See cổ on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "mkh-vie-pro",
"3": "*koh",
"4": "",
"5": "throat; neck"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Vietic *koh (“throat; neck”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "mkh-pro",
"3": "*kɔʔ",
"4": "*kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k",
"5": "neck"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k (“neck”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tou",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Tho",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "km",
"2": "ក"
},
"expansion": "Khmer ក (kɑɑ)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bdq",
"2": "hơko"
},
"expansion": "Bahnar hơko",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mnw",
"2": "ကံ"
},
"expansion": "Mon ကံ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "*ɣo:ᴬ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tai *ɣo:ᴬ",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Vietic *koh (“throat; neck”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k (“neck”). Cognates include Tho [Cuối Chăm] kɔː⁵, Khmer ក (kɑɑ), Bahnar hơko, Mon ကံ. Compare Proto-Tai *ɣo:ᴬ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "古",
"tags": [
"CJK"
]
},
{
"form": "𦙶",
"tags": [
"CJK"
]
},
{
"form": "股",
"tags": [
"CJK"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": "古, 𦙶, 股"
},
"expansion": "cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "古, 𦙶, 股"
},
"expansion": "cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股)",
"name": "vi-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bướu cổ"
},
{
"word": "cắt cổ"
},
{
"word": "cần cổ"
},
{
"word": "cổ chân"
},
{
"word": "cổ họng"
},
{
"word": "cổ tay"
},
{
"word": "cổ tử cung"
},
{
"word": "cứng cổ"
},
{
"word": "đuổi cổ"
},
{
"word": "è cổ"
},
{
"word": "hươu cao cổ"
},
{
"word": "tống cổ"
},
{
"word": "treo cổ"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "a wrist",
"text": "cổ tay",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "an ankle",
"text": "cổ chân",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "a bottleneck",
"text": "cổ chai",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"neck"
],
"id": "en-cổ-vi-noun-8UiW2N6d",
"links": [
[
"neck",
"neck"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
"note": "Saigon"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
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}
],
"word": "cổ"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "古"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "Sino-Vietnamese words"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "categorize"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "古"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 古",
"name": "vi-etym-sino"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "cũ"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of cũ",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 古. Doublet of cũ.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "vi-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cũ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ hủ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ kim"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ kính"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ lỗ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ quái"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ thụ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ tích"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ trang"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ truyền"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ vật"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ xuý"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ xưa"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "hoài cổ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "khảo cổ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "phố cổ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "thượng cổ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tối cổ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "trung cổ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Ancient Egypt",
"text": "Ai Cập cổ",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ancient; \"old\"; compare cũ (“old, but not ancient”)"
],
"id": "en-cổ-vi-adj--~BK7cBS",
"links": [
[
"ancient",
"ancient"
],
[
"old",
"old"
],
[
"cũ",
"cũ#Vietnamese"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "34 54 0 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 67 0 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 49 3 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 64 1 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese personal pronouns",
"parents": [
"Personal pronouns",
"Pronouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 46 3 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sino-Vietnamese words",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "antiques",
"text": "đồ cổ",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"antique; \"old\"; compare cũ (“old, but not ancient”)"
],
"id": "en-cổ-vi-adj-9bxIWko8",
"links": [
[
"antique",
"antique"
],
[
"old",
"old"
],
[
"cũ",
"cũ#Vietnamese"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
"note": "Saigon"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
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}
],
"word": "cổ"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cô"
},
"expansion": "Word formation with distal denotation by adding hỏi tone to the root cô in Southern Vietnamese and some topolects of Thanh Hoá",
"name": "vi-etym-hoi"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Word formation with distal denotation by adding hỏi tone to the root cô in Southern Vietnamese and some topolects of Thanh Hoá.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "pronoun",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "vi-pronoun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Central Vietnamese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Southern Vietnamese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "5 46 3 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 27 1 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese third person pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"she/her, that young adult woman"
],
"id": "en-cổ-vi-pron-3N5KxEEC",
"links": [
[
"she",
"she"
],
[
"her",
"her"
],
[
"young adult",
"young adult"
],
[
"woman",
"woman"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial, Southern Vietnam, certain regions of Thanh Hoá) she/her, that young adult woman"
],
"tags": [
"Southern",
"Vietnam",
"colloquial"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
"note": "Saigon"
},
{
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"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "cổ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"Vietnamese lemmas",
"Vietnamese nouns",
"Vietnamese personal pronouns",
"Vietnamese pronouns",
"Vietnamese terms derived from Proto-Mon-Khmer",
"Vietnamese terms derived from Proto-Vietic",
"Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Vietnamese third person pronouns"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bướu cổ"
},
{
"word": "cắt cổ"
},
{
"word": "cần cổ"
},
{
"word": "cổ chân"
},
{
"word": "cổ họng"
},
{
"word": "cổ tay"
},
{
"word": "cổ tử cung"
},
{
"word": "cứng cổ"
},
{
"word": "đuổi cổ"
},
{
"word": "è cổ"
},
{
"word": "hươu cao cổ"
},
{
"word": "tống cổ"
},
{
"word": "treo cổ"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "mkh-vie-pro",
"3": "*koh",
"4": "",
"5": "throat; neck"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Vietic *koh (“throat; neck”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "mkh-pro",
"3": "*kɔʔ",
"4": "*kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k",
"5": "neck"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k (“neck”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tou",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Tho",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "km",
"2": "ក"
},
"expansion": "Khmer ក (kɑɑ)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bdq",
"2": "hơko"
},
"expansion": "Bahnar hơko",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mnw",
"2": "ကံ"
},
"expansion": "Mon ကံ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "*ɣo:ᴬ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tai *ɣo:ᴬ",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Vietic *koh (“throat; neck”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k (“neck”). Cognates include Tho [Cuối Chăm] kɔː⁵, Khmer ក (kɑɑ), Bahnar hơko, Mon ကံ. Compare Proto-Tai *ɣo:ᴬ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "古",
"tags": [
"CJK"
]
},
{
"form": "𦙶",
"tags": [
"CJK"
]
},
{
"form": "股",
"tags": [
"CJK"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": "古, 𦙶, 股"
},
"expansion": "cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "古, 𦙶, 股"
},
"expansion": "cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股)",
"name": "vi-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "a wrist",
"text": "cổ tay",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "an ankle",
"text": "cổ chân",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "a bottleneck",
"text": "cổ chai",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"neck"
],
"links": [
[
"neck",
"neck"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
"note": "Saigon"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
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}
],
"word": "cổ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Sino-Vietnamese words",
"Vietnamese adjectives",
"Vietnamese doublets",
"Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"Vietnamese lemmas",
"Vietnamese personal pronouns",
"Vietnamese pronouns",
"Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Vietnamese third person pronouns"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "古"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "Sino-Vietnamese words"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "categorize"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "古"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 古",
"name": "vi-etym-sino"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "cũ"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of cũ",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 古. Doublet of cũ.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "vi-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "cũ"
},
{
"word": "cổ hủ"
},
{
"word": "cổ kim"
},
{
"word": "cổ kính"
},
{
"word": "cổ lỗ"
},
{
"word": "cổ quái"
},
{
"word": "cổ thụ"
},
{
"word": "cổ tích"
},
{
"word": "cổ trang"
},
{
"word": "cổ truyền"
},
{
"word": "cổ vật"
},
{
"word": "cổ xuý"
},
{
"word": "cổ xưa"
},
{
"word": "hoài cổ"
},
{
"word": "khảo cổ"
},
{
"word": "phố cổ"
},
{
"word": "thượng cổ"
},
{
"word": "tối cổ"
},
{
"word": "trung cổ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Ancient Egypt",
"text": "Ai Cập cổ",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ancient; \"old\"; compare cũ (“old, but not ancient”)"
],
"links": [
[
"ancient",
"ancient"
],
[
"old",
"old"
],
[
"cũ",
"cũ#Vietnamese"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "antiques",
"text": "đồ cổ",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"antique; \"old\"; compare cũ (“old, but not ancient”)"
],
"links": [
[
"antique",
"antique"
],
[
"old",
"old"
],
[
"cũ",
"cũ#Vietnamese"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
"note": "Saigon"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "cổ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"Vietnamese lemmas",
"Vietnamese personal pronouns",
"Vietnamese pronouns",
"Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Vietnamese third person pronouns"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cô"
},
"expansion": "Word formation with distal denotation by adding hỏi tone to the root cô in Southern Vietnamese and some topolects of Thanh Hoá",
"name": "vi-etym-hoi"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Word formation with distal denotation by adding hỏi tone to the root cô in Southern Vietnamese and some topolects of Thanh Hoá.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "pronoun",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "vi-pronoun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Central Vietnamese",
"Southern Vietnamese",
"Vietnamese colloquialisms"
],
"glosses": [
"she/her, that young adult woman"
],
"links": [
[
"she",
"she"
],
[
"her",
"her"
],
[
"young adult",
"young adult"
],
[
"woman",
"woman"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial, Southern Vietnam, certain regions of Thanh Hoá) she/her, that young adult woman"
],
"tags": [
"Southern",
"Vietnam",
"colloquial"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
"note": "Saigon"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "cổ"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cổ meaning in All languages combined (7.7kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: colloquial, Southern Vietnam, certain regions of Thanh Hoá",
"path": [
"cổ"
],
"section": "Vietnamese",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "cổ",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: colloquial, Southern Vietnam, certain regions of Thanh Hoá",
"path": [
"cổ"
],
"section": "Vietnamese",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "cổ",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.