See bos in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"word": "Bos"
}
],
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "rup",
"word": "bou"
},
{
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"lang_code": "ruq",
"word": "bou"
},
{
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"lang_code": "ro",
"word": "bou"
}
],
"lang": "Balkan-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dalmatian",
"lang_code": "dlm",
"word": "bu"
},
{
"lang": "Istriot",
"lang_code": "ist",
"word": "bò"
}
],
"lang": "Dalmatian-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Corsican",
"lang_code": "co",
"word": "boiu"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "bove"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "bue"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "voi"
}
],
"lang": "Italo-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Emilian",
"lang_code": "egl",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Emilian",
"lang_code": "egl",
"word": "bò"
},
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "bo"
},
{
"lang": "Ligurian",
"lang_code": "lij",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "bò"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"raw_tags": [
"alpine"
],
"word": "beuiv"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "bò"
},
{
"lang": "Romagnol",
"lang_code": "rgn",
"word": "bò"
},
{
"lang": "Romagnol",
"lang_code": "rgn",
"word": "bo"
},
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "bov"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "bo"
}
],
"lang": "Padanian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bressan",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Savoyard",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "bôf"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
"lang_code": "roa-bbn",
"word": "bϞ"
},
{
"lang": "Bourguignon",
"lang_code": "roa-brg",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Champenois",
"lang_code": "roa-cha",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"lang_code": "ht",
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},
{
"lang": "Mauritian Creole",
"lang_code": "mfe",
"word": "bef"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "bœuf"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "bœuf"
},
{
"lang": "Picard",
"lang_code": "pcd",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Picard",
"lang_code": "pcd",
"word": "buë"
},
{
"lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
"lang_code": "roa-poi",
"word": "beù"
},
{
"lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
"lang_code": "roa-poi",
"word": "béi"
},
{
"lang": "Walloon",
"lang_code": "wa",
"word": "boû"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "beef"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beef"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "beif"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bef"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "buef"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
"lang_code": "roa-bbn",
"word": "bϞ"
},
{
"lang": "Bourguignon",
"lang_code": "roa-brg",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Champenois",
"lang_code": "roa-cha",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"lang_code": "ht",
"word": "bèf"
},
{
"lang": "Mauritian Creole",
"lang_code": "mfe",
"word": "bef"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "bœuf"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "bœuf"
},
{
"lang": "Picard",
"lang_code": "pcd",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Picard",
"lang_code": "pcd",
"word": "buë"
},
{
"lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
"lang_code": "roa-poi",
"word": "beù"
},
{
"lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
"lang_code": "roa-poi",
"word": "béi"
},
{
"lang": "Walloon",
"lang_code": "wa",
"word": "boû"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "en",
"word": "beef"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beef"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "beif"
}
],
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"borrowed"
],
"word": "bef"
}
],
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"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "boef"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
"lang_code": "roa-bbn",
"word": "bϞ"
},
{
"lang": "Bourguignon",
"lang_code": "roa-brg",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Champenois",
"lang_code": "roa-cha",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"lang_code": "ht",
"word": "bèf"
},
{
"lang": "Mauritian Creole",
"lang_code": "mfe",
"word": "bef"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "bœuf"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "bœuf"
},
{
"lang": "Picard",
"lang_code": "pcd",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Picard",
"lang_code": "pcd",
"word": "buë"
},
{
"lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
"lang_code": "roa-poi",
"word": "beù"
},
{
"lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
"lang_code": "roa-poi",
"word": "béi"
},
{
"lang": "Walloon",
"lang_code": "wa",
"word": "boû"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "beef"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beef"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "beif"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bef"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"tags": [
"Anglo-Norman"
],
"word": "beof"
}
],
"lang": "Northern Gallo-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"word": "bue"
},
{
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"word": "uei"
},
{
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"word": "buei"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Auvergnat",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Auvergnat",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "bueu"
},
{
"lang": "Gascon",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "buèu"
},
{
"lang": "Gascon",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "bueu"
},
{
"lang": "Gascon",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Gascon",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "bieu"
},
{
"lang": "Gascon",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "büu"
},
{
"lang": "Languedocien",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "buòu"
},
{
"lang": "Languedocien",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "biòu"
},
{
"lang": "Provençal",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "buou"
},
{
"lang": "Provençal",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Vivaro-Alpine",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "buou"
}
],
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"lang_code": "pro",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Auvergnat",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Auvergnat",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "bueu"
},
{
"lang": "Gascon",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "buèu"
},
{
"lang": "Gascon",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "bueu"
},
{
"lang": "Gascon",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Gascon",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "bieu"
},
{
"lang": "Gascon",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "büu"
},
{
"lang": "Languedocien",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "buòu"
},
{
"lang": "Languedocien",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "biòu"
},
{
"lang": "Provençal",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "buou"
},
{
"lang": "Provençal",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Vivaro-Alpine",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "buou"
}
],
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"lang_code": "pro",
"word": "bueu"
}
],
"lang": "Southern Gallo-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "bue"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "güe"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "buoi"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "buei"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "güei"
},
{
"lang": "Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-leo",
"word": "bué"
},
{
"lang": "Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-leo",
"word": "boi"
},
{
"lang": "Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-leo",
"word": "buei"
},
{
"lang": "Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-leo",
"word": "güé"
},
{
"lang": "Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-leo",
"word": "güei"
},
{
"lang": "Mirandese",
"lang_code": "mwl",
"word": "bui"
}
],
"lang": "Old Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-ole",
"word": "buee"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Fala",
"lang_code": "fax",
"word": "boi"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "boi"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "boi"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "boi"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"word": "buey"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "buey"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "buey"
}
],
"lang": "Ibero-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "boe"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "foe"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"raw_tags": [
"Logudorese-Nuorese"
],
"word": "voe"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"tags": [
"Campidanese"
],
"word": "boi"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "boi"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"raw_tags": [
"Logudorese-Nuorese"
],
"word": "boe"
}
],
"lang": "Insular Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bovo"
},
{
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"raw_tags": [
"learned borrowing",
"learned"
],
"word": "Bos"
}
],
"lang": "Borrowings",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":bor<unc>",
"3": "itc-sbl:-<ety:inh<itc-pro:*gʷōs<id:cow>>>",
"id": "cattle"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"lang_name\" : \"Osco-Umbrian\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"cow\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"cattle\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷṓws\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*gʷōs\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-sbl\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"bos\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-id=\"cattle\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"bos\" id=\"Latin:_cattle\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*gʷōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *gʷōs",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷṓws"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "βοῦς"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गो"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit गो (go)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": ",",
"name": ","
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cow"
},
"expansion": "English cow",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "bum",
"pos": "acc.sg."
},
"expansion": "Umbrian bum (acc.sg.)",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Irregular, for the expected **vōs/**ūs, accusative **vom, oblique stem **vov-, from Proto-Italic *gʷōs, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, which also gave Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs), Sanskrit गो (go) (nominative singular gaúḥ), and English cow.\nMost likely a borrowing from a Osco-Umbrian language, attested as Umbrian bum (acc.sg.), bue (abl.sg.), buo (gen.pl.), buf (acc.pl.) all spelling /bō-/. This was likely motivated by the fact that the expected form would have produced an undesirable homonymic clash with vōs (“you”) in the nominative and with ovis (“sheep”) in the oblique. It's unclear whether the borrowing included the entire paradigm, or just the initial consonant.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bōs",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bōs",
"links": [
[
"bōs",
"bos#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"links": [
[
"bovēs",
"boves#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "boum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "boverum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovī",
"links": [
[
"bovī",
"bovi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōbus",
"links": [
[
"bōbus",
"bobus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būbus",
"links": [
[
"būbus",
"bubus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"links": [
[
"bovēs",
"boves#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bove",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovīd",
"links": [
[
"bovīd",
"bovid#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"Old-Latin",
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōbus",
"links": [
[
"bōbus",
"bobus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būbus",
"links": [
[
"būbus",
"bubus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōs",
"links": [
[
"bōs",
"bos#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"links": [
[
"bovēs",
"boves#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"rare"
]
},
{
"form": "būs",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"rare"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bōs<irreg>",
"g": "m",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "bōs m or f (genitive bovis); irregular, third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bōs<irreg>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 33 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Cattle",
"orig": "la:Cattle",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "boārius"
},
{
"word": "bovārius"
},
{
"word": "bovātim"
},
{
"word": "bovicīdium"
},
{
"word": "bovīlla"
},
{
"word": "bovīllus"
},
{
"word": "bovīnor"
},
{
"word": "bovīnus"
},
{
"word": "būbalus"
},
{
"word": "būbīle"
},
{
"word": "Būbōna"
},
{
"word": "bubsequa"
},
{
"word": "būbula"
},
{
"word": "bubulcārius"
},
{
"word": "bubulcitō"
},
{
"word": "bubulcus"
},
{
"word": "būbulīnus"
},
{
"word": "būbulus"
},
{
"word": "būcaeda"
},
{
"word": "būcētum"
},
{
"word": "būcina"
},
{
"word": "būcula"
},
{
"word": "būculus"
},
{
"word": "Lūca bōs"
},
{
"word": "sēmibōs"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
"ref": "c. 98 CE, Tacitus, Germania 18",
"text": "Hoc iuncti boves, hoc paratus equus, hoc data arma denuntiant.",
"translation": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"head of cattle (cow, bull, steer, or ox)"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"english": "when used to pull carts",
"translation": "when used to pull carts",
"word": "iūmenta"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull plows",
"translation": "when used to pull plows",
"word": "armenta"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "taurus"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vacca"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "vitulus"
}
],
"id": "en-bos-la-noun-6PKkESaW",
"links": [
[
"head",
"head"
],
[
"cattle",
"cattle"
],
[
"cow",
"cow"
],
[
"bull",
"bull"
],
[
"steer",
"steer"
],
[
"ox",
"ox"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "Bosforus"
},
{
"word": "Bosphorus"
},
{
"word": "Bosporus"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "cornigera"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull carts",
"translation": "when used to pull carts",
"word": "iūmentum"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull plows",
"translation": "when used to pull plows",
"word": "armentum"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"irregular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈboːs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbɔs]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "bos"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "boārius"
},
{
"word": "bovārius"
},
{
"word": "bovātim"
},
{
"word": "bovicīdium"
},
{
"word": "bovīlla"
},
{
"word": "bovīllus"
},
{
"word": "bovīnor"
},
{
"word": "bovīnus"
},
{
"word": "būbalus"
},
{
"word": "būbīle"
},
{
"word": "Būbōna"
},
{
"word": "bubsequa"
},
{
"word": "būbula"
},
{
"word": "bubulcārius"
},
{
"word": "bubulcitō"
},
{
"word": "bubulcus"
},
{
"word": "būbulīnus"
},
{
"word": "būbulus"
},
{
"word": "būcaeda"
},
{
"word": "būcētum"
},
{
"word": "būcina"
},
{
"word": "būcula"
},
{
"word": "būculus"
},
{
"word": "Lūca bōs"
},
{
"word": "sēmibōs"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "rup",
"word": "bou"
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{
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},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
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}
],
"lang": "Balkan-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dalmatian",
"lang_code": "dlm",
"word": "bu"
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"lang": "Istriot",
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}
],
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"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Corsican",
"lang_code": "co",
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"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "bove"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "bue"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "voi"
}
],
"lang": "Italo-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Emilian",
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},
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "bo"
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{
"lang": "Ligurian",
"lang_code": "lij",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "bò"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"raw_tags": [
"alpine"
],
"word": "beuiv"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "beu"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "bò"
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{
"lang": "Romagnol",
"lang_code": "rgn",
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},
{
"lang": "Romagnol",
"lang_code": "rgn",
"word": "bo"
},
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "bov"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
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"word": "bo"
}
],
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"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bressan",
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{
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"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
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"word": "bôf"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"word": "beu"
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{
"lang": "Champenois",
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{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
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"lang": "Haitian Creole",
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"lang": "Mauritian Creole",
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}
],
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],
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"lang": "Picard",
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"lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
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{
"lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
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{
"lang": "Walloon",
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{
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{
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],
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{
"descendants": [
{
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{
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{
"lang": "Champenois",
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{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
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{
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],
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
"descendants": [
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"3": "itc-sbl:-<ety:inh<itc-pro:*gʷōs<id:cow>>>",
"id": "cattle"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"lang_name\" : \"Osco-Umbrian\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"cow\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"cattle\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷṓws\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*gʷōs\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-sbl\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"bos\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-id=\"cattle\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"bos\" id=\"Latin:_cattle\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*gʷōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *gʷōs",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷṓws"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "βοῦς"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गो"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit गो (go)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": ",",
"name": ","
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cow"
},
"expansion": "English cow",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "bum",
"pos": "acc.sg."
},
"expansion": "Umbrian bum (acc.sg.)",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Irregular, for the expected **vōs/**ūs, accusative **vom, oblique stem **vov-, from Proto-Italic *gʷōs, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, which also gave Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs), Sanskrit गो (go) (nominative singular gaúḥ), and English cow.\nMost likely a borrowing from a Osco-Umbrian language, attested as Umbrian bum (acc.sg.), bue (abl.sg.), buo (gen.pl.), buf (acc.pl.) all spelling /bō-/. This was likely motivated by the fact that the expected form would have produced an undesirable homonymic clash with vōs (“you”) in the nominative and with ovis (“sheep”) in the oblique. It's unclear whether the borrowing included the entire paradigm, or just the initial consonant.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bōs",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bōs",
"links": [
[
"bōs",
"bos#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"links": [
[
"bovēs",
"boves#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "boum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "boverum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovī",
"links": [
[
"bovī",
"bovi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōbus",
"links": [
[
"bōbus",
"bobus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būbus",
"links": [
[
"būbus",
"bubus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"links": [
[
"bovēs",
"boves#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bove",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovīd",
"links": [
[
"bovīd",
"bovid#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"Old-Latin",
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōbus",
"links": [
[
"bōbus",
"bobus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būbus",
"links": [
[
"būbus",
"bubus#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōs",
"links": [
[
"bōs",
"bos#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"links": [
[
"bovēs",
"boves#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"rare"
]
},
{
"form": "būs",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"rare"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bōs<irreg>",
"g": "m",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "bōs m or f (genitive bovis); irregular, third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"english": "when used to pull carts",
"translation": "when used to pull carts",
"word": "iūmenta"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull plows",
"translation": "when used to pull plows",
"word": "armenta"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "taurus"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vacca"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "vitulus"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bōs<irreg>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "Bosforus"
},
{
"word": "Bosphorus"
},
{
"word": "Bosporus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin 1-syllable words",
"Latin entries with etymon",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine irregular nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
"Latin irregular nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine irregular nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the third declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin nouns with multiple genders",
"Latin terms borrowed from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *gʷṓws",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Latin third declension nouns",
"Pages with 33 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"la:Cattle"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
"ref": "c. 98 CE, Tacitus, Germania 18",
"text": "Hoc iuncti boves, hoc paratus equus, hoc data arma denuntiant.",
"translation": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"head of cattle (cow, bull, steer, or ox)"
],
"links": [
[
"head",
"head"
],
[
"cattle",
"cattle"
],
[
"cow",
"cow"
],
[
"bull",
"bull"
],
[
"steer",
"steer"
],
[
"ox",
"ox"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"irregular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈboːs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbɔs]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "cornigera"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull carts",
"translation": "when used to pull carts",
"word": "iūmentum"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull plows",
"translation": "when used to pull plows",
"word": "armentum"
}
],
"word": "bos"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bos meaning in Latin (16.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-02 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-07-06 using wiktextract (d9fa233 and 9e92f4b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.