"-우-" meaning in All languages combined

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "okm",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Korean",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "-우〮-",
        "tr": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "우〮",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-우〮-",
        "2": "-Gwú-"
      },
      "expansion": "우〮 (Yale: -Gwú-)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "oko",
        "3": "友",
        "tr": "*-(G)wu-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Korean 友 (*-(G)wu-)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "<*-kwú->"
      },
      "expansion": "<*-kwú->",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle Korean 우〮 (Yale: -Gwú-), from Old Korean 友 (*-(G)wu-), from older <*-kwú->.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "우",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u-",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "우 • (-u-)",
      "name": "ko-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant target parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant target parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "비다 (bida, “to be empty”) + 우 (-u-) → 비우다 (biuda, “to empty”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "지다 (jida, “to bear”) + 우 (-u-) → 지우다 (jiuda, “to burden”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Derives certain causative verbs, especially for stems ending in ㅣ (i). No longer productive."
      ],
      "id": "en--우--ko-suffix-JXEWtD~0",
      "links": [
        [
          "ㅣ",
          "ㅣ#Korean"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "-이-"
        },
        {
          "word": "-히-"
        },
        {
          "word": "-리-"
        },
        {
          "word": "-기-"
        },
        {
          "word": "-구-"
        },
        {
          "word": "-추-"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-a-",
          "tags": [
            "Gyeongsang"
          ],
          "word": "아"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[u]",
      "tags": [
        "SK-Standard",
        "Seoul"
      ]
    },
    {
      "other": "[우]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-우-"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "20 20 20 20 20",
      "roman": "-ka-",
      "sense": "Combined forms",
      "tags": [
        "subjective"
      ],
      "word": "거 + 우 > 가"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "20 20 20 20 20",
      "roman": "-ta-",
      "sense": "Combined forms",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect"
      ],
      "word": "더 + 우 > 다"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "20 20 20 20 20",
      "roman": "-sya-",
      "sense": "Combined forms",
      "tags": [
        "honorific",
        "subjective"
      ],
      "word": "시 + 우 > 샤"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "oko",
        "3": "乎",
        "pos": "modulator suffix",
        "tr": "*-wo"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Korean 乎 (*-wo, modulator suffix)",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Korean 乎 (*-wo, modulator suffix).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "우〮",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-wú-",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "head": "우〮",
        "tr": "-wú-"
      },
      "expansion": "우〮 (-wú-)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle Korean",
  "lang_code": "okm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-zǒW-",
      "word": "ᅀᆞᇦ〯"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-ke-",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "더〮아〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-ke-",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "어〮거"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-usí/osí-",
      "word": "으시〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-usí/osí-",
      "word": "ᄋᆞ시〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-no-",
      "word": "ᄂᆞ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-wó/wú-",
      "word": "오〮/우〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-úlí/ólí-",
      "word": "으〮리〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-úlí/ólí-",
      "word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-twós-",
      "word": "도〮돗〮others"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-té-",
      "word": "더〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-úní/óní-",
      "word": "으〮니〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-úní/óní-",
      "word": "ᄋᆞ〮니〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-ng-",
      "tags": [
        "deferential"
      ],
      "word": "으〮ᅌᅵ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-ng-",
      "tags": [
        "deferential"
      ],
      "word": "ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵㆁ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "Template:okm-sentence enders for sentence-final ones"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "alt": "kìlù-zòWó-sì[sí]-ní-ngì-tá; 月印釋譜 10:19; cwùk-ùlì[úlí]-lwós[twós]-wó-ngì-tá, 月印釋譜 21:22",
      "english": "[the honored one] [indeed] brought up [the honored thing], [o honored one].; [I] shall die, [o honored one]!",
      "word": "기르ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮주그리로〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "1 Many additional emotive suffixes"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "which have not been listed here"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "are fusional compounds that etymologically incorporate non-emotive morphemes. For example"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-tás-",
      "word": "닷〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "which is used when the speaker has made a realization about some past state"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-s-",
      "word": "comes from a merger of the imperfective 더〮 and the emotive morpheme ㅅ. It is more appropriate to consider such suffixes as single-unit morphemes that belong to the slot for emotive suffixes"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "even if they also convey other information. They cause issues in the paradigmal order if they are broken down into their etymological constituents. And while the retrospective and confirmative suffixes share a slot and are hence mutually exclusive"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-tás-",
      "word": "닷〮 has been attested as co-occurring with the latter"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "2 In the fifteenth century"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-twós-",
      "word": "only after Slot 7 is filled by the emotive suffix 돗〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-twós-té-",
      "word": "forming the sequence 돗〮더〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "used to emotively convey a realization made in the past. In the sixteenth century"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-úlí/olí-",
      "word": "also appears after prospective 으〮리〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-úlí/olí-",
      "word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-úlí-lé/ólí-lé",
      "word": "forming the sequence 으〮리〮러〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-úlí-lé/ólí-lé",
      "word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮러〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "used to convey a past state when something was about to happen"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "alt": "emotive",
      "word": "3 Taken when Slot 7 is filled"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "Certain suffixes are mutually exclusive"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with uncertain meaning",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with uncertain meaning",
            "Terms by usage"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 19 19 19 19 19 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 19 19 19 19 19 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 20 20 20 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "1) in the main clause, a suffix marking a first-person subject"
        },
        {
          "english": "With his right and left hands, he pointed at heaven and earth, saying, \"I alone am honored.\"",
          "ref": "1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 2:34b",
          "roman": "WǓW.SYǓW CǍ.SYǓW-lwó THYÈN.TTÍ kòlòchísyá hòwòzá ná-y CWÒN-h-wó-là hósìní",
          "text": "右(우ᇢ〯)手(슈ᇢ〯) 左(장〯)手(슈ᇢ〯)로〮 天(텬)地(띵〮) ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮샤〮 ᄒᆞ오ᅀᅡ〮 내〮 尊(존)호〮라 ᄒᆞ〮시니〮",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "text": "2) in an adnominal verb, a suffix marking the noun as a direct or indirect object of the verb"
        },
        {
          "english": "Being at the place where he had laid down, he put his hands together […]",
          "ref": "1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 10:9b",
          "text": "누ᄫᅮᆫ 자리〮예〮 겨〯샤〮 合(ᅘᅡᆸ〮)掌(쟈ᇰ〯)ᄒᆞ〮샤〮[…]\nnwùW-wùn còlí-yéy kyěsyá HHÁP.CYǍNG-hósyá […]",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "text": "3) in nominalized or gerund verbal constructions, simply an integral part of the nominalizing or gerund suffix (equivalent to English \"-ing\")"
        },
        {
          "english": "He gathered together the bhikkhu, and the bhikkhu said, \"Stop your crying\" […]",
          "ref": "1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 23:99b",
          "text": "比(삥〮)丘(구ᇢ)를〮 뫼호〮시니〮 比(삥〮)丘(구ᇢ) 우루〮믈〮 말〯라 ᄒᆞ〮시니〮[…]\nPPÍ.KWÙW-lúl mwòyhwó-sì-ní PPÍ.KWÙW wùl-wú-m-úl mǎllà hósìní […]",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "Heo Ung (1958) believed that this was not a single suffix, but three different suffixes:",
        "Heo Ung (1958) believed that this was not a single suffix, but three different suffixes"
      ],
      "id": "en--우--okm-suffix-Cmaj2hP3",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "Heo Ung (1958) believed that this was not a single suffix, but three different suffixes:"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with uncertain meaning",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with uncertain meaning",
            "Terms by usage"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 19 19 19 19 19 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 19 19 19 19 19 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 20 20 20 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Raising slantedly the sheep-hair brush and rat-hair brush, yea, how [splendid] is the scene when they dip [-wo] them [in ink]!\nThe adnominal construction with the verb \"to dip\" is describing the noun \"scene\", which is not the object of the verb, but the modulator appears.",
          "ref": "13th century, “翰林別曲 (Hallim byeolgok)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa)",
          "roman": "YANG.SYU.PHIL SYE.SYU.PHIL piski tule wuy tiknwon KYENG ku-y este-honingiskwo",
          "text": "羊(야ᇰ)鬚(슈)筆(필) 鼠(셔)鬚(슈)筆(필) 빗기 드러 위 딕논 景(겨ᇰ) 긔 엇더ᄒᆞ니ᅌᅵᆺ고",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "By the full moon of the second month, oh, [you] are like [-wo] a lamplight lit on high! Your appearance is one to illuminate a myriad men.\nThe subject of the verb \"to be like\" is the beloved in the second or third person, but the modulator appears.",
          "ref": "14th century?, “動動 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak gwebeom)",
          "roman": "ZI.WEL-s pwolwom-ay au nwophi hyen TUNG-s pul tahwola MAN.ZIN pichwuysil cuz-isyasta",
          "text": "二(ᅀᅵ)月(월)ㅅ 보로매 아으 노피 현 燈(드ᇰ)ㅅ블 다호라 萬(만)人(ᅀᅵᆫ) 비취실 즈ᅀᅵ샷다",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "The basic framework of Heo's theory remains the most influential today. Examples difficult to explain in Heo's basic theory include:",
        "The basic framework of Heo's theory remains the most influential today. Examples difficult to explain in Heo's basic theory include"
      ],
      "id": "en--우--okm-suffix-ZKPc0utn",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "The basic framework of Heo's theory remains the most influential today. Examples difficult to explain in Heo's basic theory include:"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with uncertain meaning",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with uncertain meaning",
            "Terms by usage"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 19 19 19 19 19 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 19 19 19 19 19 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 20 20 20 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "I... gave birth [-wo] to a son […] The slave-girl gave birth to one son.\nThis contrast is difficult to explain under the volitive hypothesis.",
          "ref": "1459, 月印釋譜 (Worin seokbo), pages 10:24a, 21:55a",
          "text": "내... 아ᄃᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 나호〮니〮[…]婢(비) ᄒᆞᆫ 아ᄃᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 나ᄒᆞ니〮\nna-y... àtól-ól nàhwóní […] PI hòn àtól-ól nàhòní",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "I... have lost [-wu] my two eyes.\nContextually, this cannot have been desired by the subject of the verb.",
          "ref": "1461, 楞嚴經諺解 (Neung'eomgyeong eonhae), page 5:43a",
          "roman": "na-y... twǔ nwún-úl ìlhwúní",
          "text": "내... 두〯 누〮늘〮 일후〮니〮",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "Yi Sung-nyeong (1959) believed that this was a single aspectual suffix, called the \"volitive\", that conveyed the desire of the verb's subject to carry out the action. This remains a minority theory, Examples difficult to explain in Yi's theory include:",
        "Yi Sung-nyeong (1959) believed that this was a single aspectual suffix, called the \"volitive\", that conveyed the desire of the verb's subject to carry out the action. This remains a minority theory, Examples difficult to explain in Yi's theory include"
      ],
      "id": "en--우--okm-suffix-IJt1T~Uc",
      "links": [
        [
          "aspect",
          "aspect"
        ],
        [
          "volitive",
          "volitive"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "Yi Sung-nyeong (1959) believed that this was a single aspectual suffix, called the \"volitive\", that conveyed the desire of the verb's subject to carry out the action. This remains a minority theory, Examples difficult to explain in Yi's theory include:"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with uncertain meaning",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with uncertain meaning",
            "Terms by usage"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 19 19 19 19 19 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 19 19 19 19 19 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 20 20 20 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Raising slantedly the sheep-hair brush and rat-hair brush, yea, how splendid is the scene when they dip [-wo] them [in ink]!\nThe modulator is used to express the speaker's empathy and self-identification with the scholars who are dipping their brushes.",
          "ref": "13th century, “翰林別曲 (Hallim byeolgok)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa)",
          "roman": "YANG.SYU.PHIL SYE.SYU.PHIL piski tule wuy tiknwon KYENG ku-y este-honingiskwo",
          "text": "羊(야ᇰ)鬚(슈)筆(필) 鼠(셔)鬚(슈)筆(필) 빗기 드러 위 딕논 景(겨ᇰ) 긔 엇더ᄒᆞ니ᅌᅵᆺ고",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "By the full moon of the second month, oh, [you] are like [-wo] a lamplight lit on high! Your appearance is one to illuminate a myriad men.\nThe modulator is used to express the speaker's emotional rapport with the beloved.",
          "ref": "14th century?, “動動 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak gwebeom)",
          "roman": "ZI.WEL-s pwolwom-ay au nwophi hyen TUNG-s pul tahwola MAN.ZIN pichwuysil cuz-isyasta",
          "text": "二(ᅀᅵ)月(월)ㅅ 보로매 아으 노피 현 燈(드ᇰ)ㅅ블 다호라 萬(만)人(ᅀᅵᆫ) 비취실 즈ᅀᅵ샷다",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "Examples clearly incompatible with Heo's theory led Heo himself to propose that the suffix could be used for non-first-person subjects to convey a sense of rapport in which the speaker speaks from the perspective of the verb's subject. A refined version of Heo's hypothesis, moving away from an Indo-European notion of person-marking, analyzes the suffix as conveying empathy or a close emotional tie between the speaker and the subject of the verb (in both main and adnominal clauses) in addition to its object-marking function in adnominal constructions and its integral function in verbal gerunds. It is currently the most popular interpretation of the modulator, though it is still not unanimously agreed upon. Both examples given above of the exceptions to Heo's hypothesis can be explained by this theory:",
        "Examples clearly incompatible with Heo's theory led Heo himself to propose that the suffix could be used for non-first-person subjects to convey a sense of rapport in which the speaker speaks from the perspective of the verb's subject. A refined version of Heo's hypothesis, moving away from an Indo-European notion of person-marking, analyzes the suffix as conveying empathy or a close emotional tie between the speaker and the subject of the verb (in both main and adnominal clauses) in addition to its object-marking function in adnominal constructions and its integral function in verbal gerunds. It is currently the most popular interpretation of the modulator, though it is still not unanimously agreed upon. Both examples given above of the exceptions to Heo's hypothesis can be explained by this theory"
      ],
      "id": "en--우--okm-suffix-XSWIm~4j",
      "links": [
        [
          "empathy",
          "empathy"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "Examples clearly incompatible with Heo's theory led Heo himself to propose that the suffix could be used for non-first-person subjects to convey a sense of rapport in which the speaker speaks from the perspective of the verb's subject. A refined version of Heo's hypothesis, moving away from an Indo-European notion of person-marking, analyzes the suffix as conveying empathy or a close emotional tie between the speaker and the subject of the verb (in both main and adnominal clauses) in addition to its object-marking function in adnominal constructions and its integral function in verbal gerunds. It is currently the most popular interpretation of the modulator, though it is still not unanimously agreed upon. Both examples given above of the exceptions to Heo's hypothesis can be explained by this theory:"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with uncertain meaning",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with uncertain meaning",
            "Terms by usage"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 19 19 19 19 19 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 19 19 19 19 19 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 20 20 20 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "I have come [-wo] to present [this] which they call [-wo] virtue and fortune.",
          "ref": "14th century?, “動動 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom)",
          "roman": "TEK-iye PWOK-ila hwon-ol nazola woswongita",
          "text": "德(덕)이여 福(복)이라 호ᄂᆞᆯ 나ᅀᆞ라 오소ᅌᅵ다",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "If you only loved me, I would chase after [-wo] you as I wept",
          "ref": "14th century?, “西京別曲 (Seogyeong byeolgok)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa)",
          "roman": "kwoysilantoy wulekwom cwosninwongita",
          "text": "괴시란ᄃᆡ 우러곰 좃니노ᅌᅵ다",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "The elephant was bearing a cart which they had decorated [-wu] with treasures",
          "ref": "1449, Sejong the Great, 月印千江之曲 (Worin cheon'gang ji gok)",
          "roman": "pwopoy skwumywun sulGwuy-yey SYANG-i meyteni",
          "text": "보ᄇᆡ ᄭᅮ뮨 술위예 象(샤ᇰ)이 메더니",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include"
      ],
      "id": "en--우--okm-suffix-e83G-vdm",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ú/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "-ywó",
      "word": "요〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "after vowel stem with final -i",
      "roman": "ywú",
      "word": "유〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "i-",
      "word": "로〮 — after copula 이"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "Changes the pitch to rising"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "after CV verb stems not ending in a minimal vowel",
      "word": "but the suffix itself is lost"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "20 20 20 20 20",
      "english": "to do",
      "roman": "hò-tá",
      "sense": "The suffix is conserved but causes loss of the minimal vowel of the verb stem (after CV verb stems ending in a minimal vowel)",
      "word": "Except for ᄒᆞ다〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "20 20 20 20 20",
      "roman": "hòy-wó-tá",
      "sense": "The suffix is conserved but causes loss of the minimal vowel of the verb stem (after CV verb stems ending in a minimal vowel)",
      "word": "which usually irregularly takes the form ᄒᆞ요〮다〮"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "20 20 20 20 20",
      "roman": "hwó-tá",
      "sense": "The suffix is conserved but causes loss of the minimal vowel of the verb stem (after CV verb stems ending in a minimal vowel)",
      "word": "although 호〮다〮 is also attested"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-우-"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "<*-kwú->"
      },
      "expansion": "<*-kwú->",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Lenition of earlier <*-kwú-> in voiced environments.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "우〮",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "head": "-우〮-",
        "tr": "-(G)wú-"
      },
      "expansion": "우〮 (-(G)wú-)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle Korean",
  "lang_code": "okm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "일〯다〮 (ǐl-tá, “to occur”) + 우〮 (-Gwú-) → 일우〮다〮 (ìl-Gwú-tá, “to create; to accomplish [to cause to occur]”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "퓌〮다〮 (pwúy-tá, “(of a fire) to be kindled”) + 우〮 (-Gwú-) → 퓌우〮다〮 (pwùy-Gwú-tá, “to kindle”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A causative-deriving suffix attached to verb and adjective stems."
      ],
      "id": "en--우--okm-suffix-IewmPwoQ",
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "roman": "-hwú",
          "word": "후〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-hwó-",
          "word": "호〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-kwú-",
          "word": "구〮"
        },
        {
          "roman": "-kwó-",
          "tags": [
            "uncommon"
          ],
          "word": "고〮"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/(ɣ)ú/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-우-"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle Korean entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle Korean lemmas",
    "Middle Korean suffixes",
    "Middle Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "okm",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Korean",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "-우〮-",
        "tr": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "우〮",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-우〮-",
        "2": "-Gwú-"
      },
      "expansion": "우〮 (Yale: -Gwú-)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "oko",
        "3": "友",
        "tr": "*-(G)wu-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Korean 友 (*-(G)wu-)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "<*-kwú->"
      },
      "expansion": "<*-kwú->",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle Korean 우〮 (Yale: -Gwú-), from Old Korean 友 (*-(G)wu-), from older <*-kwú->.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "우",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u-",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "우 • (-u-)",
      "name": "ko-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
        "Korean lemmas",
        "Korean links with redundant target parameters",
        "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
        "Korean suffixes",
        "Korean terms derived from Middle Korean",
        "Korean terms derived from Old Korean",
        "Korean terms inherited from Middle Korean",
        "Korean terms inherited from Old Korean",
        "Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
        "Korean terms with redundant transliterations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "비다 (bida, “to be empty”) + 우 (-u-) → 비우다 (biuda, “to empty”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "지다 (jida, “to bear”) + 우 (-u-) → 지우다 (jiuda, “to burden”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Derives certain causative verbs, especially for stems ending in ㅣ (i). No longer productive."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ㅣ",
          "ㅣ#Korean"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "-이-"
        },
        {
          "word": "-히-"
        },
        {
          "word": "-리-"
        },
        {
          "word": "-기-"
        },
        {
          "word": "-구-"
        },
        {
          "word": "-추-"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[u]",
      "tags": [
        "SK-Standard",
        "Seoul"
      ]
    },
    {
      "other": "[우]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "-a-",
      "tags": [
        "Gyeongsang"
      ],
      "word": "아"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-우-"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle Korean entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle Korean lemmas",
    "Middle Korean suffixes",
    "Middle Korean terms derived from Old Korean",
    "Middle Korean terms inherited from Old Korean",
    "Middle Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
    "Middle Korean terms with redundant transliterations"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "-ka-",
      "sense": "Combined forms",
      "tags": [
        "subjective"
      ],
      "word": "거 + 우 > 가"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-ta-",
      "sense": "Combined forms",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect"
      ],
      "word": "더 + 우 > 다"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-sya-",
      "sense": "Combined forms",
      "tags": [
        "honorific",
        "subjective"
      ],
      "word": "시 + 우 > 샤"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "oko",
        "3": "乎",
        "pos": "modulator suffix",
        "tr": "*-wo"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Korean 乎 (*-wo, modulator suffix)",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Korean 乎 (*-wo, modulator suffix).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "우〮",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-wú-",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "head": "우〮",
        "tr": "-wú-"
      },
      "expansion": "우〮 (-wú-)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle Korean",
  "lang_code": "okm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "related": [
    {
      "roman": "-zǒW-",
      "word": "ᅀᆞᇦ〯"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-ke-",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "더〮아〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-ke-",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "어〮거"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-usí/osí-",
      "word": "으시〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-usí/osí-",
      "word": "ᄋᆞ시〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-no-",
      "word": "ᄂᆞ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-wó/wú-",
      "word": "오〮/우〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úlí/ólí-",
      "word": "으〮리〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úlí/ólí-",
      "word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-twós-",
      "word": "도〮돗〮others"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-té-",
      "word": "더〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úní/óní-",
      "word": "으〮니〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úní/óní-",
      "word": "ᄋᆞ〮니〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-ng-",
      "tags": [
        "deferential"
      ],
      "word": "으〮ᅌᅵ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-ng-",
      "tags": [
        "deferential"
      ],
      "word": "ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵㆁ"
    },
    {
      "word": "Template:okm-sentence enders for sentence-final ones"
    },
    {
      "alt": "kìlù-zòWó-sì[sí]-ní-ngì-tá; 月印釋譜 10:19; cwùk-ùlì[úlí]-lwós[twós]-wó-ngì-tá, 月印釋譜 21:22",
      "english": "[the honored one] [indeed] brought up [the honored thing], [o honored one].; [I] shall die, [o honored one]!",
      "word": "기르ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮주그리로〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮"
    },
    {
      "word": "1 Many additional emotive suffixes"
    },
    {
      "word": "which have not been listed here"
    },
    {
      "word": "are fusional compounds that etymologically incorporate non-emotive morphemes. For example"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-tás-",
      "word": "닷〮"
    },
    {
      "word": "which is used when the speaker has made a realization about some past state"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-s-",
      "word": "comes from a merger of the imperfective 더〮 and the emotive morpheme ㅅ. It is more appropriate to consider such suffixes as single-unit morphemes that belong to the slot for emotive suffixes"
    },
    {
      "word": "even if they also convey other information. They cause issues in the paradigmal order if they are broken down into their etymological constituents. And while the retrospective and confirmative suffixes share a slot and are hence mutually exclusive"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-tás-",
      "word": "닷〮 has been attested as co-occurring with the latter"
    },
    {
      "word": "2 In the fifteenth century"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-twós-",
      "word": "only after Slot 7 is filled by the emotive suffix 돗〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-twós-té-",
      "word": "forming the sequence 돗〮더〮"
    },
    {
      "word": "used to emotively convey a realization made in the past. In the sixteenth century"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úlí/olí-",
      "word": "also appears after prospective 으〮리〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úlí/olí-",
      "word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úlí-lé/ólí-lé",
      "word": "forming the sequence 으〮리〮러〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-úlí-lé/ólí-lé",
      "word": "ᄋᆞ〮리〮러〮"
    },
    {
      "word": "used to convey a past state when something was about to happen"
    },
    {
      "alt": "emotive",
      "word": "3 Taken when Slot 7 is filled"
    },
    {
      "word": "Certain suffixes are mutually exclusive"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean links with redundant alt parameters",
        "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
        "Middle Korean terms with quotations",
        "Middle Korean terms with uncertain meaning"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "1) in the main clause, a suffix marking a first-person subject"
        },
        {
          "english": "With his right and left hands, he pointed at heaven and earth, saying, \"I alone am honored.\"",
          "ref": "1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 2:34b",
          "roman": "WǓW.SYǓW CǍ.SYǓW-lwó THYÈN.TTÍ kòlòchísyá hòwòzá ná-y CWÒN-h-wó-là hósìní",
          "text": "右(우ᇢ〯)手(슈ᇢ〯) 左(장〯)手(슈ᇢ〯)로〮 天(텬)地(띵〮) ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮샤〮 ᄒᆞ오ᅀᅡ〮 내〮 尊(존)호〮라 ᄒᆞ〮시니〮",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "text": "2) in an adnominal verb, a suffix marking the noun as a direct or indirect object of the verb"
        },
        {
          "english": "Being at the place where he had laid down, he put his hands together […]",
          "ref": "1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 10:9b",
          "text": "누ᄫᅮᆫ 자리〮예〮 겨〯샤〮 合(ᅘᅡᆸ〮)掌(쟈ᇰ〯)ᄒᆞ〮샤〮[…]\nnwùW-wùn còlí-yéy kyěsyá HHÁP.CYǍNG-hósyá […]",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "text": "3) in nominalized or gerund verbal constructions, simply an integral part of the nominalizing or gerund suffix (equivalent to English \"-ing\")"
        },
        {
          "english": "He gathered together the bhikkhu, and the bhikkhu said, \"Stop your crying\" […]",
          "ref": "1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 23:99b",
          "text": "比(삥〮)丘(구ᇢ)를〮 뫼호〮시니〮 比(삥〮)丘(구ᇢ) 우루〮믈〮 말〯라 ᄒᆞ〮시니〮[…]\nPPÍ.KWÙW-lúl mwòyhwó-sì-ní PPÍ.KWÙW wùl-wú-m-úl mǎllà hósìní […]",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "Heo Ung (1958) believed that this was not a single suffix, but three different suffixes:",
        "Heo Ung (1958) believed that this was not a single suffix, but three different suffixes"
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "Heo Ung (1958) believed that this was not a single suffix, but three different suffixes:"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean links with redundant alt parameters",
        "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
        "Middle Korean terms with quotations",
        "Middle Korean terms with uncertain meaning"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Raising slantedly the sheep-hair brush and rat-hair brush, yea, how [splendid] is the scene when they dip [-wo] them [in ink]!\nThe adnominal construction with the verb \"to dip\" is describing the noun \"scene\", which is not the object of the verb, but the modulator appears.",
          "ref": "13th century, “翰林別曲 (Hallim byeolgok)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa)",
          "roman": "YANG.SYU.PHIL SYE.SYU.PHIL piski tule wuy tiknwon KYENG ku-y este-honingiskwo",
          "text": "羊(야ᇰ)鬚(슈)筆(필) 鼠(셔)鬚(슈)筆(필) 빗기 드러 위 딕논 景(겨ᇰ) 긔 엇더ᄒᆞ니ᅌᅵᆺ고",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "By the full moon of the second month, oh, [you] are like [-wo] a lamplight lit on high! Your appearance is one to illuminate a myriad men.\nThe subject of the verb \"to be like\" is the beloved in the second or third person, but the modulator appears.",
          "ref": "14th century?, “動動 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak gwebeom)",
          "roman": "ZI.WEL-s pwolwom-ay au nwophi hyen TUNG-s pul tahwola MAN.ZIN pichwuysil cuz-isyasta",
          "text": "二(ᅀᅵ)月(월)ㅅ 보로매 아으 노피 현 燈(드ᇰ)ㅅ블 다호라 萬(만)人(ᅀᅵᆫ) 비취실 즈ᅀᅵ샷다",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "The basic framework of Heo's theory remains the most influential today. Examples difficult to explain in Heo's basic theory include:",
        "The basic framework of Heo's theory remains the most influential today. Examples difficult to explain in Heo's basic theory include"
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "The basic framework of Heo's theory remains the most influential today. Examples difficult to explain in Heo's basic theory include:"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean links with redundant alt parameters",
        "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
        "Middle Korean terms with quotations",
        "Middle Korean terms with uncertain meaning"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "I... gave birth [-wo] to a son […] The slave-girl gave birth to one son.\nThis contrast is difficult to explain under the volitive hypothesis.",
          "ref": "1459, 月印釋譜 (Worin seokbo), pages 10:24a, 21:55a",
          "text": "내... 아ᄃᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 나호〮니〮[…]婢(비) ᄒᆞᆫ 아ᄃᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 나ᄒᆞ니〮\nna-y... àtól-ól nàhwóní […] PI hòn àtól-ól nàhòní",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "I... have lost [-wu] my two eyes.\nContextually, this cannot have been desired by the subject of the verb.",
          "ref": "1461, 楞嚴經諺解 (Neung'eomgyeong eonhae), page 5:43a",
          "roman": "na-y... twǔ nwún-úl ìlhwúní",
          "text": "내... 두〯 누〮늘〮 일후〮니〮",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "Yi Sung-nyeong (1959) believed that this was a single aspectual suffix, called the \"volitive\", that conveyed the desire of the verb's subject to carry out the action. This remains a minority theory, Examples difficult to explain in Yi's theory include:",
        "Yi Sung-nyeong (1959) believed that this was a single aspectual suffix, called the \"volitive\", that conveyed the desire of the verb's subject to carry out the action. This remains a minority theory, Examples difficult to explain in Yi's theory include"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "aspect",
          "aspect"
        ],
        [
          "volitive",
          "volitive"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "Yi Sung-nyeong (1959) believed that this was a single aspectual suffix, called the \"volitive\", that conveyed the desire of the verb's subject to carry out the action. This remains a minority theory, Examples difficult to explain in Yi's theory include:"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean links with redundant alt parameters",
        "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
        "Middle Korean terms with quotations",
        "Middle Korean terms with uncertain meaning"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Raising slantedly the sheep-hair brush and rat-hair brush, yea, how splendid is the scene when they dip [-wo] them [in ink]!\nThe modulator is used to express the speaker's empathy and self-identification with the scholars who are dipping their brushes.",
          "ref": "13th century, “翰林別曲 (Hallim byeolgok)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa)",
          "roman": "YANG.SYU.PHIL SYE.SYU.PHIL piski tule wuy tiknwon KYENG ku-y este-honingiskwo",
          "text": "羊(야ᇰ)鬚(슈)筆(필) 鼠(셔)鬚(슈)筆(필) 빗기 드러 위 딕논 景(겨ᇰ) 긔 엇더ᄒᆞ니ᅌᅵᆺ고",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "By the full moon of the second month, oh, [you] are like [-wo] a lamplight lit on high! Your appearance is one to illuminate a myriad men.\nThe modulator is used to express the speaker's emotional rapport with the beloved.",
          "ref": "14th century?, “動動 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak gwebeom)",
          "roman": "ZI.WEL-s pwolwom-ay au nwophi hyen TUNG-s pul tahwola MAN.ZIN pichwuysil cuz-isyasta",
          "text": "二(ᅀᅵ)月(월)ㅅ 보로매 아으 노피 현 燈(드ᇰ)ㅅ블 다호라 萬(만)人(ᅀᅵᆫ) 비취실 즈ᅀᅵ샷다",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "Examples clearly incompatible with Heo's theory led Heo himself to propose that the suffix could be used for non-first-person subjects to convey a sense of rapport in which the speaker speaks from the perspective of the verb's subject. A refined version of Heo's hypothesis, moving away from an Indo-European notion of person-marking, analyzes the suffix as conveying empathy or a close emotional tie between the speaker and the subject of the verb (in both main and adnominal clauses) in addition to its object-marking function in adnominal constructions and its integral function in verbal gerunds. It is currently the most popular interpretation of the modulator, though it is still not unanimously agreed upon. Both examples given above of the exceptions to Heo's hypothesis can be explained by this theory:",
        "Examples clearly incompatible with Heo's theory led Heo himself to propose that the suffix could be used for non-first-person subjects to convey a sense of rapport in which the speaker speaks from the perspective of the verb's subject. A refined version of Heo's hypothesis, moving away from an Indo-European notion of person-marking, analyzes the suffix as conveying empathy or a close emotional tie between the speaker and the subject of the verb (in both main and adnominal clauses) in addition to its object-marking function in adnominal constructions and its integral function in verbal gerunds. It is currently the most popular interpretation of the modulator, though it is still not unanimously agreed upon. Both examples given above of the exceptions to Heo's hypothesis can be explained by this theory"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "empathy",
          "empathy"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "Examples clearly incompatible with Heo's theory led Heo himself to propose that the suffix could be used for non-first-person subjects to convey a sense of rapport in which the speaker speaks from the perspective of the verb's subject. A refined version of Heo's hypothesis, moving away from an Indo-European notion of person-marking, analyzes the suffix as conveying empathy or a close emotional tie between the speaker and the subject of the verb (in both main and adnominal clauses) in addition to its object-marking function in adnominal constructions and its integral function in verbal gerunds. It is currently the most popular interpretation of the modulator, though it is still not unanimously agreed upon. Both examples given above of the exceptions to Heo's hypothesis can be explained by this theory:"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean links with redundant alt parameters",
        "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
        "Middle Korean terms with quotations",
        "Middle Korean terms with uncertain meaning"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "I have come [-wo] to present [this] which they call [-wo] virtue and fortune.",
          "ref": "14th century?, “動動 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom)",
          "roman": "TEK-iye PWOK-ila hwon-ol nazola woswongita",
          "text": "德(덕)이여 福(복)이라 호ᄂᆞᆯ 나ᅀᆞ라 오소ᅌᅵ다",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "If you only loved me, I would chase after [-wo] you as I wept",
          "ref": "14th century?, “西京別曲 (Seogyeong byeolgok)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa)",
          "roman": "kwoysilantoy wulekwom cwosninwongita",
          "text": "괴시란ᄃᆡ 우러곰 좃니노ᅌᅵ다",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "The elephant was bearing a cart which they had decorated [-wu] with treasures",
          "ref": "1449, Sejong the Great, 月印千江之曲 (Worin cheon'gang ji gok)",
          "roman": "pwopoy skwumywun sulGwuy-yey SYANG-i meyteni",
          "text": "보ᄇᆡ ᄭᅮ뮨 술위예 象(샤ᇰ)이 메더니",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include"
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the \"modulator\" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ú/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "-ywó",
      "word": "요〮"
    },
    {
      "english": "after vowel stem with final -i",
      "roman": "ywú",
      "word": "유〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "i-",
      "word": "로〮 — after copula 이"
    },
    {
      "word": "Changes the pitch to rising"
    },
    {
      "english": "after CV verb stems not ending in a minimal vowel",
      "word": "but the suffix itself is lost"
    },
    {
      "english": "to do",
      "roman": "hò-tá",
      "sense": "The suffix is conserved but causes loss of the minimal vowel of the verb stem (after CV verb stems ending in a minimal vowel)",
      "word": "Except for ᄒᆞ다〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "hòy-wó-tá",
      "sense": "The suffix is conserved but causes loss of the minimal vowel of the verb stem (after CV verb stems ending in a minimal vowel)",
      "word": "which usually irregularly takes the form ᄒᆞ요〮다〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "hwó-tá",
      "sense": "The suffix is conserved but causes loss of the minimal vowel of the verb stem (after CV verb stems ending in a minimal vowel)",
      "word": "although 호〮다〮 is also attested"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-우-"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle Korean entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle Korean lemmas",
    "Middle Korean suffixes",
    "Middle Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "<*-kwú->"
      },
      "expansion": "<*-kwú->",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Lenition of earlier <*-kwú-> in voiced environments.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "우〮",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "head": "-우〮-",
        "tr": "-(G)wú-"
      },
      "expansion": "우〮 (-(G)wú-)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle Korean",
  "lang_code": "okm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle Korean terms with non-redundant manual transliterations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "일〯다〮 (ǐl-tá, “to occur”) + 우〮 (-Gwú-) → 일우〮다〮 (ìl-Gwú-tá, “to create; to accomplish [to cause to occur]”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "퓌〮다〮 (pwúy-tá, “(of a fire) to be kindled”) + 우〮 (-Gwú-) → 퓌우〮다〮 (pwùy-Gwú-tá, “to kindle”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A causative-deriving suffix attached to verb and adjective stems."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/(ɣ)ú/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "-hwú",
      "word": "후〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-hwó-",
      "word": "호〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-kwú-",
      "word": "구〮"
    },
    {
      "roman": "-kwó-",
      "tags": [
        "uncommon"
      ],
      "word": "고〮"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-우-"
}