See fluctuate on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cofluctuate"
}
],
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"etymology_text": "First attested in the 1630'; borrowed from Latin flūctuātus, perfect passive participle of flūctuō (“(of the sea) to surge, swell; (of man) to waver, fluctuate”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fluctuates",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
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},
{
"form": "fluctuating",
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "fluctuant"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "fluctuation"
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"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To vary irregularly; to swing."
],
"id": "en-fluctuate-en-verb-Rew0cccB",
"links": [
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"swing",
"swing"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To vary irregularly; to swing."
],
"tags": [
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],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kolebaja se",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "колебая се"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "menja se",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "меня се"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "fluctuar"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bōdòng",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "波動 /波动"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "kolísat"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "heilahdella"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "vaihdella"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "heittelehtiä"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "fluctuer"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "schwanken"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "fluktuieren"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kymaínomai",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "κυμαίνομαι"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "ingadozik"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "fluktuar"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "manei"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "mānenei"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "svinge"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "fluktuere"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "navasân kardan",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "نوسان کردن"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kolebátʹsja",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "колеба́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 0 1 23 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "menjátʹsja",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "меня́ться"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1719, William Vickers, An easie and safe method for curing the King's Evil, page 39:",
"text": "One of them, at great Expence of Algebra, proves, that the Motes, which in Scotomias, we seem to have in our Eyes, are not real Bodies fluctuating in them.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To undulate."
],
"id": "en-fluctuate-en-verb--ofpSwwT",
"links": [
[
"undulate",
"undulate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To undulate."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 92 2 3 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "menja",
"sense": "to undulate",
"word": "меня"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 92 2 3 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "variram",
"sense": "to undulate",
"word": "варирам"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 92 2 3 2",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to undulate",
"word": "fluctuar"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 92 2 3 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to undulate",
"word": "onduler"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 92 2 3 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kymaínomai",
"sense": "to undulate",
"word": "κυμαίνομαι"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 92 2 3 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to undulate",
"word": "hullámzik"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 92 2 3 2",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "dalgalanmak",
"sense": "to undulate",
"word": "طالغهلانمق"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 92 2 3 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "menjátʹsja",
"sense": "to undulate",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "меня́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 92 2 3 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "varʹírovatʹ",
"sense": "to undulate",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "варьи́ровать"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "I fluctuated between wishing he was back home and wishing I'd never met him.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To be irresolute; to waver."
],
"id": "en-fluctuate-en-verb-fHledn-K",
"links": [
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"irresolute",
"irresolute"
],
[
"waver",
"waver"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To be irresolute; to waver."
],
"tags": [
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],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 1 93 2 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to be irresolute; to waver",
"word": "(hin und her) schwanken"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 93 2 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to be irresolute; to waver",
"word": "ingadozik"
}
]
},
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"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To cause to vary irregularly."
],
"id": "en-fluctuate-en-verb-YvcXPbNb",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To cause to vary irregularly."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "13 1 1 83 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cause to vary irregularly",
"word": "heilutella"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 1 1 83 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cause to vary irregularly",
"word": "heilautella"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 1 1 83 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cause to vary irregularly",
"word": "heitellä"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 1 1 83 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kolebátʹ",
"sense": "to cause to vary irregularly",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "колеба́ть"
}
]
},
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"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To rise and fall as a wave; to be tossed up and down the waves."
],
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"rise",
"rise"
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"fall",
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]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, figuratively, also literally) To rise and fall as a wave; to be tossed up and down the waves."
],
"tags": [
"also",
"figuratively",
"literally",
"rare"
]
}
],
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"ipa": "/ˈflʌkt͡ʃu.eɪt/"
},
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"ipa": "/ˈflʌktju.eɪt/"
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"etymology_text": "First attested in the 1630'; borrowed from Latin flūctuātus, perfect passive participle of flūctuō (“(of the sea) to surge, swell; (of man) to waver, fluctuate”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix).",
"forms": [
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"form": "more fluctuate",
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"Tossed up and down the waves."
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"wave",
"wave"
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"glosses": [
"Wavering, fickle."
],
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"fickle"
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"(by extension) Wavering, fickle."
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"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cofluctuate"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "1630'"
},
"expansion": "the 1630'",
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{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "First attested in the 1630'",
"name": "etydate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "flūctuātus",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "borrowed from Latin flūctuātus",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "perfect"
},
"expansion": "perfect",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "passive"
},
"expansion": "passive",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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{
"args": {
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ate",
"id1": "adjective",
"pos1": "adjective-forming suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ate (adjective-forming suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested in the 1630'; borrowed from Latin flūctuātus, perfect passive participle of flūctuō (“(of the sea) to surge, swell; (of man) to waver, fluctuate”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fluctuates",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fluctuating",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fluctuated",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "fluctuated",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fluctuate (third-person singular simple present fluctuates, present participle fluctuating, simple past and past participle fluctuated)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "fluctuant"
},
{
"word": "fluctuation"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To vary irregularly; to swing."
],
"links": [
[
"swing",
"swing"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To vary irregularly; to swing."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1719, William Vickers, An easie and safe method for curing the King's Evil, page 39:",
"text": "One of them, at great Expence of Algebra, proves, that the Motes, which in Scotomias, we seem to have in our Eyes, are not real Bodies fluctuating in them.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To undulate."
],
"links": [
[
"undulate",
"undulate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To undulate."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "I fluctuated between wishing he was back home and wishing I'd never met him.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To be irresolute; to waver."
],
"links": [
[
"irresolute",
"irresolute"
],
[
"waver",
"waver"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To be irresolute; to waver."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To cause to vary irregularly."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To cause to vary irregularly."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To rise and fall as a wave; to be tossed up and down the waves."
],
"links": [
[
"rise",
"rise"
],
[
"fall",
"fall"
],
[
"wave",
"wave"
],
[
"toss",
"toss"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, figuratively, also literally) To rise and fall as a wave; to be tossed up and down the waves."
],
"tags": [
"also",
"figuratively",
"literally",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈflʌkt͡ʃu.eɪt/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈflʌktju.eɪt/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-fluctuate.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fluctuate.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fluctuate.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fluctuate.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fluctuate.wav.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kolebaja se",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "колебая се"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "menja se",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "меня се"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "fluctuar"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bōdòng",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "波動 /波动"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "kolísat"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "heilahdella"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "vaihdella"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "heittelehtiä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "fluctuer"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "schwanken"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "fluktuieren"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kymaínomai",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "κυμαίνομαι"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "ingadozik"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "fluktuar"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "manei"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "mānenei"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "svinge"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "fluktuere"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "navasân kardan",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"word": "نوسان کردن"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kolebátʹsja",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "колеба́ться"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "menjátʹsja",
"sense": "to vary irregularly; to swing",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "меня́ться"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "menja",
"sense": "to undulate",
"word": "меня"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "variram",
"sense": "to undulate",
"word": "варирам"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to undulate",
"word": "fluctuar"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to undulate",
"word": "onduler"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kymaínomai",
"sense": "to undulate",
"word": "κυμαίνομαι"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to undulate",
"word": "hullámzik"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "dalgalanmak",
"sense": "to undulate",
"word": "طالغهلانمق"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "menjátʹsja",
"sense": "to undulate",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "меня́ться"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "varʹírovatʹ",
"sense": "to undulate",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "варьи́ровать"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to be irresolute; to waver",
"word": "(hin und her) schwanken"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to be irresolute; to waver",
"word": "ingadozik"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cause to vary irregularly",
"word": "heilutella"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cause to vary irregularly",
"word": "heilautella"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cause to vary irregularly",
"word": "heitellä"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kolebátʹ",
"sense": "to cause to vary irregularly",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "колеба́ть"
}
],
"word": "fluctuate"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English obsolete terms",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms suffixed with -ate (adjective)",
"English terms suffixed with -ate (verb)",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
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},
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"args": {
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"id1": "adjective",
"pos1": "adjective-forming suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ate (adjective-forming suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested in the 1630'; borrowed from Latin flūctuātus, perfect passive participle of flūctuō (“(of the sea) to surge, swell; (of man) to waver, fluctuate”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more fluctuate",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most fluctuate",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fluctuate (comparative more fluctuate, superlative most fluctuate)",
"name": "en-adj"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Tossed up and down the waves."
],
"links": [
[
"Tossed",
"toss"
],
[
"wave",
"wave"
]
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Wavering, fickle."
],
"links": [
[
"Wavering",
"wavering"
],
[
"fickle",
"fickle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) Wavering, fickle."
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈflʌkt͡ʃu.eɪt/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈflʌktju.eɪt/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-fluctuate.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fluctuate.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fluctuate.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fluctuate.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fluctuate.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "fluctuate"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "flūctuāte",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "verb form",
"head": "flūctuāte"
},
"expansion": "flūctuāte",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin verb forms",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "flūctuō"
}
],
"glosses": [
"second-person plural present active imperative of flūctuō"
],
"links": [
[
"flūctuō",
"fluctuo#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"active",
"form-of",
"imperative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
}
],
"word": "fluctuate"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "fluctuate",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish non-lemma forms",
"Spanish verb forms"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "fluctuar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"second-person singular voseo imperative of fluctuar combined with te"
],
"links": [
[
"fluctuar",
"fluctuar#Spanish"
],
[
"te",
"te#Spanish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"object-second-person",
"object-singular",
"second-person",
"singular",
"with-voseo"
]
}
],
"word": "fluctuate"
}
Download raw JSONL data for fluctuate meaning in All languages combined (13.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (51d164f and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.