See cudgel on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "becudgel"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "take up the cudgel for"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "kuggel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English kuggel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "cyċġel",
"t": "a large stick, cudgel"
},
"expansion": "Old English cyċġel (“a large stick, cudgel”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kuggil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kuggil",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kuggilaz",
"t": "knobbed instrument"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kuggilaz (“knobbed instrument”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kuggǭ",
"t": "cog, swelling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kuggǭ (“cog, swelling”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gewgʰ-",
"t": "swelling, bow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gewgʰ- (“swelling, bow”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gew-",
"t": "to bow, bend, arch, curve"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bow, bend, arch, curve”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cog",
"3": "-el",
"pos2": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "cog + -el (diminutive suffix)",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "coghele",
"t": "stick with a rounded end"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch coghele (“stick with a rounded end”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English kuggel, from Old English cyċġel (“a large stick, cudgel”), from Proto-West Germanic *kuggil, from Proto-Germanic *kuggilaz (“knobbed instrument”), derivative of Proto-Germanic *kuggǭ (“cog, swelling”), from Proto-Indo-European *gewgʰ- (“swelling, bow”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bow, bend, arch, curve”), equivalent to cog + -el (diminutive suffix). Cognate with Middle Dutch coghele (“stick with a rounded end”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cudgels",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cudgel (plural cudgels)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The guard hefted his cudgel menacingly and looked at the inmates.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1883, Howard Pyle, “Robin Hood Turns Butcher”, in The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood […], New York, N.Y.: […] Charles Scribner’s Sons […], →OCLC, part second, page 48:",
"text": "Then they had bouts of wrestling and of cudgel play, so that every day they gained in skill and strength.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1678, John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress from This World, to That which is to Come: […], London: […] Nath[aniel] Ponder […], →OCLC, page 114:",
"text": "So when he aroſe, he getteth him a grievous Crab-tree cudgel, and goes down into the Dungeon to them; and there firſt falls to Rateing of them, as if they were dogs: […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon."
],
"id": "en-cudgel-en-noun-z0SvWM16",
"links": [
[
"club",
"club"
],
[
"weapon",
"weapon"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "mahak",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "մահակ"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "suqmar",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "суҡмар"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "bbl",
"lang": "Bats",
"roman": "ḳomṗal",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "კომპალ"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sopa",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "сопа"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kyj"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "knippel"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "knuppel"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "nuija"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "ryhmysauva"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "gourdin"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "moca"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Knüppel"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "rópalo",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ρόπαλο"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "rhópalon",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ῥόπαλον"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "fütykös"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "husáng"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "furkósbot"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "bunkósbot"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "náspáng"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lurkur"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kylfa"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "bastono"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cleith"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "smachtín"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bastone"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "randello"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "mongdung'i",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "몽둥이"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caia"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fūstis"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "clāva"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "hauhau"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "barròt"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tavèla"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "oj",
"lang": "Ojibwe",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "bagamaagan"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "klubba"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "sopa",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "صوپه"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "çomak",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "چوماق"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kötek",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "كوتك"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "gupâl",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "گوپال"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "čomâq",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "چماق"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Pruntel"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pałka"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "maczuga"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bordão"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "dubínka",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "дуби́нка"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "batina"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "toljaga"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "močuga"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "buzdovan"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "mazo"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "klubba"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "påk"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "pambatikos"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "udi",
"lang": "Udi",
"roman": "ḳoval",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "кӏовал"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pastwn"
}
]
},
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{
"ref": "1893, William Morris, The Ideal Book, published 1908:",
"text": "As above said, legibility depends also much on the design of the letter; and again I take up the cudgels against compressed type, and that especially in Roman letters: […]",
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"ref": "2015 April 15, Jonathan Martin, “For a Clinton, It’s Not Hard to Be Humble in an Effort to Regain Power”, in The New York Times:",
"text": "Mrs. Clinton’s Senate tenure, however, also demonstrated the risks of overcompensation: Not wanting to give Republicans fodder to portray her as soft on defense, she authorized President Bush to use force in Iraq and handed Mr. Obama a political cudgel to use against her.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2019 July 17, Talia Lavin, “When Non-Jews Wield Anti-Semitism as Political Shield”, in GQ:",
"text": "[Minnesota Senator Steve] Daines isn’t the only example of right-wing politicians who wish to wield anti-Semitism as a convenient cudgel against their political enemies, with scant if any evidence. But Montana’s vanishingly small Jewish population makes it particularly clear that this strategy has little to do with flesh-and-blood Jews at all.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2021 January 11, Mimi Swartz, “Never Forget What Ted Cruz Did”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:",
"text": "Mr. Cruz has been able to use his pseudo-intellectualism and his Ivy League pedigree as a cudgel.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Anything that can be used as a threat to force one's will on another."
],
"id": "en-cudgel-en-noun-PW9S~3SS",
"links": [
[
"threat",
"threat"
],
[
"force",
"force"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) Anything that can be used as a threat to force one's will on another."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "13 87",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "anything that can be used as a threat to force one's will",
"word": "ase"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkʌd͡ʒəl/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-cudgel.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/En-us-cudgel.ogg/En-us-cudgel.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/En-us-cudgel.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌdʒəl"
}
],
"word": "cudgel"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cudgeler"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cudgel one's brain"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "uncudgeled"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "uncudgelled"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "kuggel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English kuggel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "cyċġel",
"t": "a large stick, cudgel"
},
"expansion": "Old English cyċġel (“a large stick, cudgel”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kuggil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kuggil",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kuggilaz",
"t": "knobbed instrument"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kuggilaz (“knobbed instrument”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kuggǭ",
"t": "cog, swelling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kuggǭ (“cog, swelling”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gewgʰ-",
"t": "swelling, bow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gewgʰ- (“swelling, bow”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gew-",
"t": "to bow, bend, arch, curve"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bow, bend, arch, curve”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cog",
"3": "-el",
"pos2": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "cog + -el (diminutive suffix)",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "coghele",
"t": "stick with a rounded end"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch coghele (“stick with a rounded end”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English kuggel, from Old English cyċġel (“a large stick, cudgel”), from Proto-West Germanic *kuggil, from Proto-Germanic *kuggilaz (“knobbed instrument”), derivative of Proto-Germanic *kuggǭ (“cog, swelling”), from Proto-Indo-European *gewgʰ- (“swelling, bow”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bow, bend, arch, curve”), equivalent to cog + -el (diminutive suffix). Cognate with Middle Dutch coghele (“stick with a rounded end”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cudgels",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cudgeling",
"tags": [
"US",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cudgelling",
"tags": [
"Commonwealth",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cudgeled",
"tags": [
"US",
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cudgeled",
"tags": [
"US",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cudgelled",
"tags": [
"Commonwealth",
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cudgelled",
"tags": [
"Commonwealth",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"past2": "cudgelled",
"past2_qual": "Commonwealth",
"past_qual": "US",
"pres_ptc2": "cudgelling",
"pres_ptc2_qual": "Commonwealth",
"pres_ptc_qual": "US"
},
"expansion": "cudgel (third-person singular simple present cudgels, present participle (US) cudgeling or (Commonwealth) cudgelling, simple past and past participle (US) cudgeled or (Commonwealth) cudgelled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "club"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "singlestick"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The officer was violently cudgeled down in the midst of the rioters.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii]:",
"text": "I would cudgel him like a dog if he would say so.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1675, [William] Wycherley, The Country-wife, a Comedy, […], London: Printed for Thomas Dring, […], →OCLC; republished London: Printed for T[homas] Dring, and sold by R. Bentley, and S. Magnes […], 1688, →OCLC, prologue:",
"text": "Poets like Cudgel'd Bullys, never do / At firſt, or ſecond blow, ſubmit to you; / But will provoke you ſtill and ne're have done, / Till you are weary ſirst, with laying on: […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1950, Jack Vance, “Mazirian the Magician”, in Dying Earth:",
"text": "Aboard the barge and so off the trail, the blessing lost its puissance and the barge-tender, who coveted Guyal's rich accoutrements, sought to cudgel him with a knoblolly.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To strike with a cudgel."
],
"id": "en-cudgel-en-verb-U3EFSZwW",
"links": [
[
"strike",
"strike"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to strike with a cudgel",
"word": "nuijia"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To exercise (one's wits or brains)."
],
"id": "en-cudgel-en-verb-QjvGsTTY",
"links": [
[
"exercise",
"exercise"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkʌd͡ʒəl/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-cudgel.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/En-us-cudgel.ogg/En-us-cudgel.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/En-us-cudgel.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌdʒəl"
}
],
"word": "cudgel"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms suffixed with -el",
"English terms with /ʌ~ʊ/ for Old English /y/",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌdʒəl",
"Rhymes:English/ʌdʒəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bashkir translations",
"Terms with Bats translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Ojibwe translations",
"Terms with Old Norse translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tagalog translations",
"Terms with Udi translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"en:Weapons"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "becudgel"
},
{
"word": "take up the cudgel for"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "kuggel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English kuggel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "cyċġel",
"t": "a large stick, cudgel"
},
"expansion": "Old English cyċġel (“a large stick, cudgel”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kuggil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kuggil",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kuggilaz",
"t": "knobbed instrument"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kuggilaz (“knobbed instrument”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kuggǭ",
"t": "cog, swelling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kuggǭ (“cog, swelling”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gewgʰ-",
"t": "swelling, bow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gewgʰ- (“swelling, bow”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gew-",
"t": "to bow, bend, arch, curve"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bow, bend, arch, curve”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cog",
"3": "-el",
"pos2": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "cog + -el (diminutive suffix)",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "coghele",
"t": "stick with a rounded end"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch coghele (“stick with a rounded end”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English kuggel, from Old English cyċġel (“a large stick, cudgel”), from Proto-West Germanic *kuggil, from Proto-Germanic *kuggilaz (“knobbed instrument”), derivative of Proto-Germanic *kuggǭ (“cog, swelling”), from Proto-Indo-European *gewgʰ- (“swelling, bow”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bow, bend, arch, curve”), equivalent to cog + -el (diminutive suffix). Cognate with Middle Dutch coghele (“stick with a rounded end”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cudgels",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cudgel (plural cudgels)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The guard hefted his cudgel menacingly and looked at the inmates.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1883, Howard Pyle, “Robin Hood Turns Butcher”, in The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood […], New York, N.Y.: […] Charles Scribner’s Sons […], →OCLC, part second, page 48:",
"text": "Then they had bouts of wrestling and of cudgel play, so that every day they gained in skill and strength.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1678, John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress from This World, to That which is to Come: […], London: […] Nath[aniel] Ponder […], →OCLC, page 114:",
"text": "So when he aroſe, he getteth him a grievous Crab-tree cudgel, and goes down into the Dungeon to them; and there firſt falls to Rateing of them, as if they were dogs: […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon."
],
"links": [
[
"club",
"club"
],
[
"weapon",
"weapon"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1893, William Morris, The Ideal Book, published 1908:",
"text": "As above said, legibility depends also much on the design of the letter; and again I take up the cudgels against compressed type, and that especially in Roman letters: […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015 April 15, Jonathan Martin, “For a Clinton, It’s Not Hard to Be Humble in an Effort to Regain Power”, in The New York Times:",
"text": "Mrs. Clinton’s Senate tenure, however, also demonstrated the risks of overcompensation: Not wanting to give Republicans fodder to portray her as soft on defense, she authorized President Bush to use force in Iraq and handed Mr. Obama a political cudgel to use against her.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2019 July 17, Talia Lavin, “When Non-Jews Wield Anti-Semitism as Political Shield”, in GQ:",
"text": "[Minnesota Senator Steve] Daines isn’t the only example of right-wing politicians who wish to wield anti-Semitism as a convenient cudgel against their political enemies, with scant if any evidence. But Montana’s vanishingly small Jewish population makes it particularly clear that this strategy has little to do with flesh-and-blood Jews at all.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2021 January 11, Mimi Swartz, “Never Forget What Ted Cruz Did”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:",
"text": "Mr. Cruz has been able to use his pseudo-intellectualism and his Ivy League pedigree as a cudgel.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Anything that can be used as a threat to force one's will on another."
],
"links": [
[
"threat",
"threat"
],
[
"force",
"force"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) Anything that can be used as a threat to force one's will on another."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkʌd͡ʒəl/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-cudgel.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/En-us-cudgel.ogg/En-us-cudgel.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/En-us-cudgel.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌdʒəl"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "mahak",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "մահակ"
},
{
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "suqmar",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "суҡмар"
},
{
"code": "bbl",
"lang": "Bats",
"roman": "ḳomṗal",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "კომპალ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sopa",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "сопа"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kyj"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "knippel"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "knuppel"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "nuija"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "ryhmysauva"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "gourdin"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "moca"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Knüppel"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "rópalo",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ρόπαλο"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "rhópalon",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ῥόπαλον"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "fütykös"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "husáng"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "furkósbot"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "bunkósbot"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "náspáng"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lurkur"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kylfa"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "bastono"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cleith"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "smachtín"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bastone"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "randello"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "mongdung'i",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "몽둥이"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caia"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fūstis"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "clāva"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "hauhau"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "barròt"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tavèla"
},
{
"code": "oj",
"lang": "Ojibwe",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "bagamaagan"
},
{
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "klubba"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "sopa",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "صوپه"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "çomak",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "چوماق"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kötek",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "كوتك"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "gupâl",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "گوپال"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "čomâq",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "چماق"
},
{
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Pruntel"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pałka"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "maczuga"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bordão"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "dubínka",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "дуби́нка"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "batina"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "toljaga"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "močuga"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "buzdovan"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "mazo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "klubba"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "påk"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "pambatikos"
},
{
"code": "udi",
"lang": "Udi",
"roman": "ḳoval",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"word": "кӏовал"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "short heavy club with a rounded head used as a weapon",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pastwn"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "anything that can be used as a threat to force one's will",
"word": "ase"
}
],
"word": "cudgel"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms suffixed with -el",
"English terms with /ʌ~ʊ/ for Old English /y/",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌdʒəl",
"Rhymes:English/ʌdʒəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bashkir translations",
"Terms with Bats translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Ojibwe translations",
"Terms with Old Norse translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tagalog translations",
"Terms with Udi translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"en:Weapons"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cudgeler"
},
{
"word": "cudgel one's brain"
},
{
"word": "uncudgeled"
},
{
"word": "uncudgelled"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "kuggel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English kuggel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "cyċġel",
"t": "a large stick, cudgel"
},
"expansion": "Old English cyċġel (“a large stick, cudgel”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kuggil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kuggil",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kuggilaz",
"t": "knobbed instrument"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kuggilaz (“knobbed instrument”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kuggǭ",
"t": "cog, swelling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kuggǭ (“cog, swelling”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gewgʰ-",
"t": "swelling, bow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gewgʰ- (“swelling, bow”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gew-",
"t": "to bow, bend, arch, curve"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bow, bend, arch, curve”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cog",
"3": "-el",
"pos2": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "cog + -el (diminutive suffix)",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "coghele",
"t": "stick with a rounded end"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch coghele (“stick with a rounded end”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English kuggel, from Old English cyċġel (“a large stick, cudgel”), from Proto-West Germanic *kuggil, from Proto-Germanic *kuggilaz (“knobbed instrument”), derivative of Proto-Germanic *kuggǭ (“cog, swelling”), from Proto-Indo-European *gewgʰ- (“swelling, bow”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bow, bend, arch, curve”), equivalent to cog + -el (diminutive suffix). Cognate with Middle Dutch coghele (“stick with a rounded end”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cudgels",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cudgeling",
"tags": [
"US",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cudgelling",
"tags": [
"Commonwealth",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cudgeled",
"tags": [
"US",
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cudgeled",
"tags": [
"US",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cudgelled",
"tags": [
"Commonwealth",
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cudgelled",
"tags": [
"Commonwealth",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"past2": "cudgelled",
"past2_qual": "Commonwealth",
"past_qual": "US",
"pres_ptc2": "cudgelling",
"pres_ptc2_qual": "Commonwealth",
"pres_ptc_qual": "US"
},
"expansion": "cudgel (third-person singular simple present cudgels, present participle (US) cudgeling or (Commonwealth) cudgelling, simple past and past participle (US) cudgeled or (Commonwealth) cudgelled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "club"
},
{
"word": "singlestick"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The officer was violently cudgeled down in the midst of the rioters.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii]:",
"text": "I would cudgel him like a dog if he would say so.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1675, [William] Wycherley, The Country-wife, a Comedy, […], London: Printed for Thomas Dring, […], →OCLC; republished London: Printed for T[homas] Dring, and sold by R. Bentley, and S. Magnes […], 1688, →OCLC, prologue:",
"text": "Poets like Cudgel'd Bullys, never do / At firſt, or ſecond blow, ſubmit to you; / But will provoke you ſtill and ne're have done, / Till you are weary ſirst, with laying on: […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1950, Jack Vance, “Mazirian the Magician”, in Dying Earth:",
"text": "Aboard the barge and so off the trail, the blessing lost its puissance and the barge-tender, who coveted Guyal's rich accoutrements, sought to cudgel him with a knoblolly.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To strike with a cudgel."
],
"links": [
[
"strike",
"strike"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To exercise (one's wits or brains)."
],
"links": [
[
"exercise",
"exercise"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkʌd͡ʒəl/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-cudgel.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/En-us-cudgel.ogg/En-us-cudgel.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/En-us-cudgel.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌdʒəl"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to strike with a cudgel",
"word": "nuijia"
}
],
"word": "cudgel"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cudgel meaning in All languages combined (21.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.