"custos" meaning in Latin

See custos in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ˈkus.toːs/ [Classical], [ˈkʊs̠t̪oːs̠] [Classical], /ˈkus.tos/ (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical), [ˈkust̪os] (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)
Etymology: Of unclear ultimate origin. Per Nowicki 1978, from a compound *kusto-sd- 'who sits near the hidden/near the treasure', where the first element is cognate to Proto-Germanic *huzdą (“hidden treasure”) (also of uncertain etymology; see more at English hoard and below) and the second element is a reduced form of Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”) But this etymology is disputed. More information One proposal derives *kusto- and *huzdą from *kudʰ-to-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewdʰ- (“to cover, wrap, encase”), from *(s)kewH- (“to cover, hide”), whence Ancient Greek κεύθω (keúthō, “to conceal”) and Old English hȳdan (“to hide, conceal, preserve”). But the derivation of Latin /st/ and Proto-Germanic *zd from PIE *dʰ-t is controversial. Some etymologists consider /st/ to be the regular outcome in Latin of PIE *dʰ-t, based on aestās and aestus; according to this view, the /ss/ found in participle forms such as iussus and fossus was introduced by analogy with forms built on stems ending in other dental consonants. But Michiel de Vaan argues that it is better to analyze /ss/ as the regular outcome of *dʰ-t, and the /st/ of aestās and aestus as an analogical reformation. Thus, De Vaan considers the /st/ in custos unexplained and the etymology unknown. Oswald Szemerényi (1952/3 [1987]) alternatively derives the /st/ here and the *zd in Proto-Germanic *huzdą from PIE *sdʰ, tracing both back to a Proto-Indo-European *k(e)wsdʰo- (“palace, treasure house, treasure”). This etymology is accepted by Ringe 2006 who mentions Ancient Greek κύσθος (kústhos, “vulva”) as another cognate. However, Lubotsky 2004 finds this unconvincing and considers the regular outcome of *sdʰ in Latin to be a long vowel + /d/. Etymology templates: {{unk|la|unclear}} unclear, {{cog|gem-pro|*huzdą|t=hidden treasure}} Proto-Germanic *huzdą (“hidden treasure”), {{cog|en|hoard}} English hoard, {{cog|ine-pro|*sed-|t=to sit}} Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”), {{m|gem-pro|*huzdą}} *huzdą, {{der|la|ine-pro|*(s)kewH-|*(s)kewdʰ-|t=to cover, wrap, encase}} Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewdʰ- (“to cover, wrap, encase”), {{m|ine-pro|*(s)kewH-||to cover, hide}} *(s)kewH- (“to cover, hide”), {{cog|grc|κεύθω||to conceal}} Ancient Greek κεύθω (keúthō, “to conceal”), {{cog|ang|hȳdan||to hide, conceal, preserve}} Old English hȳdan (“to hide, conceal, preserve”), {{m|la|aestās}} aestās, {{m|la|aestus}} aestus, {{m|la|iussus}} iussus, {{m|la|fossus}} fossus, {{cog|gem-pro|*huzdą}} Proto-Germanic *huzdą, {{der|la|ine-pro||*k(e)wsdʰo-|t=palace, treasure house, treasure}} Proto-Indo-European *k(e)wsdʰo- (“palace, treasure house, treasure”), {{cog|grc|κύσθος|t=vulva}} Ancient Greek κύσθος (kústhos, “vulva”) Head templates: {{la-noun|custōs/custōd<3>|g=m}} custōs m (genitive custōdis); third declension Inflection templates: {{la-ndecl|custōs/custōd<3>}} Forms: custōs [canonical, masculine], custōdis [genitive], no-table-tags [table-tags], custōs [nominative, singular], custōdēs [nominative, plural], custōdis [genitive, singular], custōdum [genitive, plural], custōdī [dative, singular], custōdibus [dative, plural], custōdem [accusative, singular], custōdēs [accusative, plural], custōde [ablative, singular], custōdibus [ablative, plural], custōs [singular, vocative], custōdēs [plural, vocative]
  1. A guard, protector, watchman Tags: declension-3 Categories (topical): Occupations Synonyms: appāritor
    Sense id: en-custos-la-noun-YEXkRiHe Disambiguation of Occupations: 17 35 10 38
  2. A guardian, tutor Tags: declension-3 Categories (topical): Occupations
    Sense id: en-custos-la-noun-fysIXHPM Disambiguation of Occupations: 17 35 10 38 Categories (other): Latin masculine nouns in the third declension Disambiguation of Latin masculine nouns in the third declension: 21 39 19 21
  3. A jailer Tags: declension-3
    Sense id: en-custos-la-noun-a9d7Rahc Categories (other): Latin entries with incorrect language header, Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup Disambiguation of Latin entries with incorrect language header: 25 7 38 30 Disambiguation of Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup: 28 6 49 18
  4. A keeper, custodian Tags: declension-3 Categories (topical): Occupations Synonyms: dēfēnsor, vindex, praeses, appāritor
    Sense id: en-custos-la-noun-AkZgiVE1 Disambiguation of Occupations: 17 35 10 38
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: custōdia, custōdiō, custōdēla, subcustōs

Download JSON data for custos meaning in Latin (8.9kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "custōdia"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "custōdiō"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "custōdēla"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "subcustōs"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "LL.",
            "2": "custor"
          },
          "expansion": "Late Latin: custor",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Late Latin: custor (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "custos",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: custos",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: custos"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fi",
            "2": "kustos",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Finnish: kustos",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Finnish: kustos"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "Kustos",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ German: Kustos",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ German: Kustos"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "it",
            "2": "custode",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Italian: custode",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Italian: custode"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fro",
            "2": "custode",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old French: custode",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old French: custode"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "frm",
            "2": "custode"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle French: custode",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle French: custode"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "unclear"
      },
      "expansion": "unclear",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*huzdą",
        "t": "hidden treasure"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *huzdą (“hidden treasure”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "hoard"
      },
      "expansion": "English hoard",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*sed-",
        "t": "to sit"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*huzdą"
      },
      "expansion": "*huzdą",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)kewH-",
        "4": "*(s)kewdʰ-",
        "t": "to cover, wrap, encase"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewdʰ- (“to cover, wrap, encase”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*(s)kewH-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to cover, hide"
      },
      "expansion": "*(s)kewH- (“to cover, hide”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "κεύθω",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to conceal"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek κεύθω (keúthō, “to conceal”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "hȳdan",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to hide, conceal, preserve"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English hȳdan (“to hide, conceal, preserve”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "aestās"
      },
      "expansion": "aestās",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "aestus"
      },
      "expansion": "aestus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "iussus"
      },
      "expansion": "iussus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "fossus"
      },
      "expansion": "fossus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*huzdą"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *huzdą",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*k(e)wsdʰo-",
        "t": "palace, treasure house, treasure"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *k(e)wsdʰo- (“palace, treasure house, treasure”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "κύσθος",
        "t": "vulva"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek κύσθος (kústhos, “vulva”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Of unclear ultimate origin. Per Nowicki 1978, from a compound *kusto-sd- 'who sits near the hidden/near the treasure', where the first element is cognate to Proto-Germanic *huzdą (“hidden treasure”) (also of uncertain etymology; see more at English hoard and below) and the second element is a reduced form of Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”) But this etymology is disputed.\nMore information\nOne proposal derives *kusto- and *huzdą from *kudʰ-to-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewdʰ- (“to cover, wrap, encase”), from *(s)kewH- (“to cover, hide”), whence Ancient Greek κεύθω (keúthō, “to conceal”) and Old English hȳdan (“to hide, conceal, preserve”). But the derivation of Latin /st/ and Proto-Germanic *zd from PIE *dʰ-t is controversial. Some etymologists consider /st/ to be the regular outcome in Latin of PIE *dʰ-t, based on aestās and aestus; according to this view, the /ss/ found in participle forms such as iussus and fossus was introduced by analogy with forms built on stems ending in other dental consonants. But Michiel de Vaan argues that it is better to analyze /ss/ as the regular outcome of *dʰ-t, and the /st/ of aestās and aestus as an analogical reformation. Thus, De Vaan considers the /st/ in custos unexplained and the etymology unknown.\nOswald Szemerényi (1952/3 [1987]) alternatively derives the /st/ here and the *zd in Proto-Germanic *huzdą from PIE *sdʰ, tracing both back to a Proto-Indo-European *k(e)wsdʰo- (“palace, treasure house, treasure”). This etymology is accepted by Ringe 2006 who mentions Ancient Greek κύσθος (kústhos, “vulva”) as another cognate. However, Lubotsky 2004 finds this unconvincing and considers the regular outcome of *sdʰ in Latin to be a long vowel + /d/.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "custōs",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdis",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōde",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "custōs/custōd<3>",
        "g": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "custōs m (genitive custōdis); third declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "custōs/custōd<3>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "17 35 10 38",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "la",
          "name": "Occupations",
          "orig": "la:Occupations",
          "parents": [
            "People",
            "Work",
            "Human",
            "Human activity",
            "All topics",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A guard, protector, watchman"
      ],
      "id": "en-custos-la-noun-YEXkRiHe",
      "links": [
        [
          "guard",
          "guard"
        ],
        [
          "protector",
          "protector"
        ],
        [
          "watchman",
          "watchman"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "appāritor"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "21 39 19 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin masculine nouns in the third declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "17 35 10 38",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "la",
          "name": "Occupations",
          "orig": "la:Occupations",
          "parents": [
            "People",
            "Work",
            "Human",
            "Human activity",
            "All topics",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A guardian, tutor"
      ],
      "id": "en-custos-la-noun-fysIXHPM",
      "links": [
        [
          "guardian",
          "guardian"
        ],
        [
          "tutor",
          "tutor"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "25 7 38 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "28 6 49 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A jailer"
      ],
      "id": "en-custos-la-noun-a9d7Rahc",
      "links": [
        [
          "jailer",
          "jailer"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "17 35 10 38",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "la",
          "name": "Occupations",
          "orig": "la:Occupations",
          "parents": [
            "People",
            "Work",
            "Human",
            "Human activity",
            "All topics",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A keeper, custodian"
      ],
      "id": "en-custos-la-noun-AkZgiVE1",
      "links": [
        [
          "keeper",
          "keeper"
        ],
        [
          "custodian",
          "custodian"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "dēfēnsor"
        },
        {
          "word": "vindex"
        },
        {
          "word": "praeses"
        },
        {
          "word": "appāritor"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkus.toːs/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈkʊs̠t̪oːs̠]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkus.tos/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈkust̪os]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "custos"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Latin 2-syllable words",
    "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup",
    "Latin lemmas",
    "Latin masculine nouns",
    "Latin masculine nouns in the third declension",
    "Latin nouns",
    "Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Latin terms with unknown etymologies",
    "Latin third declension nouns",
    "la:Occupations"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "custōdia"
    },
    {
      "word": "custōdiō"
    },
    {
      "word": "custōdēla"
    },
    {
      "word": "subcustōs"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "LL.",
            "2": "custor"
          },
          "expansion": "Late Latin: custor",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Late Latin: custor (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "custos",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: custos",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: custos"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fi",
            "2": "kustos",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Finnish: kustos",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Finnish: kustos"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "Kustos",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ German: Kustos",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ German: Kustos"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "it",
            "2": "custode",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Italian: custode",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Italian: custode"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fro",
            "2": "custode",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old French: custode",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old French: custode"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "frm",
            "2": "custode"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle French: custode",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle French: custode"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "unclear"
      },
      "expansion": "unclear",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*huzdą",
        "t": "hidden treasure"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *huzdą (“hidden treasure”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "hoard"
      },
      "expansion": "English hoard",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*sed-",
        "t": "to sit"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*huzdą"
      },
      "expansion": "*huzdą",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)kewH-",
        "4": "*(s)kewdʰ-",
        "t": "to cover, wrap, encase"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewdʰ- (“to cover, wrap, encase”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*(s)kewH-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to cover, hide"
      },
      "expansion": "*(s)kewH- (“to cover, hide”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "κεύθω",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to conceal"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek κεύθω (keúthō, “to conceal”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "hȳdan",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to hide, conceal, preserve"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English hȳdan (“to hide, conceal, preserve”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "aestās"
      },
      "expansion": "aestās",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "aestus"
      },
      "expansion": "aestus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "iussus"
      },
      "expansion": "iussus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "fossus"
      },
      "expansion": "fossus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*huzdą"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *huzdą",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*k(e)wsdʰo-",
        "t": "palace, treasure house, treasure"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *k(e)wsdʰo- (“palace, treasure house, treasure”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "κύσθος",
        "t": "vulva"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek κύσθος (kústhos, “vulva”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Of unclear ultimate origin. Per Nowicki 1978, from a compound *kusto-sd- 'who sits near the hidden/near the treasure', where the first element is cognate to Proto-Germanic *huzdą (“hidden treasure”) (also of uncertain etymology; see more at English hoard and below) and the second element is a reduced form of Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”) But this etymology is disputed.\nMore information\nOne proposal derives *kusto- and *huzdą from *kudʰ-to-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewdʰ- (“to cover, wrap, encase”), from *(s)kewH- (“to cover, hide”), whence Ancient Greek κεύθω (keúthō, “to conceal”) and Old English hȳdan (“to hide, conceal, preserve”). But the derivation of Latin /st/ and Proto-Germanic *zd from PIE *dʰ-t is controversial. Some etymologists consider /st/ to be the regular outcome in Latin of PIE *dʰ-t, based on aestās and aestus; according to this view, the /ss/ found in participle forms such as iussus and fossus was introduced by analogy with forms built on stems ending in other dental consonants. But Michiel de Vaan argues that it is better to analyze /ss/ as the regular outcome of *dʰ-t, and the /st/ of aestās and aestus as an analogical reformation. Thus, De Vaan considers the /st/ in custos unexplained and the etymology unknown.\nOswald Szemerényi (1952/3 [1987]) alternatively derives the /st/ here and the *zd in Proto-Germanic *huzdą from PIE *sdʰ, tracing both back to a Proto-Indo-European *k(e)wsdʰo- (“palace, treasure house, treasure”). This etymology is accepted by Ringe 2006 who mentions Ancient Greek κύσθος (kústhos, “vulva”) as another cognate. However, Lubotsky 2004 finds this unconvincing and considers the regular outcome of *sdʰ in Latin to be a long vowel + /d/.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "custōs",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdis",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōde",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "custōdēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "custōs/custōd<3>",
        "g": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "custōs m (genitive custōdis); third declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "custōs/custōd<3>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A guard, protector, watchman"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "guard",
          "guard"
        ],
        [
          "protector",
          "protector"
        ],
        [
          "watchman",
          "watchman"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "appāritor"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A guardian, tutor"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "guardian",
          "guardian"
        ],
        [
          "tutor",
          "tutor"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A jailer"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "jailer",
          "jailer"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A keeper, custodian"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "keeper",
          "keeper"
        ],
        [
          "custodian",
          "custodian"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "dēfēnsor"
        },
        {
          "word": "vindex"
        },
        {
          "word": "praeses"
        },
        {
          "word": "appāritor"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkus.toːs/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈkʊs̠t̪oːs̠]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkus.tos/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈkust̪os]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "custos"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.