See stonen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "stonen"
},
"expansion": "English: stonen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: stonen"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "made of stone"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stǣnen"
},
"expansion": "Old English stǣnen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*stainīn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *stainīn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*stainīnaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *stainīnaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ston",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "made of",
"t2": "made of"
},
"expansion": "ston + -en (“made of”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier stenen, from Old English stǣnen, from Proto-West Germanic *stainīn, Proto-Germanic *stainīnaz. Equivalent to ston + -en (“made of”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "stonen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 12 3 43 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 11 2 45 2 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (made of)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Composed or built of stone."
],
"id": "en-stonen-enm-adj-9HIAQnfz",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "rochen"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "stenen"
},
{
"word": "stanene"
},
{
"word": "stonene"
},
{
"word": "stonon"
},
{
"word": "stonun"
},
{
"word": "stonyn"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɔːnən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "stoonen"
}
],
"word": "stonen"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "stone"
},
"expansion": "English: stone",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: stone"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "stane",
"3": "steen"
},
"expansion": "Scots: stane, steen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: stane, steen"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "to stone"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "stone",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "infinitival",
"pos2": "infinitival suffix"
},
"expansion": "stone + -en (infinitival suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From stone + -en (infinitival suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stonende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ystoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "stonen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ston"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 12 3 43 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 10 24 31 5 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (noun plural)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 11 2 45 2 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "75 10 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To throw stones."
],
"id": "en-stonen-enm-verb-H2X~6tPM",
"links": [
[
"transitive",
"transitive"
],
[
"intransitive",
"intransitive"
],
[
"throw",
"throw"
],
[
"stones",
"stones"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive) To throw stones."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To stone, execute using stones."
],
"id": "en-stonen-enm-verb-5lUX3Ctb",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
],
[
"execute",
"execute"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To stone, execute using stones."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To remove or eliminate stones or rocks."
],
"id": "en-stonen-enm-verb-13L3-J32",
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To remove or eliminate stones or rocks."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɔːnən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "stoonen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "stain"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "stane"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "stone"
}
],
"word": "stonen"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ston",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "noun plural",
"pos2": "plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "ston + -en (plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From ston + -en (plural suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "stonen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "stone"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of stone"
],
"id": "en-stonen-enm-noun-enm:stones",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone#Middle_English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:stones"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɔːnən/"
}
],
"word": "stonen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English adjectives",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English noun forms",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (made of)",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (noun plural)",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "stonen"
},
"expansion": "English: stonen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: stonen"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "made of stone"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stǣnen"
},
"expansion": "Old English stǣnen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*stainīn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *stainīn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*stainīnaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *stainīnaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ston",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "made of",
"t2": "made of"
},
"expansion": "ston + -en (“made of”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier stenen, from Old English stǣnen, from Proto-West Germanic *stainīn, Proto-Germanic *stainīnaz. Equivalent to ston + -en (“made of”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "stonen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "rochen"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Composed or built of stone."
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "stenen"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɔːnən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "stanene"
},
{
"word": "stonene"
},
{
"word": "stonon"
},
{
"word": "stonun"
},
{
"word": "stonyn"
},
{
"word": "stoonen"
}
],
"word": "stonen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English noun forms",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (noun plural)",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "stone"
},
"expansion": "English: stone",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: stone"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "stane",
"3": "steen"
},
"expansion": "Scots: stane, steen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: stane, steen"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "to stone"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "stone",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "infinitival",
"pos2": "infinitival suffix"
},
"expansion": "stone + -en (infinitival suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From stone + -en (infinitival suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stonende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ystoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "stonen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ston"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To throw stones."
],
"links": [
[
"transitive",
"transitive"
],
[
"intransitive",
"intransitive"
],
[
"throw",
"throw"
],
[
"stones",
"stones"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive) To throw stones."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To stone, execute using stones."
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
],
[
"execute",
"execute"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To stone, execute using stones."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To remove or eliminate stones or rocks."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To remove or eliminate stones or rocks."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɔːnən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "stain"
},
{
"word": "stane"
},
{
"word": "stone"
},
{
"word": "stoonen"
}
],
"word": "stonen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English noun forms",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (noun plural)",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ston",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "noun plural",
"pos2": "plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "ston + -en (plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From ston + -en (plural suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "stonen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "stone"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of stone"
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone#Middle_English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:stones"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɔːnən/"
}
],
"word": "stonen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for stonen meaning in Middle English (7.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (ee63ee9 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.