See bulô in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*bulō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *bulō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *bulō"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "bula"
},
"expansion": "Old English: bula",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: bula"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bole",
"3": "bule",
"4": "bul"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: bole, bule, bul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: bole, bule, bul"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "bul",
"3": "bull"
},
"expansion": "Scots: bul, bull",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: bul, bull"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bull"
},
"expansion": "English: bull",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: bull"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*bula"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *bula",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *bula"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Bulle"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Bulle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Bulle"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "bolle"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: bolle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: bolle"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*bulo",
"3": "*bullo"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *bulo, *bullo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *bulo, *bullo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "bulle"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: bulle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: bulle"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Bull"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Bull",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Bull"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Bull"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: Bull",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: Bull"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bulle",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Bulle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Bulle"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "bålă",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polabian: bålă",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polabian: bålă"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*bulo",
"3": "*bullo"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *bulo, *bullo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *bulo, *bullo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "bolle",
"3": "bulle"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: bolle, bulle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: bolle, bulle"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "bul"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: bul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: bul"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "bul"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: bul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: bul"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "boli"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: boli",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: boli"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "boli"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: boli",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: boli"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "boli"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: boli",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: boli"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "bulla"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: bulla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: bulla (< Middle Low German ?)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰel-",
"id": "blow"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "follis",
"3": "",
"4": "bag, sack; ball; testicle"
},
"expansion": "Latin follis (“bag, sack; ball; testicle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "φαλλός",
"3": "",
"4": "penis"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek φαλλός (phallós, “penis”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ball",
"3": "",
"4": "body part, member, penis"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish ball (“body part, member, penis”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Earlier paradigm *bulô ~ *bullaz with consonant gradation, from a Proto-Indo-European n-stem such as *bʰl̥-ḗn ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós (compare *uhsô for the formation), from the root *bʰel- (“to blow, swell up”). The original meaning may have been “testicle”, similar to Germanic cognates meaning “ball; testicle”; compare Latin follis (“bag, sack; ball; testicle”), Ancient Greek φαλλός (phallós, “penis”) and Old Irish ball (“body part, member, penis”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "an-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "bulô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bulaniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bulô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bulaniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bulanų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bulanunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "buliniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bulanǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bulini",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bulammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bulinē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bulammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bulô",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bull"
],
"id": "en-bulô-gem-pro-noun-xnwSY2UU",
"links": [
[
"bull",
"bull"
]
],
"related": [
{
"english": "ball; bale",
"word": "ballô"
},
{
"english": "ball",
"word": "balluz"
},
{
"english": "bold",
"word": "balþaz"
},
{
"english": "knoll",
"word": "bellǭ"
},
{
"word": "bullô"
},
{
"word": "bullǭ"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "steuraz"
},
{
"word": "þeuraz"
},
{
"word": "bullô"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbu.lɔːː/"
}
],
"word": "bulô"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*bulō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *bulō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *bulō"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "bula"
},
"expansion": "Old English: bula",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: bula"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bole",
"3": "bule",
"4": "bul"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: bole, bule, bul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: bole, bule, bul"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "bul",
"3": "bull"
},
"expansion": "Scots: bul, bull",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: bul, bull"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bull"
},
"expansion": "English: bull",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: bull"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*bula"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *bula",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *bula"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Bulle"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Bulle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Bulle"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "bolle"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: bolle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: bolle"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*bulo",
"3": "*bullo"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *bulo, *bullo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *bulo, *bullo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "bulle"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: bulle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: bulle"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Bull"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Bull",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Bull"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Bull"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: Bull",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: Bull"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bulle",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Bulle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Bulle"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "bålă",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polabian: bålă",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polabian: bålă"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*bulo",
"3": "*bullo"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *bulo, *bullo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *bulo, *bullo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "bolle",
"3": "bulle"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: bolle, bulle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: bolle, bulle"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "bul"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: bul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: bul"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "bul"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: bul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: bul"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "boli"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: boli",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: boli"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "boli"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: boli",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: boli"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "boli"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: boli",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: boli"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "bulla"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: bulla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: bulla (< Middle Low German ?)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰel-",
"id": "blow"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "follis",
"3": "",
"4": "bag, sack; ball; testicle"
},
"expansion": "Latin follis (“bag, sack; ball; testicle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "φαλλός",
"3": "",
"4": "penis"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek φαλλός (phallós, “penis”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ball",
"3": "",
"4": "body part, member, penis"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish ball (“body part, member, penis”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Earlier paradigm *bulô ~ *bullaz with consonant gradation, from a Proto-Indo-European n-stem such as *bʰl̥-ḗn ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós (compare *uhsô for the formation), from the root *bʰel- (“to blow, swell up”). The original meaning may have been “testicle”, similar to Germanic cognates meaning “ball; testicle”; compare Latin follis (“bag, sack; ball; testicle”), Ancient Greek φαλλός (phallós, “penis”) and Old Irish ball (“body part, member, penis”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "an-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "bulô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bulaniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bulô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bulaniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bulanų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bulanunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "buliniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bulanǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bulini",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bulammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bulinē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bulammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bulô",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"english": "ball; bale",
"word": "ballô"
},
{
"english": "ball",
"word": "balluz"
},
{
"english": "bold",
"word": "balþaz"
},
{
"english": "knoll",
"word": "bellǭ"
},
{
"word": "bullô"
},
{
"word": "bullǭ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic an-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (blow)",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"gem-pro:Bovines",
"gem-pro:Livestock"
],
"glosses": [
"bull"
],
"links": [
[
"bull",
"bull"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbu.lɔːː/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "steuraz"
},
{
"word": "þeuraz"
},
{
"word": "bullô"
}
],
"word": "bulô"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bulô meaning in Proto-Germanic (6.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.