See kruk in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for kruk meaning in Polish (8.2kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*krukъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *krukъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*krukъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krukъ",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krukъ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kruczek",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-masc-ani",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kruk",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kruków",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krukowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krukom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krukiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krukami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krukach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-anml",
"dim": "kruczek"
},
"expansion": "kruk m animal (diminutive kruczek)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kruk"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kru",
"2": "k"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-masc-ani"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "79 16 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "72 15 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "80 13 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "83 11 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "80 6 14",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Corvids",
"orig": "pl:Corvids",
"parents": [
"Corvoid birds",
"Perching birds",
"Birds",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "People",
"orig": "pl:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "52 14 34",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Tools",
"orig": "pl:Tools",
"parents": [
"Technology",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "kruczy"
},
{
"word": "krukowaty"
},
{
"word": "biały kruk"
},
{
"word": "krucz"
},
{
"word": "kruczek"
},
{
"word": "kruczę"
},
{
"word": "kruk krukowi oka nie wykole"
},
{
"word": "rozdziobią nas kruki i wrony"
}
],
"glosses": [
"raven, especially the common raven (Corvus corax)"
],
"id": "en-kruk-pl-noun-xLWPmlHL",
"links": [
[
"raven",
"raven"
],
[
"common raven",
"common raven"
],
[
"Corvus corax",
"Corvus corax#Translingual"
]
],
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "kruczeć"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "krukać"
}
],
"tags": [
"animal-not-person",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kruk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uk"
},
{
"homophone": "Kruk"
}
],
"word": "kruk"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*krukъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *krukъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*krukъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krukъ",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krukъ.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr"
},
"expansion": "kruk m pers",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kruk"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Warsaw Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unemployed person"
],
"id": "en-kruk-pl-noun-MJ11ImnL",
"links": [
[
"unemployed",
"unemployed"
]
],
"qualifier": "Warsaw",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Warsaw) unemployed person"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kruk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uk"
},
{
"homophone": "Kruk"
}
],
"word": "kruk"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "uk",
"3": "крюк",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian крюк (krjuk)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "uk",
"3": "крюк"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Ukrainian крюк (krjuk)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "orv",
"3": "крюкъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic крюкъ (krjukŭ)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "non",
"3": "krókr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse krókr",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krōkaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krōkaz",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Ukrainian крюк (krjuk), from Old East Slavic крюкъ (krjukŭ), from Old Norse krókr, from Proto-Germanic *krōkaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kruk",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kruków",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krukowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krukom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruk",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krukiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krukami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krukach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "kruk m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kruk"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Regional Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fire iron, poker"
],
"id": "en-kruk-pl-noun-vUKb~2ae",
"links": [
[
"regional",
"regional#English"
],
[
"fire iron",
"fire iron"
],
[
"poker",
"poker"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(regional) fire iron, poker"
],
"related": [
{
"word": "kruczek"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pogrzebacz"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"regional"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kruk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uk"
},
{
"homophone": "Kruk"
}
],
"word": "kruk"
}
{
"categories": [
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish animal nouns",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from Ukrainian",
"Polish terms derived from Old East Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from Old Norse",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from Ukrainian",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio links",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/uk",
"Rhymes:Polish/uk/1 syllable",
"pl:Corvids",
"pl:People",
"pl:Tools"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "kruczy"
},
{
"word": "krukowaty"
},
{
"word": "biały kruk"
},
{
"word": "krucz"
},
{
"word": "kruczek"
},
{
"word": "kruczę"
},
{
"word": "kruk krukowi oka nie wykole"
},
{
"word": "rozdziobią nas kruki i wrony"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*krukъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *krukъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*krukъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krukъ",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krukъ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kruczek",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-masc-ani",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kruk",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kruków",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krukowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krukom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krukiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krukami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krukach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-anml",
"dim": "kruczek"
},
"expansion": "kruk m animal (diminutive kruczek)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kruk"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kru",
"2": "k"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-masc-ani"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "kruczeć"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "krukać"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"raven, especially the common raven (Corvus corax)"
],
"links": [
[
"raven",
"raven"
],
[
"common raven",
"common raven"
],
[
"Corvus corax",
"Corvus corax#Translingual"
]
],
"tags": [
"animal-not-person",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kruk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uk"
},
{
"homophone": "Kruk"
}
],
"word": "kruk"
}
{
"categories": [
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish animal nouns",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from Ukrainian",
"Polish terms derived from Old East Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from Old Norse",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from Ukrainian",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio links",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/uk",
"Rhymes:Polish/uk/1 syllable",
"pl:Corvids",
"pl:People",
"pl:Tools"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*krukъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *krukъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*krukъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krukъ",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krukъ.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr"
},
"expansion": "kruk m pers",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kruk"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Warsaw Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"unemployed person"
],
"links": [
[
"unemployed",
"unemployed"
]
],
"qualifier": "Warsaw",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Warsaw) unemployed person"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kruk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uk"
},
{
"homophone": "Kruk"
}
],
"word": "kruk"
}
{
"categories": [
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from Ukrainian",
"Polish terms derived from Old East Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from Old Norse",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Polish terms derived from Ukrainian",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio links",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/uk",
"Rhymes:Polish/uk/1 syllable",
"pl:Corvids",
"pl:People",
"pl:Tools"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "uk",
"3": "крюк",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian крюк (krjuk)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "uk",
"3": "крюк"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Ukrainian крюк (krjuk)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "orv",
"3": "крюкъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic крюкъ (krjukŭ)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "non",
"3": "krókr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse krókr",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krōkaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krōkaz",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Ukrainian крюк (krjuk), from Old East Slavic крюкъ (krjukŭ), from Old Norse krókr, from Proto-Germanic *krōkaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kruk",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kruków",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krukowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krukom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruk",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krukiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krukami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krukach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "kruk m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kruk"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "kruczek"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Regional Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"fire iron, poker"
],
"links": [
[
"regional",
"regional#English"
],
[
"fire iron",
"fire iron"
],
[
"poker",
"poker"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(regional) fire iron, poker"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pogrzebacz"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"regional"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kruk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uk"
},
{
"homophone": "Kruk"
}
],
"word": "kruk"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.