See ar- on Wiktionary
{
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"etymology_text": "Extracted from the word aromatic.",
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"ref": "1900, Edgar Fahs Smith (English translator), R. Anschütz (German editor), Victor von Richter's Organic Chemistry: or, Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds, Third American Edition, Volume II, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., page 393",
"text": "Potassium permanganate oxidizes ac-tetrahydronaphtylamine to o-hydrocinnam-carboxylic acid (p. 245); ar-tetrahydronaphthylamine, however, because of the oxidation of its amided benzene nucleus, is changed to adipic acid together with oxalic acid (B. 22, 767): […]"
},
{
"ref": "1919 January 10, C. J. West, abstract of G. Schroeter and K. Thomas, “Transformation of tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) in the animal body”; in American Chemical Society, Chemical Abstracts, Volume 13, Number 1, page 43",
"text": "ar-Tetrahydro-α-carbamidonaphthalene, C₁₁H₁₄ON₂, crystallized in square plates from alc., soften at 198° and melts at about 206° (quickly heated, at 212°)."
},
{
"ref": "2006, Amit Arora, Aromatic Organic Chemistry, Discovery Publishing House, published 2007, →ISBN, page 173:",
"text": "1-Naphthylamine is reduced by sodium and isopentanol to ar'''-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine; the prefix ar- is the abbreviation of aromatic and indicates that the four hydrogen atoms are not in the ring containing the amino-group: […]",
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{
"ref": "1900, Edgar Fahs Smith (English translator), R. Anschütz (German editor), Victor von Richter's Organic Chemistry: or, Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds, Third American Edition, Volume II, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., page 393",
"text": "Potassium permanganate oxidizes ac-tetrahydronaphtylamine to o-hydrocinnam-carboxylic acid (p. 245); ar-tetrahydronaphthylamine, however, because of the oxidation of its amided benzene nucleus, is changed to adipic acid together with oxalic acid (B. 22, 767): […]"
},
{
"ref": "1919 January 10, C. J. West, abstract of G. Schroeter and K. Thomas, “Transformation of tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) in the animal body”; in American Chemical Society, Chemical Abstracts, Volume 13, Number 1, page 43",
"text": "ar-Tetrahydro-α-carbamidonaphthalene, C₁₁H₁₄ON₂, crystallized in square plates from alc., soften at 198° and melts at about 206° (quickly heated, at 212°)."
},
{
"ref": "2006, Amit Arora, Aromatic Organic Chemistry, Discovery Publishing House, published 2007, →ISBN, page 173:",
"text": "1-Naphthylamine is reduced by sodium and isopentanol to ar'''-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine; the prefix ar- is the abbreviation of aromatic and indicates that the four hydrogen atoms are not in the ring containing the amino-group: […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forming classification names for classes of organic compounds that contain a carbon skeleton and one or more aromatic rings."
],
"links": [
[
"organic chemistry",
"organic chemistry"
],
[
"classification",
"classification#English"
],
[
"classes",
"classes#English"
],
[
"organic compounds",
"organic compounds#English"
],
[
"aromatic",
"aromatic#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(organic chemistry) Forming classification names for classes of organic compounds that contain a carbon skeleton and one or more aromatic rings."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"organic-chemistry",
"physical-sciences"
]
}
],
"word": "ar-"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English prefixes",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"en:Chemical notation",
"en:Functions",
"en:Hyperbolic functions",
"en:Trigonometric functions"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Shortened from area (because the function describes the area under a hyperbola), by analogy with arc-, the corresponding prefix for the circular trigonometric functions.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "ar-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ar-",
"name": "en-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"en:Mathematics",
"en:Trigonometry"
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the names of inverse hyperbolic trigonometric functions, and the symbols for these functions."
],
"links": [
[
"mathematics",
"mathematics"
],
[
"trigonometry",
"trigonometry"
],
[
"inverse",
"inverse#English"
],
[
"hyperbolic",
"hyperbolic#English"
],
[
"trigonometric",
"trigonometric#English"
],
[
"function",
"function#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(mathematics, trigonometry) Used to form the names of inverse hyperbolic trigonometric functions, and the symbols for these functions."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"proscribed",
"sometimes"
],
"word": "arc-"
},
{
"word": "a-"
},
{
"word": "-1"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"mathematics",
"sciences",
"trigonometry"
]
}
],
"word": "ar-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*ɸare-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸare-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *ɸare-. Prefix form of ar (“in front of”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "prefix",
"3": "",
"4": "{{{1}}}"
},
"expansion": "ar-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ar-",
"name": "sga-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Irish lemmas",
"Old Irish prefixes",
"Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"for-, fore-"
],
"links": [
[
"for-",
"for-"
],
[
"fore-",
"fore-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ar/",
"note": "pretonically"
},
{
"ipa": "/œr/",
"note": "in stressed syllables"
}
],
"word": "ar-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "ar-"
},
"expansion": "Breton: ar-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: ar-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "ar-"
},
"expansion": "Cornish: ar-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cornish: ar-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ar-"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: ar-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: ar-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*ɸare-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸare-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *ɸare-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "*ar-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/ar-",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Brythonic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Brythonic lemmas",
"Proto-Brythonic prefixes",
"Proto-Brythonic terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Proto-Brythonic terms inherited from Proto-Celtic"
],
"glosses": [
"before, in front of"
],
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
],
[
"in front of",
"in front of"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "ar-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Georgian-Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xmf",
"2": "ორო"
},
"expansion": "Mingrelian: ორო (oro)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mingrelian: ორო (oro)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sva",
"2": "მაჰა̄რა",
"der": "1",
"t": "shaded place"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Svan: მაჰა̄რა (mahāra, “shaded place”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Ushguli"
},
"expansion": "(Ushguli)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Upper Bali"
},
"expansion": "(Upper Bali)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Svan: მაჰა̄რა (mahāra, “shaded place”) (Ushguli), მაჰუ̂ერა (mahûera, “shadow”), მაჰუ̂ე̄რა (mahûēra, “shadow, ghost”) (Upper Bali)"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*ar-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Kartvelian",
"lang_code": "ccs-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/ar-",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Kartvelian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Kartvelian lemmas",
"Proto-Kartvelian nouns",
"ccs-pro:Light"
],
"glosses": [
"shadow"
],
"links": [
[
"shadow",
"shadow"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "ar-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Tocharian A entries with incorrect language header",
"Tocharian A lemmas",
"Tocharian A terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Tocharian A terms derived from Proto-Tocharian",
"Tocharian A terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Tocharian A terms inherited from Proto-Tocharian",
"Tocharian A verbs"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "ine-toc-pro",
"3": "*er-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian *er-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "er-"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B er-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃er-",
"4": "",
"5": "to move, stir"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Tocharian *er- (whence also Tocharian B er-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "ar-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Tocharian A",
"lang_code": "xto",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to evoke, call up"
],
"links": [
[
"evoke",
"evoke"
],
[
"call up",
"call up"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to produce, yield, bring forth"
],
"links": [
[
"produce",
"produce"
],
[
"yield",
"yield"
],
[
"bring forth",
"bring forth"
]
]
}
],
"word": "ar-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh prefixes",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*ar-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *ar-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*ɸare"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸare",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Brythonic *ar-, from Proto-Celtic *ɸare.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cy-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ar-",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"mutation",
"mutation-radical"
]
},
{
"form": "har-",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"mutation",
"prothesis-h"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "ar-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "cy-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "ar- + nofio (“to swim”) → arnofio (“to float”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ar- + ysgrif (“writing”) → arysgrif (“inscription, epigraph”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"on, above, sur-, super-, epi-"
],
"links": [
[
"on",
"on"
],
[
"above",
"above"
],
[
"sur-",
"sur-"
],
[
"super-",
"super-"
],
[
"epi-",
"epi-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "ar- + lliw (“colour”) → arlliw (“shade”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ar- + môr (“sea”) → arfor (“coast”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"near"
],
"links": [
[
"near",
"near"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ar/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "with i-affection",
"word": "er-"
}
],
"word": "ar-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ar- meaning in All languages combined (11.2kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/2530",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header based on style, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Welsh]; cleaned text: unchanged, style: padding-bottom:4px;////NodeKind.TABLE_CELL",
"path": [
"ar-"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "prefix",
"title": "ar-",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2530",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header based on style, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Welsh]; cleaned text: unchanged, style: padding-bottom:4px;////NodeKind.TABLE_CELL",
"path": [
"ar-"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "prefix",
"title": "ar-",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2522",
"msg": "rejected heuristic header: table cell identified as header based on style, BUT the cleaned text is not in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Welsh]; cleaned text: har-, style: padding-bottom:4px;////NodeKind.TABLE_CELL",
"path": [
"ar-"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "prefix",
"title": "ar-",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'unchanged'",
"path": [
"ar-"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "prefix",
"title": "ar-",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'unchanged'",
"path": [
"ar-"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "prefix",
"title": "ar-",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.