See cumulus in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "cumulō"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "comulgu"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "comuelgu"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "cogüelmu"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "cogolmu"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "cúmul"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "comble"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "comble"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "comble"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "comble"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "comble"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "cumulus"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "cumolo"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "cumulo"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "cômoro"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "combro"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "cúmulo"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"learned borrowing",
"learned"
],
"word": "cúmulo"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*kuml"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "cumulus"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "cumulus"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "gom"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "colmo"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "koúlouma",
"word": "κούλουμα"
}
],
"lang": "Vulgar Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "*culumus"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":der<unc>",
"3": "ine-pro:<alt:*ḱuh₁mós><ety:from<*ḱewh₁->>"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*ḱuh₁mós\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱewh₁-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"cumulus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"cumulus\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*ḱuh₁-mós",
"t": "heap"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱuh₁-mós (“heap”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*ḱewh₁-<t:to swell>",
"3": "*-mós",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "*ḱewh₁- (“to swell”) + *-mós",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κῦμᾰ",
"t": "swell, wave"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κῦμᾰ (kûmă, “swell, wave”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "saunas",
"t": "firm, fit, solid, capable"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian saunas (“firm, fit, solid, capable”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "श्वयति",
"t": "swell"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit श्वयति (śvayati, “swell”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-uH-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-uH-",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly formed as a diminutive of Proto-Indo-European *ḱuh₁-mós (“heap”), from *ḱewh₁- (“to swell”) + *-mós. Cognates from this root include Ancient Greek κῦμᾰ (kûmă, “swell, wave”), Lithuanian saunas (“firm, fit, solid, capable”), and Sanskrit श्वयति (śvayati, “swell”). However, Schrijver thinks the evidence for deriving cumulus from *ḱewh₁- is weak. Proto-Indo-European *-uH- usually became Latin -ū- before a consonant, but De Vaan argues -u- might be the outcome of a regular sound change that shortened pretonic long vowels before resonants (discussed in Schrijver) or alternatively, analogy with tumulus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cumulī",
"links": [
[
"cumulī",
"cumuli"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulī",
"links": [
[
"cumulī",
"cumuli#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulī",
"links": [
[
"cumulī",
"cumuli#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulōrum",
"links": [
[
"cumulōrum",
"cumulorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulō",
"links": [
[
"cumulō",
"cumulo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulīs",
"links": [
[
"cumulīs",
"cumulis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulōs",
"links": [
[
"cumulōs",
"cumulos#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulō",
"links": [
[
"cumulō",
"cumulo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulīs",
"links": [
[
"cumulīs",
"cumulis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulī",
"links": [
[
"cumulī",
"cumuli#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cumulus<2>"
},
"expansion": "cumulus m (genitive cumulī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cumulus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "74 22 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"heap, pile"
],
"id": "en-cumulus-la-noun-~wJUDqAI",
"links": [
[
"heap",
"heap"
],
[
"pile",
"pile"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "acervus"
},
{
"word": "moles"
},
{
"word": "massa"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 40 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"surplus"
],
"id": "en-cumulus-la-noun-G9MFySm6",
"links": [
[
"surplus",
"surplus"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"summit"
],
"id": "en-cumulus-la-noun-E5hKTn4O",
"links": [
[
"summit",
"summit"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈkʊ.mʊ.ɫʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkuː.mu.lus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "cumulus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱewh₁-",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cumulō"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "comulgu"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "comuelgu"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "cogüelmu"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "cogolmu"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "cúmul"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "comble"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "comble"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "comble"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "comble"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "comble"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "cumulus"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "cumolo"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "cumulo"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "cômoro"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "combro"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "cúmulo"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"learned borrowing",
"learned"
],
"word": "cúmulo"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*kuml"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "cumulus"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "cumulus"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "gom"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "colmo"
},
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "koúlouma",
"word": "κούλουμα"
}
],
"lang": "Vulgar Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "*culumus"
}
],
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{
"args": {
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"2": ":der<unc>",
"3": "ine-pro:<alt:*ḱuh₁mós><ety:from<*ḱewh₁->>"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*ḱuh₁mós\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱewh₁-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"cumulus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"cumulus\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*ḱuh₁-mós",
"t": "heap"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱuh₁-mós (“heap”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*ḱewh₁-<t:to swell>",
"3": "*-mós",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "*ḱewh₁- (“to swell”) + *-mós",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κῦμᾰ",
"t": "swell, wave"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κῦμᾰ (kûmă, “swell, wave”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "saunas",
"t": "firm, fit, solid, capable"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian saunas (“firm, fit, solid, capable”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "श्वयति",
"t": "swell"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit श्वयति (śvayati, “swell”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-uH-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-uH-",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly formed as a diminutive of Proto-Indo-European *ḱuh₁-mós (“heap”), from *ḱewh₁- (“to swell”) + *-mós. Cognates from this root include Ancient Greek κῦμᾰ (kûmă, “swell, wave”), Lithuanian saunas (“firm, fit, solid, capable”), and Sanskrit श्वयति (śvayati, “swell”). However, Schrijver thinks the evidence for deriving cumulus from *ḱewh₁- is weak. Proto-Indo-European *-uH- usually became Latin -ū- before a consonant, but De Vaan argues -u- might be the outcome of a regular sound change that shortened pretonic long vowels before resonants (discussed in Schrijver) or alternatively, analogy with tumulus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cumulī",
"links": [
[
"cumulī",
"cumuli"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulī",
"links": [
[
"cumulī",
"cumuli#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulī",
"links": [
[
"cumulī",
"cumuli#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulōrum",
"links": [
[
"cumulōrum",
"cumulorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulō",
"links": [
[
"cumulō",
"cumulo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulīs",
"links": [
[
"cumulīs",
"cumulis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulōs",
"links": [
[
"cumulōs",
"cumulos#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulō",
"links": [
[
"cumulō",
"cumulo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulīs",
"links": [
[
"cumulīs",
"cumulis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "cumulī",
"links": [
[
"cumulī",
"cumuli#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cumulus<2>"
},
"expansion": "cumulus m (genitive cumulī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cumulus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"heap, pile"
],
"links": [
[
"heap",
"heap"
],
[
"pile",
"pile"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "acervus"
},
{
"word": "moles"
},
{
"word": "massa"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"surplus"
],
"links": [
[
"surplus",
"surplus"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"summit"
],
"links": [
[
"summit",
"summit"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈkʊ.mʊ.ɫʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkuː.mu.lus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "cumulus"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cumulus meaning in Latin (7.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-05-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-05-01 using wiktextract (f3d3fdb and ae80fde). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.