See bos in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":bor<unc>",
"3": "itc-sbl:-<ety:inh<itc-pro:*gʷōs<id:cow>>>",
"id": "cattle"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*gʷōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *gʷōs",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷṓws"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "βοῦς"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गो"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit गो (go)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": ",",
"name": ","
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cow"
},
"expansion": "English cow",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "bum",
"pos": "acc.sg."
},
"expansion": "Umbrian bum (acc.sg.)",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Irregular, for the expected **vōs/**ūs, accusative **vom, oblique stem **vov-, from Proto-Italic *gʷōs, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, which also gave Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs), Sanskrit गो (go) (nominative singular gaúḥ), and English cow.\nMost likely a borrowing from a Osco-Umbrian language, attested as Umbrian bum (acc.sg.), bue (abl.sg.), buo (gen.pl.), buf (acc.pl.) all spelling /bō-/. This was likely motivated by the fact that the expected form would have produced an undesirable homonymic clash with vōs (“you”) in the nominative and with ovis (“sheep”) in the oblique. It's unclear whether the borrowing included the entire paradigm, or just the initial consonant.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bōs",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "boum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "boverum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bove",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovīd",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"Old-Latin",
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"rare"
]
},
{
"form": "būs",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"rare"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bōs<irreg>",
"g": "m",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "bōs m or f (genitive bovis); irregular, third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bōs<irreg>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 32 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Cattle",
"orig": "la:Cattle",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "boārius"
},
{
"word": "bovārius"
},
{
"word": "bovātim"
},
{
"word": "bovicīdium"
},
{
"word": "bovīlla"
},
{
"word": "bovīllus"
},
{
"word": "bovīnor"
},
{
"word": "bovīnus"
},
{
"word": "būbalus"
},
{
"word": "būbīle"
},
{
"word": "Būbōna"
},
{
"word": "bubsequa"
},
{
"word": "būbula"
},
{
"word": "bubulcārius"
},
{
"word": "bubulcitō"
},
{
"word": "bubulcus"
},
{
"word": "būbulīnus"
},
{
"word": "būbulus"
},
{
"word": "būcaeda"
},
{
"word": "būcētum"
},
{
"word": "būcina"
},
{
"word": "būcula"
},
{
"word": "būculus"
},
{
"word": "Lūca bōs"
},
{
"word": "sēmibōs"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
"ref": "c. 98 CE, Tacitus, Germania 18",
"text": "Hoc iuncti boves, hoc paratus equus, hoc data arma denuntiant.",
"translation": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"head of cattle (cow, bull, steer, or ox)"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"english": "when used to pull carts",
"translation": "when used to pull carts",
"word": "iūmenta"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull plows",
"translation": "when used to pull plows",
"word": "armenta"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "taurus"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vacca"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "vitulus"
}
],
"id": "en-bos-la-noun-6PKkESaW",
"links": [
[
"head",
"head"
],
[
"cattle",
"cattle"
],
[
"cow",
"cow"
],
[
"bull",
"bull"
],
[
"steer",
"steer"
],
[
"ox",
"ox"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "Bosforus"
},
{
"word": "Bosphorus"
},
{
"word": "Bosporus"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "cornigera"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull carts",
"translation": "when used to pull carts",
"word": "iūmentum"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull plows",
"translation": "when used to pull plows",
"word": "armentum"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"irregular"
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:+ (genus)",
"la:+ taurus"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈboːs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbɔs]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "bos"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "boārius"
},
{
"word": "bovārius"
},
{
"word": "bovātim"
},
{
"word": "bovicīdium"
},
{
"word": "bovīlla"
},
{
"word": "bovīllus"
},
{
"word": "bovīnor"
},
{
"word": "bovīnus"
},
{
"word": "būbalus"
},
{
"word": "būbīle"
},
{
"word": "Būbōna"
},
{
"word": "bubsequa"
},
{
"word": "būbula"
},
{
"word": "bubulcārius"
},
{
"word": "bubulcitō"
},
{
"word": "bubulcus"
},
{
"word": "būbulīnus"
},
{
"word": "būbulus"
},
{
"word": "būcaeda"
},
{
"word": "būcētum"
},
{
"word": "būcina"
},
{
"word": "būcula"
},
{
"word": "būculus"
},
{
"word": "Lūca bōs"
},
{
"word": "sēmibōs"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":bor<unc>",
"3": "itc-sbl:-<ety:inh<itc-pro:*gʷōs<id:cow>>>",
"id": "cattle"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*gʷōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *gʷōs",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷṓws"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "βοῦς"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गो"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit गो (go)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": ",",
"name": ","
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cow"
},
"expansion": "English cow",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "bum",
"pos": "acc.sg."
},
"expansion": "Umbrian bum (acc.sg.)",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Irregular, for the expected **vōs/**ūs, accusative **vom, oblique stem **vov-, from Proto-Italic *gʷōs, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, which also gave Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs), Sanskrit गो (go) (nominative singular gaúḥ), and English cow.\nMost likely a borrowing from a Osco-Umbrian language, attested as Umbrian bum (acc.sg.), bue (abl.sg.), buo (gen.pl.), buf (acc.pl.) all spelling /bō-/. This was likely motivated by the fact that the expected form would have produced an undesirable homonymic clash with vōs (“you”) in the nominative and with ovis (“sheep”) in the oblique. It's unclear whether the borrowing included the entire paradigm, or just the initial consonant.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bōs",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "boum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "boverum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bove",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovīd",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"Old-Latin",
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"rare"
]
},
{
"form": "būs",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"rare"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bōs<irreg>",
"g": "m",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "bōs m or f (genitive bovis); irregular, third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"english": "when used to pull carts",
"translation": "when used to pull carts",
"word": "iūmenta"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull plows",
"translation": "when used to pull plows",
"word": "armenta"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "taurus"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vacca"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "vitulus"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bōs<irreg>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "Bosforus"
},
{
"word": "Bosphorus"
},
{
"word": "Bosporus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin 1-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine irregular nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
"Latin irregular nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine irregular nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the third declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin nouns with multiple genders",
"Latin terms borrowed from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *gʷṓws",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Latin third declension nouns",
"Pages with 32 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Cattle"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
"ref": "c. 98 CE, Tacitus, Germania 18",
"text": "Hoc iuncti boves, hoc paratus equus, hoc data arma denuntiant.",
"translation": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"head of cattle (cow, bull, steer, or ox)"
],
"links": [
[
"head",
"head"
],
[
"cattle",
"cattle"
],
[
"cow",
"cow"
],
[
"bull",
"bull"
],
[
"steer",
"steer"
],
[
"ox",
"ox"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"irregular"
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:+ (genus)",
"la:+ taurus"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈboːs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbɔs]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "cornigera"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull carts",
"translation": "when used to pull carts",
"word": "iūmentum"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull plows",
"translation": "when used to pull plows",
"word": "armentum"
}
],
"word": "bos"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bos meaning in Latin (6.5kB)
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"bos",
"Template:etymon",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymon:main()"
],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "",
"title": "bos",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 1019808365<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 22 Apr 2026 08:54:27 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"bos",
"Template:bor",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:borrowed()"
],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "",
"title": "bos",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 986052363<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 22 Apr 2026 08:55:22 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"bos",
"Template:etymon",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymon:main()"
],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "",
"title": "bos",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 999142318<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 22 Apr 2026 08:56:18 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"bos",
"Template:bor",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:borrowed()"
],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "",
"title": "bos",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 1024196927<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 22 Apr 2026 08:57:13 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-04-01 using wiktextract (7de0cf9 and 9452535). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.