"cổ" meaning in Vietnamese

See cổ in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: [ko˧˩] [Hà-Nội], [kow˧˨] [Huế], [kow˨˩˦] [Hồ-Chí-Minh-City] Audio: LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav [Hồ-Chí-Minh-City]
Etymology: Sino-Vietnamese word from 古. Doublet of cũ. Etymology templates: {{m|vi|古|t=}} 古, {{categorize|vi|Sino-Vietnamese words}}, {{vi-etym-sino|古}} Sino-Vietnamese word from 古, {{doublet|vi|cũ}} Doublet of cũ Head templates: {{head|vi|adjective|||||head=|tr=}} cổ, {{vi-adj}} cổ
  1. ancient; "old"; compare cũ (“old, but not ancient”)
    Sense id: en-cổ-vi-adj--~BK7cBS Categories (other): Vietnamese personal pronouns Disambiguation of Vietnamese personal pronouns: 13 38 3 46
  2. antique; "old"; compare cũ (“old, but not ancient”)
    Sense id: en-cổ-vi-adj-9bxIWko8 Categories (other): Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header, Vietnamese personal pronouns, Sino-Vietnamese words Disambiguation of Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header: 27 39 4 30 Disambiguation of Vietnamese personal pronouns: 13 38 3 46 Disambiguation of Sino-Vietnamese words: 40 60
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated

Noun

IPA: [ko˧˩] [Hà-Nội], [kow˧˨] [Huế], [kow˨˩˦] [Hồ-Chí-Minh-City] Audio: LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav [Hồ-Chí-Minh-City] Forms: [CJK], 𦙶 [CJK], [CJK]
Etymology: From Proto-Vietic *koh (“throat; neck”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k (“neck”); cognates include Khmer ក (kɑɑ), Bahnar hơko, Mon ကံ. Compare Proto-Tai *ɣo:ᴬ. Etymology templates: {{der|vi|mkh-vie-pro|*koh||throat; neck}} Proto-Vietic *koh (“throat; neck”), {{der|vi|mkh-pro|*kɔʔ|*kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k|neck}} Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k (“neck”), {{cog|km|ក}} Khmer ក (kɑɑ), {{cog|bdq|hơko}} Bahnar hơko, {{cog|mnw|ကံ}} Mon ကံ, {{cog|tai-pro|*ɣo:ᴬ}} Proto-Tai *ɣo:ᴬ Head templates: {{head|vi|noun|||head=|tr=古, 𦙶, 股}} cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股), {{vi-noun|古, 𦙶, 股}} cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股)
  1. neck Related terms: bướu cổ, cắt cổ, cần cổ, cổ chân, cổ họng, cổ tay, cổ tử cung, cứng cổ, è cổ, hươu cao cổ
    Sense id: en-cổ-vi-noun-8UiW2N6d Categories (other): Vietnamese nouns without classifiers
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Pronoun

IPA: [ko˧˩] [Hà-Nội], [kow˧˨] [Huế], [kow˨˩˦] [Hồ-Chí-Minh-City] Audio: LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav [Hồ-Chí-Minh-City]
Etymology: Contraction of cô + the demonstrative ấy (“that”) in the southern dialects, with the latter manifested as the hỏi tone after monosyllabification. Etymology templates: {{m|vi|cô|t=}} cô, {{m|vi|ấy||that}} ấy (“that”), {{m|vi|hỏi}} hỏi, {{vi-etym-hoi|cô}} Contraction of cô + the demonstrative ấy (“that”) in the southern dialects, with the latter manifested as the hỏi tone after monosyllabification Head templates: {{head|vi|pronoun|head=|tr=}} cổ, {{vi-pronoun}} cổ
  1. (Southern Vietnam) she/her, that young adult woman Tags: Southern, Vietnam
    Sense id: en-cổ-vi-pron-3N5KxEEC Categories (other): Southern Vietnamese, Vietnamese personal pronouns, Vietnamese pronouns, Vietnamese third person pronouns Disambiguation of Vietnamese personal pronouns: 13 38 3 46 Disambiguation of Vietnamese pronouns: 8 26 5 61 Disambiguation of Vietnamese third person pronouns: 20 21 1 59
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 3

Download JSON data for cổ meaning in Vietnamese (8.4kB)

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "mkh-vie-pro",
        "3": "*koh",
        "4": "",
        "5": "throat; neck"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Vietic *koh (“throat; neck”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "mkh-pro",
        "3": "*kɔʔ",
        "4": "*kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k",
        "5": "neck"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k (“neck”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "km",
        "2": "ក"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer ក (kɑɑ)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bdq",
        "2": "hơko"
      },
      "expansion": "Bahnar hơko",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnw",
        "2": "ကံ"
      },
      "expansion": "Mon ကံ",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tai-pro",
        "2": "*ɣo:ᴬ"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Tai *ɣo:ᴬ",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Vietic *koh (“throat; neck”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k (“neck”); cognates include Khmer ក (kɑɑ), Bahnar hơko, Mon ကံ. Compare Proto-Tai *ɣo:ᴬ.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "古",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "𦙶",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "股",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": "古, 𦙶, 股"
      },
      "expansion": "cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "古, 𦙶, 股"
      },
      "expansion": "cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股)",
      "name": "vi-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese nouns without classifiers",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "a wrist",
          "text": "cổ tay",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "an ankle",
          "text": "cổ chân",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "a bottleneck",
          "text": "cổ chai",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "neck"
      ],
      "id": "en-cổ-vi-noun-8UiW2N6d",
      "links": [
        [
          "neck",
          "neck"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "bướu cổ"
        },
        {
          "word": "cắt cổ"
        },
        {
          "word": "cần cổ"
        },
        {
          "word": "cổ chân"
        },
        {
          "word": "cổ họng"
        },
        {
          "word": "cổ tay"
        },
        {
          "word": "cổ tử cung"
        },
        {
          "word": "cứng cổ"
        },
        {
          "word": "è cổ"
        },
        {
          "word": "hươu cao cổ"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Hồ Chí Minh City)"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cổ"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "古",
        "t": ""
      },
      "expansion": "古",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "Sino-Vietnamese words"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "categorize"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "古"
      },
      "expansion": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 古",
      "name": "vi-etym-sino"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "cũ"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of cũ",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 古. Doublet of cũ.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "adjective",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "cổ",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cổ",
      "name": "vi-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "adj",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cũ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cổ hủ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cổ kim"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cổ kính"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cổ lỗ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cổ quái"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cổ thụ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cổ tích"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cổ trang"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cổ truyền"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cổ vật"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cổ xuý"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cổ xưa"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "hoài cổ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "khảo cổ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "phố cổ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "thượng cổ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "tối cổ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "trung cổ"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "13 38 3 46",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese personal pronouns",
          "parents": [
            "Personal pronouns",
            "Pronouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Ai Cập cổ ― Ancient Egypt",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ancient; \"old\"; compare cũ (“old, but not ancient”)"
      ],
      "id": "en-cổ-vi-adj--~BK7cBS",
      "links": [
        [
          "ancient",
          "ancient"
        ],
        [
          "old",
          "old"
        ],
        [
          "cũ",
          "cũ#Vietnamese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "27 39 4 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "13 38 3 46",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese personal pronouns",
          "parents": [
            "Personal pronouns",
            "Pronouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "40 60",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Sino-Vietnamese words",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "antiques",
          "text": "đồ cổ",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "antique; \"old\"; compare cũ (“old, but not ancient”)"
      ],
      "id": "en-cổ-vi-adj-9bxIWko8",
      "links": [
        [
          "antique",
          "antique"
        ],
        [
          "old",
          "old"
        ],
        [
          "cũ",
          "cũ#Vietnamese"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Hồ Chí Minh City)"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cổ"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 3,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "cô",
        "t": ""
      },
      "expansion": "cô",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "ấy",
        "3": "",
        "4": "that"
      },
      "expansion": "ấy (“that”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "hỏi"
      },
      "expansion": "hỏi",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cô"
      },
      "expansion": "Contraction of cô + the demonstrative ấy (“that”) in the southern dialects, with the latter manifested as the hỏi tone after monosyllabification",
      "name": "vi-etym-hoi"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Contraction of cô + the demonstrative ấy (“that”) in the southern dialects, with the latter manifested as the hỏi tone after monosyllabification.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "pronoun",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "cổ",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cổ",
      "name": "vi-pronoun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "pron",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Southern Vietnamese",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "13 38 3 46",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese personal pronouns",
          "parents": [
            "Personal pronouns",
            "Pronouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 26 5 61",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese pronouns",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 21 1 59",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese third person pronouns",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "she/her, that young adult woman"
      ],
      "id": "en-cổ-vi-pron-3N5KxEEC",
      "links": [
        [
          "she",
          "she"
        ],
        [
          "her",
          "her"
        ],
        [
          "young adult",
          "young adult"
        ],
        [
          "woman",
          "woman"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Southern Vietnam) she/her, that young adult woman"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern",
        "Vietnam"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Hồ Chí Minh City)"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cổ"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Vietnamese lemmas",
    "Vietnamese nouns",
    "Vietnamese nouns without classifiers",
    "Vietnamese personal pronouns",
    "Vietnamese pronouns",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from Proto-Mon-Khmer",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from Proto-Vietic",
    "Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Vietnamese terms with audio links",
    "Vietnamese third person pronouns"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "mkh-vie-pro",
        "3": "*koh",
        "4": "",
        "5": "throat; neck"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Vietic *koh (“throat; neck”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "mkh-pro",
        "3": "*kɔʔ",
        "4": "*kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k",
        "5": "neck"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k (“neck”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "km",
        "2": "ក"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer ក (kɑɑ)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bdq",
        "2": "hơko"
      },
      "expansion": "Bahnar hơko",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnw",
        "2": "ကံ"
      },
      "expansion": "Mon ကံ",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tai-pro",
        "2": "*ɣo:ᴬ"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Tai *ɣo:ᴬ",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Vietic *koh (“throat; neck”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k (“neck”); cognates include Khmer ក (kɑɑ), Bahnar hơko, Mon ကံ. Compare Proto-Tai *ɣo:ᴬ.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "古",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "𦙶",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "股",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": "古, 𦙶, 股"
      },
      "expansion": "cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "古, 𦙶, 股"
      },
      "expansion": "cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股)",
      "name": "vi-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "bướu cổ"
    },
    {
      "word": "cắt cổ"
    },
    {
      "word": "cần cổ"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ chân"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ họng"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ tay"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ tử cung"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng cổ"
    },
    {
      "word": "è cổ"
    },
    {
      "word": "hươu cao cổ"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "a wrist",
          "text": "cổ tay",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "an ankle",
          "text": "cổ chân",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "a bottleneck",
          "text": "cổ chai",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "neck"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "neck",
          "neck"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Hồ Chí Minh City)"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cổ"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Sino-Vietnamese words",
    "Vietnamese adjectives",
    "Vietnamese doublets",
    "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Vietnamese lemmas",
    "Vietnamese personal pronouns",
    "Vietnamese pronouns",
    "Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Vietnamese terms with audio links",
    "Vietnamese third person pronouns"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "古",
        "t": ""
      },
      "expansion": "古",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "Sino-Vietnamese words"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "categorize"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "古"
      },
      "expansion": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 古",
      "name": "vi-etym-sino"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "cũ"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of cũ",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 古. Doublet of cũ.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "adjective",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "cổ",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cổ",
      "name": "vi-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "adj",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "cũ"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ hủ"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ kim"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ kính"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ lỗ"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ quái"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ thụ"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ tích"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ trang"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ truyền"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ vật"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ xuý"
    },
    {
      "word": "cổ xưa"
    },
    {
      "word": "hoài cổ"
    },
    {
      "word": "khảo cổ"
    },
    {
      "word": "phố cổ"
    },
    {
      "word": "thượng cổ"
    },
    {
      "word": "tối cổ"
    },
    {
      "word": "trung cổ"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Ai Cập cổ ― Ancient Egypt",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ancient; \"old\"; compare cũ (“old, but not ancient”)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ancient",
          "ancient"
        ],
        [
          "old",
          "old"
        ],
        [
          "cũ",
          "cũ#Vietnamese"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "antiques",
          "text": "đồ cổ",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "antique; \"old\"; compare cũ (“old, but not ancient”)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "antique",
          "antique"
        ],
        [
          "old",
          "old"
        ],
        [
          "cũ",
          "cũ#Vietnamese"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Hồ Chí Minh City)"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cổ"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Vietnamese lemmas",
    "Vietnamese personal pronouns",
    "Vietnamese pronouns",
    "Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Vietnamese terms with audio links",
    "Vietnamese third person pronouns"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 3,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "cô",
        "t": ""
      },
      "expansion": "cô",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "ấy",
        "3": "",
        "4": "that"
      },
      "expansion": "ấy (“that”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "hỏi"
      },
      "expansion": "hỏi",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cô"
      },
      "expansion": "Contraction of cô + the demonstrative ấy (“that”) in the southern dialects, with the latter manifested as the hỏi tone after monosyllabification",
      "name": "vi-etym-hoi"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Contraction of cô + the demonstrative ấy (“that”) in the southern dialects, with the latter manifested as the hỏi tone after monosyllabification.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "pronoun",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "cổ",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cổ",
      "name": "vi-pronoun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "pron",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Southern Vietnamese"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "she/her, that young adult woman"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "she",
          "she"
        ],
        [
          "her",
          "her"
        ],
        [
          "young adult",
          "young adult"
        ],
        [
          "woman",
          "woman"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Southern Vietnam) she/her, that young adult woman"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Southern",
        "Vietnam"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Hồ Chí Minh City)"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cổ"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Vietnamese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.