See penna in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"_dis1": "48 48 3 0",
"sense": "wing",
"word": "āla"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "plūmula"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bipennis"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dēpennātus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pennārium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pennātulus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pennātus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pennescō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pennifer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "penniger"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pennipēs"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pennipotens"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pennor"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pennula"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pinnirapus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "peanã"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "peña"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "penya"
},
{
"lang": "Dalmatian",
"lang_code": "dlm",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "paina"
},
{
"lang": "Emilian",
"lang_code": "egl",
"word": "panna"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "penne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "penne"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "pen"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "pen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "penne"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "pen"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "pen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "pen"
}
],
"lang": "Anglo-Norman",
"lang_code": "xno",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "penne"
},
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "pìn"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "penne"
},
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "pene"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "penna"
},
{
"lang": "Megleno-Romanian",
"lang_code": "ruq",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "peană"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "pena"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "pena"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "pena"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "penha"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "peña"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "penna"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "penha"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "peña"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "peña"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "pană"
},
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "penna"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "pinna"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "pinna"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "pena"
},
{
"lang": "Walloon",
"lang_code": "wa",
"word": "pene"
},
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"f"
],
"word": "pendë"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"c"
],
"word": "pen"
},
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"m"
],
"word": "penni"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "peann"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "penn"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "peann"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "penn"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "penn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"c"
],
"word": "penna"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "itc-pro:*petnā"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*petnā\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"penna\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"penna\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*petnā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *petnā",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*péth₂r̥",
"4": "*péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *petnā, from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”), with pinna apparently representing a dialectal variant with pre-nasal raising. See also pēnis (“tail, penis”), which penna may have been conflated semantically with.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pennae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "penna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pennae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pennae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pennārum",
"links": [
[
"pennārum",
"pennarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pennae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pennīs",
"links": [
[
"pennīs",
"pennis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pennam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pennās",
"links": [
[
"pennās",
"pennas#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pennā",
"links": [
[
"pennā",
"penna#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pennīs",
"links": [
[
"pennīs",
"pennis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pennae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pinna",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "penna<1>"
},
"expansion": "penna f (genitive pennae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "penna<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pterus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"wing (of natural or supernatural creatures)"
],
"id": "en-penna-la-noun-PkJtG4nP",
"links": [
[
"wing",
"wing"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"wing (of natural or supernatural creatures)",
"wing as a symbol of speed"
],
"id": "en-penna-la-noun-JU1S9cbx",
"links": [
[
"wing",
"wing"
],
[
"wing",
"wing"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"wing (of natural or supernatural creatures)",
"(figuratively) wing as a symbol of speed"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine",
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0",
"sense": "feather",
"word": "plūma"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feather, especially a flight-feather; pinion"
],
"id": "en-penna-la-noun-cetZ~iE-",
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
],
[
"pinion",
"pinion"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 7 11 9 0 0 3 1 1 0 11 9 6 11 11 0 3 9 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 2 80",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 7 75",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 19 23 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 8 75",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 6 77",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 26 53",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Writing instruments",
"orig": "la:Writing instruments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100",
"sense": "pen",
"word": "calamus"
}
],
"glosses": [
"quill pen"
],
"id": "en-penna-la-noun-gFV8nCau",
"links": [
[
"quill pen",
"quill pen"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛn.na]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛn.na]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "penna"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with etymon",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin first declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peth₂-",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *péth₂r̥",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"la:Writing instruments"
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"sense": "wing",
"word": "āla"
},
{
"sense": "feather",
"word": "plūma"
},
{
"word": "plūmula"
},
{
"sense": "pen",
"word": "calamus"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bipennis"
},
{
"word": "dēpennātus"
},
{
"word": "pennārium"
},
{
"word": "pennātulus"
},
{
"word": "pennātus"
},
{
"word": "pennescō"
},
{
"word": "pennifer"
},
{
"word": "penniger"
},
{
"word": "pennipēs"
},
{
"word": "pennipotens"
},
{
"word": "pennor"
},
{
"word": "pennula"
},
{
"word": "pinnirapus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "peanã"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "peña"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "penya"
},
{
"lang": "Dalmatian",
"lang_code": "dlm",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "paina"
},
{
"lang": "Emilian",
"lang_code": "egl",
"word": "panna"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "penne"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "penne"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "pen"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "pen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "penne"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "pen"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "pen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "pen"
}
],
"lang": "Anglo-Norman",
"lang_code": "xno",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "penne"
},
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "pìn"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "penne"
},
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "pene"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "penna"
},
{
"lang": "Megleno-Romanian",
"lang_code": "ruq",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "peană"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "pena"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "pena"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "pena"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "penha"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "peña"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "penna"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "penha"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "peña"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "peña"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "pană"
},
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "penna"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "pinna"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "pinna"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "pena"
},
{
"lang": "Walloon",
"lang_code": "wa",
"word": "pene"
},
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"f"
],
"word": "pendë"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"c"
],
"word": "pen"
},
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"m"
],
"word": "penni"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "peann"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "penn"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "peann"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "penn"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "penn"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"c"
],
"word": "penna"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "itc-pro:*petnā"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*petnā\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"penna\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"penna\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*petnā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *petnā",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*péth₂r̥",
"4": "*péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *petnā, from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”), with pinna apparently representing a dialectal variant with pre-nasal raising. See also pēnis (“tail, penis”), which penna may have been conflated semantically with.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pennae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "penna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pennae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pennae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pennārum",
"links": [
[
"pennārum",
"pennarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pennae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pennīs",
"links": [
[
"pennīs",
"pennis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pennam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pennās",
"links": [
[
"pennās",
"pennas#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pennā",
"links": [
[
"pennā",
"penna#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pennīs",
"links": [
[
"pennīs",
"pennis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pennae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pinna",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "penna<1>"
},
"expansion": "penna f (genitive pennae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "penna<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "pterus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"wing (of natural or supernatural creatures)"
],
"links": [
[
"wing",
"wing"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"wing (of natural or supernatural creatures)",
"wing as a symbol of speed"
],
"links": [
[
"wing",
"wing"
],
[
"wing",
"wing"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"wing (of natural or supernatural creatures)",
"(figuratively) wing as a symbol of speed"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine",
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"feather, especially a flight-feather; pinion"
],
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
],
[
"pinion",
"pinion"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"quill pen"
],
"links": [
[
"quill pen",
"quill pen"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛn.na]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛn.na]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "penna"
}
Download raw JSONL data for penna meaning in Latin (8.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.