See buky on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "alphabet textbook",
"word": "bukъvařь"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "beechmast; small letter",
"word": "bukъvica"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "бꙋкꙑ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: бꙋкꙑ (buky)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: бꙋкꙑ (buky), бꙋкъвь (bukŭvĭ), бꙋкъва (bukŭva)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "бу́ква"
},
"expansion": "Russian: бу́ква (búkva)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: бу́ква (búkva), бу́ки (búki)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "bukva",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ingrian: bukva",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ingrian: bukva"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "bukwa",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: bukwa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: bukwa"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sms",
"2": "bukva",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Skolt Sami: bukva",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Skolt Sami: bukva"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rue",
"2": "бу́ква"
},
"expansion": "Carpathian Rusyn: бу́ква (búkva)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Carpathian Rusyn: бу́ква (búkva)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "бу́ква"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: бу́ква (búkva)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: бу́ква (búkva)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cyrillic: боукꙑ (buky)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Glagolitic: ⰱⱆⰽⱏⰺ (buky)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "бу́ква"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: бу́ква (búkva)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: бу́ква (búkva)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "буква"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: буква (bukva)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: буква (bukva)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "бу̏ква",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: бу̏ква",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: бу̏ква"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "bȕkva",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: bȕkva",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: bȕkva"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "bȗkəv",
"bor": "",
"der": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: bȗkəv",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bȗkəv",
"2": "bȗkva"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: bȗkəv, bȗkva (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: bȗkəv, bȗkva (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "bukev"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: bukev",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: bukev"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "bukva"
},
"expansion": "Czech: bukva",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: bukva, bukev"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "bükvoi"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: bükvoi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: bükvoi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "bukiew"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: bukiew",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: bukiew"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "bukiew"
},
"expansion": "Polish: bukiew",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: bukiew"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "bukev"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: bukev",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: bukev"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "búkwa"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: búkwa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: búkwa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "bukow"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: bukow",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: bukow"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "gem",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Germanic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*bōku",
"t": "beech"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bōku (“beech”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*bukъ",
"3": "*-y",
"t1": "beech"
},
"expansion": "*bukъ (“beech”) + *-y",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "got",
"3": "𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃",
"g": "p",
"t": "books"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 pl (bōkōs, “books”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of Germanic origin, with two proposed sources of borrowing:\n* For meaning beech: From Proto-West Germanic *bōku (“beech”), formally equivalent to *bukъ (“beech”) + *-y.\n* For meaning books, writs: From Gothic 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 pl (bōkōs, “books”) (per Vasmer, Trubachev).\nInterrelation between the two meanings is now widely considered uncertain (or even dismissed entirely, e.g. by Kluge/Seebold), mainly because there is no surviving evidence for beech-based writing among early Germanic and Balto-Slavic peoples. It is possible (as noted by Mallory and Adams) that beech had religious significance for ancient Indo-European people and so was used to inscribe sacred symbols onto. In this case, the extended meaning writ, sign would be directly borrowed from Germanic. A third hypothesis speculates that beechmast was used for counting and bookkeeping, whence the word innately developed a sense of “unit of data representation” → grapheme, writ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bùky",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "v-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "bùky",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvьma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvьmъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvamъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvьjǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvľǭ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvьma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvьmī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvamī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvьxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvaxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùky",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bùky",
"ap": "a",
"stem": "v"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/buky",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "beech",
"word": "bukъ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "beech",
"word": "bukъ"
}
],
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of *bukъ (“beech”)"
],
"id": "en-buky-sla-pro-noun-RKSSQ91U",
"links": [
[
"*bukъ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bukъ"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 59 13 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 66 8 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 51 20 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 61 16 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"beechmast"
],
"id": "en-buky-sla-pro-noun-6Y8SRO6W",
"links": [
[
"beechmast",
"beechmast"
]
],
"qualifier": "by specialization",
"raw_glosses": [
"(by specialization) beechmast"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"writ, grapheme, written sign → letter"
],
"id": "en-buky-sla-pro-noun-VOk0Lxs1",
"links": [
[
"writ",
"writ"
],
[
"grapheme",
"grapheme"
],
[
"written",
"written"
],
[
"sign",
"sign"
],
[
"letter",
"letter"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) writ, grapheme, written sign → letter"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*čьrka"
},
{
"word": "*pisьmo"
},
{
"word": "*znakъ"
}
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"books (corpus of written inscriptions)"
],
"id": "en-buky-sla-pro-noun-5V088UnQ",
"links": [
[
"book",
"book"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension, in the plural) books (corpus of written inscriptions)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*kъňiga"
}
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"in-plural",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Etymological Dictionary of the German Language",
"Marko Snoj"
],
"word": "buky"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cu",
"3": "боукꙑ"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic боукꙑ (buky)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*buky"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *buky",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*bōku"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bōku",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "beech"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of beech",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Church Slavonic боукꙑ (buky), from Proto-Slavic *buky, from Proto-West Germanic *bōku. Doublet of beech.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "buky (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "b in Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Old Church Slavonic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Cyrillic letter names",
"orig": "en:Cyrillic letter names",
"parents": [
"Letter names",
"Letters, symbols, and punctuation",
"Names",
"Orthography",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Writing",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"Lemmas",
"Human",
"Communication"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Name of the letter b in Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets."
],
"id": "en-buky-en-noun-d8kZIe1n",
"links": [
[
"letter",
"letter#English"
],
[
"Cyrillic",
"Cyrillic#English"
],
[
"Glagolitic",
"Glagolitic#English"
],
[
"alphabet",
"alphabet#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"letter",
"name",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cu",
"lang": "Church Slavic",
"roman": "buky",
"sense": "name of the letter b in the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "боукꙑ"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "búki",
"sense": "name of the letter b in the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "бу́ки"
}
]
}
],
"word": "buky"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "noun form",
"g": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "buky m inan",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Czech entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "buk"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/accusative/vocative/instrumental plural of buk"
],
"id": "en-buky-cs-noun-QXdAZKRa",
"links": [
[
"buk",
"buk#Czech"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"inanimate",
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈbukɪ]"
}
],
"word": "buky"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "noun form",
"g": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "buky m inan",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Czech entries with incorrect language header",
"Czech non-lemma forms",
"Czech noun forms",
"Czech terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "buk"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/accusative/vocative/instrumental plural of buk"
],
"links": [
[
"buk",
"buk#Czech"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"inanimate",
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈbukɪ]"
}
],
"word": "buky"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cu",
"3": "боукꙑ"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic боукꙑ (buky)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*buky"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *buky",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*bōku"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bōku",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "beech"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of beech",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Church Slavonic боукꙑ (buky), from Proto-Slavic *buky, from Proto-West Germanic *bōku. Doublet of beech.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "buky (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "b in Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets"
}
],
"categories": [
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Old Church Slavonic",
"English terms derived from Old Church Slavonic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Old Church Slavonic translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"en:Cyrillic letter names"
],
"glosses": [
"Name of the letter b in Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets."
],
"links": [
[
"letter",
"letter#English"
],
[
"Cyrillic",
"Cyrillic#English"
],
[
"Glagolitic",
"Glagolitic#English"
],
[
"alphabet",
"alphabet#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"letter",
"name",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cu",
"lang": "Church Slavic",
"roman": "buky",
"sense": "name of the letter b in the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "боукꙑ"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "búki",
"sense": "name of the letter b in the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "бу́ки"
}
],
"word": "buky"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard v-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Germanic languages"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "alphabet textbook",
"word": "bukъvařь"
},
{
"english": "beechmast; small letter",
"word": "bukъvica"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "бꙋкꙑ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: бꙋкꙑ (buky)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: бꙋкꙑ (buky), бꙋкъвь (bukŭvĭ), бꙋкъва (bukŭva)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "бу́ква"
},
"expansion": "Russian: бу́ква (búkva)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: бу́ква (búkva), бу́ки (búki)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "bukva",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ingrian: bukva",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ingrian: bukva"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "bukwa",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: bukwa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: bukwa"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sms",
"2": "bukva",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Skolt Sami: bukva",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Skolt Sami: bukva"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rue",
"2": "бу́ква"
},
"expansion": "Carpathian Rusyn: бу́ква (búkva)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Carpathian Rusyn: бу́ква (búkva)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "бу́ква"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: бу́ква (búkva)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: бу́ква (búkva)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cyrillic: боукꙑ (buky)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Glagolitic: ⰱⱆⰽⱏⰺ (buky)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "бу́ква"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: бу́ква (búkva)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: бу́ква (búkva)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "буква"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: буква (bukva)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: буква (bukva)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "бу̏ква",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: бу̏ква",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: бу̏ква"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "bȕkva",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: bȕkva",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: bȕkva"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "bȗkəv",
"bor": "",
"der": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: bȗkəv",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bȗkəv",
"2": "bȗkva"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: bȗkəv, bȗkva (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: bȗkəv, bȗkva (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "bukev"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: bukev",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: bukev"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "bukva"
},
"expansion": "Czech: bukva",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: bukva, bukev"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "bükvoi"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: bükvoi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: bükvoi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "bukiew"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: bukiew",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: bukiew"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "bukiew"
},
"expansion": "Polish: bukiew",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: bukiew"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "bukev"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: bukev",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: bukev"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "búkwa"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: búkwa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: búkwa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "bukow"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: bukow",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: bukow"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "gem",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Germanic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*bōku",
"t": "beech"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bōku (“beech”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*bukъ",
"3": "*-y",
"t1": "beech"
},
"expansion": "*bukъ (“beech”) + *-y",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "got",
"3": "𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃",
"g": "p",
"t": "books"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 pl (bōkōs, “books”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of Germanic origin, with two proposed sources of borrowing:\n* For meaning beech: From Proto-West Germanic *bōku (“beech”), formally equivalent to *bukъ (“beech”) + *-y.\n* For meaning books, writs: From Gothic 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 pl (bōkōs, “books”) (per Vasmer, Trubachev).\nInterrelation between the two meanings is now widely considered uncertain (or even dismissed entirely, e.g. by Kluge/Seebold), mainly because there is no surviving evidence for beech-based writing among early Germanic and Balto-Slavic peoples. It is possible (as noted by Mallory and Adams) that beech had religious significance for ancient Indo-European people and so was used to inscribe sacred symbols onto. In this case, the extended meaning writ, sign would be directly borrowed from Germanic. A third hypothesis speculates that beechmast was used for counting and bookkeeping, whence the word innately developed a sense of “unit of data representation” → grapheme, writ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bùky",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "v-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "bùky",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvьma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvьmъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvamъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvьjǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvľǭ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvьma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvьmī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvamī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvьxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvaxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bùky",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bùkъvi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bùky",
"ap": "a",
"stem": "v"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/buky",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"english": "beech",
"word": "bukъ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "beech",
"word": "bukъ"
}
],
"categories": [
"sla-pro:Beech family plants"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of *bukъ (“beech”)"
],
"links": [
[
"*bukъ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bukъ"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"beechmast"
],
"links": [
[
"beechmast",
"beechmast"
]
],
"qualifier": "by specialization",
"raw_glosses": [
"(by specialization) beechmast"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"writ, grapheme, written sign → letter"
],
"links": [
[
"writ",
"writ"
],
[
"grapheme",
"grapheme"
],
[
"written",
"written"
],
[
"sign",
"sign"
],
[
"letter",
"letter"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) writ, grapheme, written sign → letter"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*čьrka"
},
{
"word": "*pisьmo"
},
{
"word": "*znakъ"
}
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"books (corpus of written inscriptions)"
],
"links": [
[
"book",
"book"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension, in the plural) books (corpus of written inscriptions)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*kъňiga"
}
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"in-plural",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Etymological Dictionary of the German Language",
"Marko Snoj"
],
"word": "buky"
}
Download raw JSONL data for buky meaning in All languages combined (12.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (e4a2c88 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.