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *holukōn",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gml",
        "2": "holken"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Low German holken",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nds-de",
        "2": "uthöhlken",
        "t": "to hollow out"
      },
      "expansion": "German Low German uthöhlken (“to hollow out”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English holken, from Old English *holcian (attested in āholcian, āhlocian (“to dig out”), from Proto-West Germanic *holukōn, derived from the noun above. Cognate with Middle Low German holken, hȫlken (“to hollow out”), German Low German uthöhlken (“to hollow out”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "holks",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holking",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holked",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holked",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "holk (third-person singular simple present holks, present participle holking, simple past and past participle holked)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "British English",
        "English dialectal terms",
        "English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To dig out; make hollow; hollow out."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "dig out",
          "dig out"
        ],
        [
          "hollow",
          "hollow"
        ],
        [
          "hollow out",
          "hollow out"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, UK dialectal) To dig out; make hollow; hollow out."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "dialectal",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "British English",
        "English dialectal terms",
        "English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To dig; dig into; pierce; penetrate; investigate; poke."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "dig",
          "dig"
        ],
        [
          "dig into",
          "dig into"
        ],
        [
          "pierce",
          "pierce"
        ],
        [
          "penetrate",
          "penetrate"
        ],
        [
          "investigate",
          "investigate"
        ],
        [
          "poke",
          "poke"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, UK dialectal) To dig; dig into; pierce; penetrate; investigate; poke."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "dialectal",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "British English",
        "English dialectal terms",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English transitive verbs",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1908, Aberdeen University Studies, volume 35, University of Aberdeen, page 96:",
          "text": "The Sessioune perceiving gryt perell through the burieing of people in the kirkyaird of thair perroche kirk and within the kirk itself by raising of grene graivis and holking under the kirk vall undermynding of the samyne ordanis fra this furth that na persone presume to mak graivis within the precinct thairof or yit to burie any persone within the boundis of the samine.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To dig up; excavate."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "dig up",
          "dig up"
        ],
        [
          "excavate",
          "excavate"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, UK dialectal) To dig up; excavate."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "dialectal",
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "howk"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Northern-England",
        "Scotland"
      ],
      "word": "houk"
    }
  ],
  "word": "holk"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmh",
        "2": "holche"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German holche",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ὁλκάς",
        "t": "barge"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek ὁλκάς (holkás, “barge”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Compare Middle High German holche, Ancient Greek ὁλκάς (holkás, “barge”), ἕλκειν (hélkein, “to drag”).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gml",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "holk m",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle Low German",
  "lang_code": "gml",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle Low German entries with incorrect language header",
        "Middle Low German lemmas",
        "Middle Low German masculine nouns",
        "Middle Low German nouns",
        "Pages with 3 entries",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hulk (large cargo ship)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hulk",
          "hulk"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "hulk"
    },
    {
      "word": "hollek"
    },
    {
      "word": "hollik"
    },
    {
      "word": "hollich"
    },
    {
      "word": "holyk"
    },
    {
      "word": "hulyck"
    }
  ],
  "word": "holk"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Swedish common-gender nouns",
    "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
    "Swedish lemmas",
    "Swedish nouns",
    "Swedish terms derived from Old Swedish",
    "Swedish terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Swedish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Swedish terms inherited from Old Swedish",
    "Swedish terms inherited from Proto-Germanic"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "gmq-osw",
        "3": "holker"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Swedish holker",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*hulkaz",
        "t": "cavity, hollow, recess"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hulkaz (“cavity, hollow, recess”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*ḱel-",
        "t": "to cover, hide, conceal"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "hulk"
      },
      "expansion": "English hulk",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Swedish holker, from Proto-Germanic *hulkaz (“cavity, hollow, recess”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”), cognate with English hulk.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "l",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holk",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holks",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "indefinite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holken",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holkens",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holkar",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "indefinite",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holkars",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "indefinite",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holkarna",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "holkarnas",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "definite",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "nouns",
        "3": "",
        "g": "c",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "holk c",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "c"
      },
      "expansion": "holk c",
      "name": "sv-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Swedish",
  "lang_code": "sv",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "batteriholk"
    },
    {
      "word": "fågelholk"
    },
    {
      "word": "holka"
    },
    {
      "word": "holkyxa"
    },
    {
      "word": "holkärm"
    },
    {
      "word": "starholk"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "a nest box, a birdhouse"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "nest box",
          "nest box"
        ],
        [
          "birdhouse",
          "birdhouse"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "sv:nest box"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "fågelholk"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "a hulk, an old, decommissioned ship (used for storage or housing)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hulk",
          "hulk"
        ],
        [
          "ship",
          "ship"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Swedish slang"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a pipe stuffed with cannabis, or more rarely a joint"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "pipe",
          "pipe"
        ],
        [
          "cannabis",
          "cannabis"
        ],
        [
          "joint",
          "joint"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(slang) a pipe stuffed with cannabis, or more rarely a joint"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "common-gender",
        "slang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "sv:holk"
  ],
  "word": "holk"
}

Download raw JSONL data for holk meaning in All languages combined (10.8kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.