See ston in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
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"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "stone"
},
"expansion": "English: stone",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "English: stone (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en-geo",
"2": "styen"
},
"expansion": "Geordie English: styen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Geordie English: styen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "stane"
},
"expansion": "Scots: stane",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: stane"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "sthoan",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Yola: sthoan",
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}
],
"text": "Yola: sthoan"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "ston",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Anglo-Norman: ston",
"name": "desc"
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],
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}
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{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
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{
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"3": "stān",
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"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English stān",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
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"args": {
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"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*stainaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *stainaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English stān, from Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stones",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ston",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonen",
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"error-unknown-tag",
"plural",
"rare"
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"name": "enm-noun"
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],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "brymston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "capston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "corner ston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "flynt ston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "graveston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "gunneston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "mylneston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
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},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "slykeston"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stenen"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stonen"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "Stonhenge"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stony"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
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}
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{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "22 17 10 5 7 3 3 21 4 8 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Rocks",
"orig": "enm:Rocks",
"parents": [
"Geology",
"Natural materials",
"Earth sciences",
"Materials",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"Manufacturing",
"All topics",
"Human activity",
"Fundamental",
"Human behaviour",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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"A stone, boulder, or pebble:",
"A millstone or whetstone."
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-la6p729x",
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[
"stone",
"#English"
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[
"boulder",
"boulder"
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[
"pebble",
"pebble"
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[
"millstone",
"millstone"
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[
"whetstone",
"whetstone"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 20 11 12 5 5 6 5 6 14 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 21 10 11 4 4 9 4 12 10 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 21 10 10 4 4 9 4 12 10 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 29 7 8 5 5 5 6 15 7 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Architecture",
"orig": "enm:Architecture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Society",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 26 7 8 5 5 5 6 17 11 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Buildings and structures",
"orig": "enm:Buildings and structures",
"parents": [
"Architecture",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 29 12 7 5 4 4 6 4 6 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Geology",
"orig": "enm:Geology",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 17 10 5 7 3 3 21 4 8 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Rocks",
"orig": "enm:Rocks",
"parents": [
"Geology",
"Natural materials",
"Earth sciences",
"Materials",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"Manufacturing",
"All topics",
"Human activity",
"Fundamental",
"Human behaviour",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 23 6 7 7 7 7 7 9 6 11",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Units of measure",
"orig": "enm:Units of measure",
"parents": [
"Metrology",
"Quantity",
"Applied sciences",
"Mathematics",
"Sciences",
"Formal sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A stone, boulder, or pebble:",
"A pebble used in a slingshot."
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-VHx9u~Ui",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"#English"
],
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
],
[
"pebble",
"pebble"
],
[
"slingshot",
"slingshot"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "\"Judas, get up on the rock, high on the stone, / rest your head on my lap and fall asleep right away!\"",
"ref": "c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 15-16; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:",
"text": "Iudaſ go þou on þe roc heie upon the ſton / lei þin heued i my barm, ſlep þou þe anon",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "And they said to hills and rocks: \"Fall on us and hide us from the face of the one that sits on the throne and from the wrath of the lamb […] \"",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 6:16, page 119v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": ".· ⁊ þei ſeien to hillis and to ſtoonys falle ȝe on us ⁊ hide ȝe vs fro þe face of hi[m] þat ſittiþ on the troone.· ⁊ fro þe wraþþe of þe lomb ·",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A stone, boulder, or pebble"
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-7NSte418",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"#English"
],
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
],
[
"pebble",
"pebble"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A stone, boulder, or pebble:"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling stone, especially:",
"A piece of hail, a hailstone."
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-5Bm2COCH",
"links": [
[
"hail",
"hail"
],
[
"hailstone",
"hailstone"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling stone, especially:",
"A kidney stone or gallstone."
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-Xf~tQrHO",
"links": [
[
"kidney",
"kidney"
],
[
"gallstone",
"gallstone"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling stone, especially:",
"A pit; the hard seed of a fruit."
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-06NOOqOL",
"links": [
[
"pit",
"pit"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling stone, especially:",
"A jewel or precious crystal"
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-QxEMwQrH",
"links": [
[
"jewel",
"jewel"
],
[
"crystal",
"crystal"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 9 3 4 14 3 3 46 2 11 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Genitalia",
"orig": "enm:Genitalia",
"parents": [
"Body parts",
"Reproduction",
"Sex",
"Body",
"Anatomy",
"Life",
"All topics",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Nature",
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"Sciences",
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"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"_dis": "22 17 10 5 7 3 3 21 4 8 1",
"kind": "topical",
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"name": "Rocks",
"orig": "enm:Rocks",
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"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling stone, especially:",
"A testicle."
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-Q77ZLiHI",
"links": [
[
"testicle",
"testicle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling stone, especially:",
"(colloquial) A testicle."
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Stone as a material (especially in construction)"
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-wqVvggrv"
},
{
"glosses": [
"A stone structure or monument, especially a tomb or tombstone."
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-IjN5MMzT",
"links": [
[
"structure",
"structure"
],
[
"monument",
"monument"
],
[
"tomb",
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],
[
"tombstone",
"tombstone"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A stone (unit of mass)"
],
"id": "en-ston-enm-noun-HvAqP8h6"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/stɑːn/",
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/stɔːn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːn"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stoan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stone"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stoon"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stoone"
}
],
"word": "ston"
}
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"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
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],
"descendants": [
{
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"expansion": "English: stone",
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{
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],
"text": "English: stone (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
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{
"args": {
"1": "en-geo",
"2": "styen"
},
"expansion": "Geordie English: styen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Geordie English: styen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "stane"
},
"expansion": "Scots: stane",
"name": "desc"
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],
"text": "Scots: stane"
},
{
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{
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"1": "yol",
"2": "sthoan",
"alts": "1"
},
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],
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},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "ston",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Anglo-Norman: ston",
"name": "desc"
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],
"text": "→ Anglo-Norman: ston"
}
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"expansion": "Inherited",
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"4": "",
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"lit": "",
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},
"expansion": "Old English stān",
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},
{
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"2": "gem-pro",
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],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English stān, from Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stones",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ston",
"tags": [
"plural"
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},
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}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "brymston"
},
{
"word": "capston"
},
{
"word": "corner ston"
},
{
"word": "flynt ston"
},
{
"word": "graveston"
},
{
"word": "gunneston"
},
{
"word": "mylneston"
},
{
"word": "pibleston"
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{
"word": "slykeston"
},
{
"word": "stenen"
},
{
"word": "stonen"
},
{
"word": "Stonhenge"
},
{
"word": "stony"
},
{
"word": "wheston"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A stone, boulder, or pebble:",
"A millstone or whetstone."
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"#English"
],
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
],
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"pebble"
],
[
"millstone",
"millstone"
],
[
"whetstone",
"whetstone"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A stone, boulder, or pebble:",
"A pebble used in a slingshot."
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"#English"
],
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
],
[
"pebble",
"pebble"
],
[
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]
},
{
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"examples": [
{
"english": "\"Judas, get up on the rock, high on the stone, / rest your head on my lap and fall asleep right away!\"",
"ref": "c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 15-16; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:",
"text": "Iudaſ go þou on þe roc heie upon the ſton / lei þin heued i my barm, ſlep þou þe anon",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "And they said to hills and rocks: \"Fall on us and hide us from the face of the one that sits on the throne and from the wrath of the lamb […] \"",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 6:16, page 119v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": ".· ⁊ þei ſeien to hillis and to ſtoonys falle ȝe on us ⁊ hide ȝe vs fro þe face of hi[m] þat ſittiþ on the troone.· ⁊ fro þe wraþþe of þe lomb ·",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A stone, boulder, or pebble"
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"#English"
],
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
],
[
"pebble",
"pebble"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A stone, boulder, or pebble:"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling stone, especially:",
"A piece of hail, a hailstone."
],
"links": [
[
"hail",
"hail"
],
[
"hailstone",
"hailstone"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling stone, especially:",
"A kidney stone or gallstone."
],
"links": [
[
"kidney",
"kidney"
],
[
"gallstone",
"gallstone"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling stone, especially:",
"A pit; the hard seed of a fruit."
],
"links": [
[
"pit",
"pit"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling stone, especially:",
"A jewel or precious crystal"
],
"links": [
[
"jewel",
"jewel"
],
[
"crystal",
"crystal"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English colloquialisms"
],
"glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling stone, especially:",
"A testicle."
],
"links": [
[
"testicle",
"testicle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A solid mass resembling stone, especially:",
"(colloquial) A testicle."
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Stone as a material (especially in construction)"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A stone structure or monument, especially a tomb or tombstone."
],
"links": [
[
"structure",
"structure"
],
[
"monument",
"monument"
],
[
"tomb",
"tomb"
],
[
"tombstone",
"tombstone"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A stone (unit of mass)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/stɑːn/",
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/stɔːn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːn"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "stan"
},
{
"word": "stane"
},
{
"word": "stoan"
},
{
"word": "stone"
},
{
"word": "stoon"
},
{
"word": "stoone"
}
],
"word": "ston"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ston meaning in Middle English (6.2kB)
{
"called_from": "page/1498/20230118",
"msg": "''A stone, boulder, or pebble:'[...]' gloss has examples we want to keep, but there are subglosses.",
"path": [
"ston"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ston",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.