See holk in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "holk"
},
"expansion": "Middle English holk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "holc"
},
"expansion": "Old English holc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*holuk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *holuk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*hulukaz",
"t": "a hollow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hulukaz (“a hollow”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱel-",
"t": "to cover, hide"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hole",
"3": "-ock",
"nocat": "1",
"pos2": "diminutive ending"
},
"expansion": "hole + -ock (diminutive ending)",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "holke"
},
"expansion": "Low German holke",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Holk",
"t": "a type of flat-bottomed barge"
},
"expansion": "German Holk (“a type of flat-bottomed barge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "holk",
"t": "nest, birdhouse"
},
"expansion": "Swedish holk (“nest, birdhouse”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "holk"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian holk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "hólkur",
"t": "hollow cylinder or tube"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic hólkur (“hollow cylinder or tube”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English holk, from Old English holc, holoc (“hole, cavity”), from Proto-West Germanic *holuk, from Proto-Germanic *hulukaz (“a hollow”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide”). Equivalent to hole + -ock (diminutive ending).\nCognate with Low German holke, hölke (“small hole”), German Holk (“a type of flat-bottomed barge”), Swedish holk (“nest, birdhouse”), dialectal Norwegian holk, hylke (“wooden barrel, cask”), Icelandic hólkur (“hollow cylinder or tube”). Related to hulk.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "holks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "holk (plural holks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "32 29 18 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A hollow cavity."
],
"id": "en-holk-en-noun-dLTfBLfd",
"links": [
[
"hollow",
"hollow"
],
[
"cavity",
"cavity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK dialectal) A hollow cavity."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "howk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Northern-England",
"Scotland"
],
"word": "houk"
}
],
"word": "holk"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "holken"
},
"expansion": "Middle English holken",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*holcian"
},
"expansion": "Old English *holcian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*holukōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *holukōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "holken"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German holken",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "uthöhlken",
"t": "to hollow out"
},
"expansion": "German Low German uthöhlken (“to hollow out”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English holken, from Old English *holcian (attested in āholcian, āhlocian (“to dig out”), from Proto-West Germanic *holukōn, derived from the noun above. Cognate with Middle Low German holken, hȫlken (“to hollow out”), German Low German uthöhlken (“to hollow out”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "holks",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "holking",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "holked",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "holked",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "holk (third-person singular simple present holks, present participle holking, simple past and past participle holked)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "32 29 18 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To dig out; make hollow; hollow out."
],
"id": "en-holk-en-verb-t~9Wszn3",
"links": [
[
"dig out",
"dig out"
],
[
"hollow",
"hollow"
],
[
"hollow out",
"hollow out"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, UK dialectal) To dig out; make hollow; hollow out."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "32 29 18 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To dig; dig into; pierce; penetrate; investigate; poke."
],
"id": "en-holk-en-verb-AmndkTe4",
"links": [
[
"dig",
"dig"
],
[
"dig into",
"dig into"
],
[
"pierce",
"pierce"
],
[
"penetrate",
"penetrate"
],
[
"investigate",
"investigate"
],
[
"poke",
"poke"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, UK dialectal) To dig; dig into; pierce; penetrate; investigate; poke."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "32 29 18 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1908, Aberdeen University Studies, volume 35, University of Aberdeen, page 96:",
"text": "The Sessioune perceiving gryt perell through the burieing of people in the kirkyaird of thair perroche kirk and within the kirk itself by raising of grene graivis and holking under the kirk vall undermynding of the samyne ordanis fra this furth that na persone presume to mak graivis within the precinct thairof or yit to burie any persone within the boundis of the samine.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To dig up; excavate."
],
"id": "en-holk-en-verb-tQ~NMamA",
"links": [
[
"dig up",
"dig up"
],
[
"excavate",
"excavate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, UK dialectal) To dig up; excavate."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "howk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Northern-England",
"Scotland"
],
"word": "houk"
}
],
"word": "holk"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English verbs",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "holk"
},
"expansion": "Middle English holk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "holc"
},
"expansion": "Old English holc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*holuk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *holuk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*hulukaz",
"t": "a hollow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hulukaz (“a hollow”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱel-",
"t": "to cover, hide"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hole",
"3": "-ock",
"nocat": "1",
"pos2": "diminutive ending"
},
"expansion": "hole + -ock (diminutive ending)",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "holke"
},
"expansion": "Low German holke",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Holk",
"t": "a type of flat-bottomed barge"
},
"expansion": "German Holk (“a type of flat-bottomed barge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "holk",
"t": "nest, birdhouse"
},
"expansion": "Swedish holk (“nest, birdhouse”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "holk"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian holk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "hólkur",
"t": "hollow cylinder or tube"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic hólkur (“hollow cylinder or tube”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English holk, from Old English holc, holoc (“hole, cavity”), from Proto-West Germanic *holuk, from Proto-Germanic *hulukaz (“a hollow”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide”). Equivalent to hole + -ock (diminutive ending).\nCognate with Low German holke, hölke (“small hole”), German Holk (“a type of flat-bottomed barge”), Swedish holk (“nest, birdhouse”), dialectal Norwegian holk, hylke (“wooden barrel, cask”), Icelandic hólkur (“hollow cylinder or tube”). Related to hulk.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "holks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "holk (plural holks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English dialectal terms"
],
"glosses": [
"A hollow cavity."
],
"links": [
[
"hollow",
"hollow"
],
[
"cavity",
"cavity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK dialectal) A hollow cavity."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "howk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern-England",
"Scotland"
],
"word": "houk"
}
],
"word": "holk"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English verbs",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "holken"
},
"expansion": "Middle English holken",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*holcian"
},
"expansion": "Old English *holcian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*holukōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *holukōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "holken"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German holken",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "uthöhlken",
"t": "to hollow out"
},
"expansion": "German Low German uthöhlken (“to hollow out”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English holken, from Old English *holcian (attested in āholcian, āhlocian (“to dig out”), from Proto-West Germanic *holukōn, derived from the noun above. Cognate with Middle Low German holken, hȫlken (“to hollow out”), German Low German uthöhlken (“to hollow out”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "holks",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "holking",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "holked",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "holked",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "holk (third-person singular simple present holks, present participle holking, simple past and past participle holked)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English dialectal terms",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To dig out; make hollow; hollow out."
],
"links": [
[
"dig out",
"dig out"
],
[
"hollow",
"hollow"
],
[
"hollow out",
"hollow out"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, UK dialectal) To dig out; make hollow; hollow out."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English dialectal terms",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To dig; dig into; pierce; penetrate; investigate; poke."
],
"links": [
[
"dig",
"dig"
],
[
"dig into",
"dig into"
],
[
"pierce",
"pierce"
],
[
"penetrate",
"penetrate"
],
[
"investigate",
"investigate"
],
[
"poke",
"poke"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, UK dialectal) To dig; dig into; pierce; penetrate; investigate; poke."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1908, Aberdeen University Studies, volume 35, University of Aberdeen, page 96:",
"text": "The Sessioune perceiving gryt perell through the burieing of people in the kirkyaird of thair perroche kirk and within the kirk itself by raising of grene graivis and holking under the kirk vall undermynding of the samyne ordanis fra this furth that na persone presume to mak graivis within the precinct thairof or yit to burie any persone within the boundis of the samine.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To dig up; excavate."
],
"links": [
[
"dig up",
"dig up"
],
[
"excavate",
"excavate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, UK dialectal) To dig up; excavate."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "howk"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern-England",
"Scotland"
],
"word": "houk"
}
],
"word": "holk"
}
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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.