"bos" meaning in Latin

See bos in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: [ˈboːs] [Classical-Latin], [ˈbɔs] (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)
Etymology: Irregular, for the expected **vōs/**ūs, accusative **vom, oblique stem **vov-, from Proto-Italic *gʷōs, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, which also gave Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs), Sanskrit गो (go) (nominative singular gaúḥ), and English cow. Most likely a borrowing from a Osco-Umbrian language, attested as Umbrian bum (acc.sg.), bue (abl.sg.), buo (gen.pl.), buf (acc.pl.) all spelling /bō-/. This was likely motivated by the fact that the expected form would have produced an undesirable homonymic clash with vōs (“you”) in the nominative and with ovis (“sheep”) in the oblique. It's unclear whether the borrowing included the entire paradigm, or just the initial consonant. Etymology templates: {{etymon|la|:bor<unc>|itc-sbl:-<ety:inh<itc-pro:*gʷōs<id:cow>>>|id=cattle}} [Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from", "terms" : [ { "lang_name" : "Osco-Umbrian", "status" : "inline", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "cow", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "cattle", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*gʷṓws", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*gʷōs", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang" : "itc-sbl" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "bos", "lang" : "la" }" data-id="cattle" data-lang="la" data-title="bos" id="Latin:_cattle">, {{der|la|itc-pro|*gʷōs}} Proto-Italic *gʷōs, {{der|la|ine-pro|*gʷṓws}} Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, {{cog|grc|βοῦς}} Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs), {{cog|sa|गो}} Sanskrit गो (go), {{,}} ,, {{cog|en|cow}} English cow, {{bor|la|itc-sbl}} Osco-Umbrian, {{m+|xum|bum|pos=acc.sg.}} Umbrian bum (acc.sg.) Head templates: {{la-noun|bōs<irreg>|g=m|g2=f}} bōs m or f (genitive bovis); irregular, third declension Inflection templates: {{la-ndecl|bōs<irreg>}} Forms: bōs [canonical, feminine, masculine], bovis [genitive], no-table-tags [table-tags], bōs [nominative, singular], bovēs [nominative, plural], bovis [genitive, singular], boum [genitive, plural], bovum [genitive, plural], boverum [genitive, plural], bovī [dative, singular], bōbus [dative, plural], būbus [dative, plural], bovibus [dative, plural], bovem [accusative, singular], bovēs [accusative, plural], bove [ablative, singular], bovīd [Old-Latin, ablative, singular], bōbus [ablative, plural], būbus [ablative, plural], bovibus [ablative, plural], bōs [singular, vocative], bovēs [plural, vocative], bovis [alternative, rare], būs [alternative, rare]
  1. head of cattle (cow, bull, steer, or ox) Tags: declension-3, irregular Synonyms: cornigera [neuter, plural], iūmentum (english: when used to pull carts), armentum (english: when used to pull plows) Hypernyms: iūmenta (english: when used to pull carts), armenta (english: when used to pull plows) Hyponyms: taurus [masculine], vacca [feminine], vitulus [masculine] Related terms: Bosforus, Bosphorus, Bosporus
    Sense id: en-bos-la-noun-6PKkESaW Categories (other): Latin entries with etymon, Latin entries with incorrect language header, Latin feminine nouns in the third declension, Latin masculine nouns in the third declension, Pages with 33 entries, Pages with entries, Pages with etymon, Cattle Derived forms: boārius, bovārius, bovātim, bovicīdium, bovīlla, bovīllus, bovīnor, bovīnus, būbalus, būbīle, Būbōna, bubsequa, būbula, bubulcārius, bubulcitō, bubulcus, būbulīnus, būbulus, būcaeda, būcētum, būcina, būcula, būculus, Lūca bōs, sēmibōs
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Translingual",
          "lang_code": "mul",
          "word": "Bos"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Translingual",
      "lang_code": "mul"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Aromanian",
          "lang_code": "rup",
          "word": "bou"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Megleno-Romanian",
          "lang_code": "ruq",
          "word": "bou"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "lang_code": "ro",
          "word": "bou"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Balkan-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Dalmatian",
          "lang_code": "dlm",
          "word": "bu"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Istriot",
          "lang_code": "ist",
          "word": "bò"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Dalmatian-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Corsican",
          "lang_code": "co",
          "word": "boiu"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "word": "bove"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "word": "bue"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sicilian",
          "lang_code": "scn",
          "word": "voi"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Italo-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Emilian",
          "lang_code": "egl",
          "word": "beu"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Emilian",
          "lang_code": "egl",
          "word": "bò"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Friulian",
          "lang_code": "fur",
          "word": "bo"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ligurian",
          "lang_code": "lij",
          "word": "beu"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Lombard",
          "lang_code": "lmo",
          "word": "beu"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Lombard",
          "lang_code": "lmo",
          "word": "bò"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Lombard",
          "lang_code": "lmo",
          "raw_tags": [
            "alpine"
          ],
          "word": "beuiv"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Piedmontese",
          "lang_code": "pms",
          "word": "beu"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Piedmontese",
          "lang_code": "pms",
          "word": "bò"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romagnol",
          "lang_code": "rgn",
          "word": "bò"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romagnol",
          "lang_code": "rgn",
          "word": "bo"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romansh",
          "lang_code": "rm",
          "word": "bov"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Venetan",
          "lang_code": "vec",
          "word": "bo"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Padanian",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Bressan",
              "lang_code": "unknown"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Savoyard",
              "lang_code": "unknown"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Franco-Provençal",
          "lang_code": "frp",
          "word": "bôf"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
              "lang_code": "roa-bbn",
              "word": "bϞ"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Bourguignon",
              "lang_code": "roa-brg",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Champenois",
              "lang_code": "roa-cha",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "Haitian Creole",
                      "lang_code": "ht",
                      "word": "bèf"
                    },
                    {
                      "lang": "Mauritian Creole",
                      "lang_code": "mfe",
                      "word": "bef"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "French",
                  "lang_code": "fr",
                  "word": "bœuf"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle French",
              "lang_code": "frm",
              "word": "bœuf"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "buë"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "beù"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "béi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Walloon",
              "lang_code": "wa",
              "word": "boû"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "word": "beef"
                },
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "Scots",
                      "lang_code": "sco",
                      "word": "beef"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "Middle Scots",
                  "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
                  "word": "beif"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "raw_tags": [
                "borrowed"
              ],
              "word": "bef"
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          ],
          "lang": "Old French",
          "lang_code": "fro",
          "word": "buef"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
              "lang_code": "roa-bbn",
              "word": "bϞ"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Bourguignon",
              "lang_code": "roa-brg",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Champenois",
              "lang_code": "roa-cha",
              "word": "beu"
            },
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                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "Haitian Creole",
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                      "word": "bèf"
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                    {
                      "lang": "Mauritian Creole",
                      "lang_code": "mfe",
                      "word": "bef"
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                  "word": "bœuf"
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              "lang_code": "frm",
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            {
              "lang": "Picard",
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              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "buë"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "beù"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "béi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Walloon",
              "lang_code": "wa",
              "word": "boû"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "word": "beef"
                },
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "Scots",
                      "lang_code": "sco",
                      "word": "beef"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "Middle Scots",
                  "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
                  "word": "beif"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "raw_tags": [
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              ],
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          "word": "boef"
        },
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            {
              "lang": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
              "lang_code": "roa-bbn",
              "word": "bϞ"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Bourguignon",
              "lang_code": "roa-brg",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Champenois",
              "lang_code": "roa-cha",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "Haitian Creole",
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                      "word": "bèf"
                    },
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                      "word": "bef"
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                  ],
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              "lang_code": "frm",
              "word": "bœuf"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
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              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
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              "lang_code": "pcd",
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              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "beù"
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              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "béi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Walloon",
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                  "word": "beif"
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              "lang_code": "enm",
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          "lang_code": "fro",
          "tags": [
            "Anglo-Norman"
          ],
          "word": "beof"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Northern Gallo-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Aragonese",
          "lang_code": "an",
          "word": "bue"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aragonese",
          "lang_code": "an",
          "word": "uei"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aragonese",
          "lang_code": "an",
          "word": "buei"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "lang_code": "ca",
          "word": "bou"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Auvergnat",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Auvergnat",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bueu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "buèu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bueu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bieu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "büu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Languedocien",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "buòu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Languedocien",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "biòu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Provençal",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "buou"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Provençal",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bou"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Vivaro-Alpine",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "buou"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Occitan",
          "lang_code": "pro",
          "word": "bou"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Auvergnat",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Auvergnat",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bueu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "buèu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bueu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bieu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
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              "word": "büu"
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            {
              "lang": "Languedocien",
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            {
              "lang": "Languedocien",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "biòu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Provençal",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "buou"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Provençal",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bou"
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            {
              "lang": "Vivaro-Alpine",
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              "word": "buou"
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          "lang": "Old Occitan",
          "lang_code": "pro",
          "word": "bueu"
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      "lang": "Southern Gallo-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Asturian",
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              "word": "bue"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Asturian",
              "lang_code": "ast",
              "word": "güe"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Asturian",
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              "word": "buoi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Asturian",
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            },
            {
              "lang": "Asturian",
              "lang_code": "ast",
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            {
              "lang": "Leonese",
              "lang_code": "roa-leo",
              "word": "bué"
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            {
              "lang": "Leonese",
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              "word": "boi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Leonese",
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              "word": "buei"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Leonese",
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              "word": "güé"
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              "lang": "Leonese",
              "lang_code": "roa-leo",
              "word": "güei"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Mirandese",
              "lang_code": "mwl",
              "word": "bui"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Leonese",
          "lang_code": "roa-ole",
          "word": "buee"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Fala",
              "lang_code": "fax",
              "word": "boi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Galician",
              "lang_code": "gl",
              "word": "boi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Portuguese",
              "lang_code": "pt",
              "word": "boi"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
          "lang_code": "roa-opt",
          "word": "boi"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Ladino",
              "lang_code": "lad",
              "word": "buey"
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            {
              "lang": "Spanish",
              "lang_code": "es",
              "word": "buey"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Spanish",
          "lang_code": "osp",
          "word": "buey"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Ibero-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
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        {
          "lang": "Sardinian",
          "lang_code": "sc",
          "word": "boe"
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        {
          "lang": "Sardinian",
          "lang_code": "sc",
          "word": "foe"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sardinian",
          "lang_code": "sc",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Logudorese-Nuorese"
          ],
          "word": "voe"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sardinian",
          "lang_code": "sc",
          "tags": [
            "Campidanese"
          ],
          "word": "boi"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sardinian",
          "lang_code": "sc",
          "word": "boi"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sardinian",
          "lang_code": "sc",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Logudorese-Nuorese"
          ],
          "word": "boe"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Insular Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "lang_code": "eo",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "bovo"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Translingual",
          "lang_code": "mul",
          "raw_tags": [
            "learned borrowing",
            "learned"
          ],
          "word": "Bos"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Borrowings",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    }
  ],
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        "3": "itc-sbl:-<ety:inh<itc-pro:*gʷōs<id:cow>>>",
        "id": "cattle"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"lang_name\" : \"Osco-Umbrian\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"cow\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"cattle\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷṓws\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*gʷōs\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-sbl\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"bos\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-id=\"cattle\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"bos\" id=\"Latin:_cattle\">",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*gʷōs"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *gʷōs",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʷṓws"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "βοῦς"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "गो"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit गो (go)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": ",",
      "name": ","
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "cow"
      },
      "expansion": "English cow",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-sbl"
      },
      "expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "bum",
        "pos": "acc.sg."
      },
      "expansion": "Umbrian bum (acc.sg.)",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Irregular, for the expected **vōs/**ūs, accusative **vom, oblique stem **vov-, from Proto-Italic *gʷōs, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, which also gave Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs), Sanskrit गो (go) (nominative singular gaúḥ), and English cow.\nMost likely a borrowing from a Osco-Umbrian language, attested as Umbrian bum (acc.sg.), bue (abl.sg.), buo (gen.pl.), buf (acc.pl.) all spelling /bō-/. This was likely motivated by the fact that the expected form would have produced an undesirable homonymic clash with vōs (“you”) in the nominative and with ovis (“sheep”) in the oblique. It's unclear whether the borrowing included the entire paradigm, or just the initial consonant.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "bōs",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovis",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bōs",
      "links": [
        [
          "bōs",
          "bos#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "bovēs",
          "boves#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boverum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovī",
      "links": [
        [
          "bovī",
          "bovi#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bōbus",
      "links": [
        [
          "bōbus",
          "bobus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "būbus",
      "links": [
        [
          "būbus",
          "bubus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "bovēs",
          "boves#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bove",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovīd",
      "links": [
        [
          "bovīd",
          "bovid#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "Old-Latin",
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bōbus",
      "links": [
        [
          "bōbus",
          "bobus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "būbus",
      "links": [
        [
          "būbus",
          "bubus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bōs",
      "links": [
        [
          "bōs",
          "bos#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "bovēs",
          "boves#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovis",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "rare"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "būs",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bōs<irreg>",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "bōs m or f (genitive bovis); irregular, third declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bōs<irreg>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin masculine nouns in the third declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 33 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "la",
          "name": "Cattle",
          "orig": "la:Cattle",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "boārius"
        },
        {
          "word": "bovārius"
        },
        {
          "word": "bovātim"
        },
        {
          "word": "bovicīdium"
        },
        {
          "word": "bovīlla"
        },
        {
          "word": "bovīllus"
        },
        {
          "word": "bovīnor"
        },
        {
          "word": "bovīnus"
        },
        {
          "word": "būbalus"
        },
        {
          "word": "būbīle"
        },
        {
          "word": "Būbōna"
        },
        {
          "word": "bubsequa"
        },
        {
          "word": "būbula"
        },
        {
          "word": "bubulcārius"
        },
        {
          "word": "bubulcitō"
        },
        {
          "word": "bubulcus"
        },
        {
          "word": "būbulīnus"
        },
        {
          "word": "būbulus"
        },
        {
          "word": "būcaeda"
        },
        {
          "word": "būcētum"
        },
        {
          "word": "būcina"
        },
        {
          "word": "būcula"
        },
        {
          "word": "būculus"
        },
        {
          "word": "Lūca bōs"
        },
        {
          "word": "sēmibōs"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
          "ref": "c. 98 CE, Tacitus, Germania 18",
          "text": "Hoc iuncti boves, hoc paratus equus, hoc data arma denuntiant.",
          "translation": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "head of cattle (cow, bull, steer, or ox)"
      ],
      "hypernyms": [
        {
          "english": "when used to pull carts",
          "translation": "when used to pull carts",
          "word": "iūmenta"
        },
        {
          "english": "when used to pull plows",
          "translation": "when used to pull plows",
          "word": "armenta"
        }
      ],
      "hyponyms": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "taurus"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "vacca"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "vitulus"
        }
      ],
      "id": "en-bos-la-noun-6PKkESaW",
      "links": [
        [
          "head",
          "head"
        ],
        [
          "cattle",
          "cattle"
        ],
        [
          "cow",
          "cow"
        ],
        [
          "bull",
          "bull"
        ],
        [
          "steer",
          "steer"
        ],
        [
          "ox",
          "ox"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "Bosforus"
        },
        {
          "word": "Bosphorus"
        },
        {
          "word": "Bosporus"
        }
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "neuter",
            "plural"
          ],
          "word": "cornigera"
        },
        {
          "english": "when used to pull carts",
          "translation": "when used to pull carts",
          "word": "iūmentum"
        },
        {
          "english": "when used to pull plows",
          "translation": "when used to pull plows",
          "word": "armentum"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3",
        "irregular"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈboːs]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈbɔs]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "bos"
}
{
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "boārius"
    },
    {
      "word": "bovārius"
    },
    {
      "word": "bovātim"
    },
    {
      "word": "bovicīdium"
    },
    {
      "word": "bovīlla"
    },
    {
      "word": "bovīllus"
    },
    {
      "word": "bovīnor"
    },
    {
      "word": "bovīnus"
    },
    {
      "word": "būbalus"
    },
    {
      "word": "būbīle"
    },
    {
      "word": "Būbōna"
    },
    {
      "word": "bubsequa"
    },
    {
      "word": "būbula"
    },
    {
      "word": "bubulcārius"
    },
    {
      "word": "bubulcitō"
    },
    {
      "word": "bubulcus"
    },
    {
      "word": "būbulīnus"
    },
    {
      "word": "būbulus"
    },
    {
      "word": "būcaeda"
    },
    {
      "word": "būcētum"
    },
    {
      "word": "būcina"
    },
    {
      "word": "būcula"
    },
    {
      "word": "būculus"
    },
    {
      "word": "Lūca bōs"
    },
    {
      "word": "sēmibōs"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Translingual",
          "lang_code": "mul",
          "word": "Bos"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Translingual",
      "lang_code": "mul"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Aromanian",
          "lang_code": "rup",
          "word": "bou"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Megleno-Romanian",
          "lang_code": "ruq",
          "word": "bou"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "lang_code": "ro",
          "word": "bou"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Balkan-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Dalmatian",
          "lang_code": "dlm",
          "word": "bu"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Istriot",
          "lang_code": "ist",
          "word": "bò"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Dalmatian-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Corsican",
          "lang_code": "co",
          "word": "boiu"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "word": "bove"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "word": "bue"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sicilian",
          "lang_code": "scn",
          "word": "voi"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Italo-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Emilian",
          "lang_code": "egl",
          "word": "beu"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Emilian",
          "lang_code": "egl",
          "word": "bò"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Friulian",
          "lang_code": "fur",
          "word": "bo"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Ligurian",
          "lang_code": "lij",
          "word": "beu"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Lombard",
          "lang_code": "lmo",
          "word": "beu"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Lombard",
          "lang_code": "lmo",
          "word": "bò"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Lombard",
          "lang_code": "lmo",
          "raw_tags": [
            "alpine"
          ],
          "word": "beuiv"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Piedmontese",
          "lang_code": "pms",
          "word": "beu"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Piedmontese",
          "lang_code": "pms",
          "word": "bò"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romagnol",
          "lang_code": "rgn",
          "word": "bò"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romagnol",
          "lang_code": "rgn",
          "word": "bo"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romansh",
          "lang_code": "rm",
          "word": "bov"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Venetan",
          "lang_code": "vec",
          "word": "bo"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Padanian",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Bressan",
              "lang_code": "unknown"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Savoyard",
              "lang_code": "unknown"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Franco-Provençal",
          "lang_code": "frp",
          "word": "bôf"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
              "lang_code": "roa-bbn",
              "word": "bϞ"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Bourguignon",
              "lang_code": "roa-brg",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Champenois",
              "lang_code": "roa-cha",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "Haitian Creole",
                      "lang_code": "ht",
                      "word": "bèf"
                    },
                    {
                      "lang": "Mauritian Creole",
                      "lang_code": "mfe",
                      "word": "bef"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "French",
                  "lang_code": "fr",
                  "word": "bœuf"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle French",
              "lang_code": "frm",
              "word": "bœuf"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "buë"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "beù"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "béi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Walloon",
              "lang_code": "wa",
              "word": "boû"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "word": "beef"
                },
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "Scots",
                      "lang_code": "sco",
                      "word": "beef"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "Middle Scots",
                  "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
                  "word": "beif"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "raw_tags": [
                "borrowed"
              ],
              "word": "bef"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old French",
          "lang_code": "fro",
          "word": "buef"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
              "lang_code": "roa-bbn",
              "word": "bϞ"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Bourguignon",
              "lang_code": "roa-brg",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Champenois",
              "lang_code": "roa-cha",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "Haitian Creole",
                      "lang_code": "ht",
                      "word": "bèf"
                    },
                    {
                      "lang": "Mauritian Creole",
                      "lang_code": "mfe",
                      "word": "bef"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "French",
                  "lang_code": "fr",
                  "word": "bœuf"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle French",
              "lang_code": "frm",
              "word": "bœuf"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "buë"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "beù"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "béi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Walloon",
              "lang_code": "wa",
              "word": "boû"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "word": "beef"
                },
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "Scots",
                      "lang_code": "sco",
                      "word": "beef"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "Middle Scots",
                  "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
                  "word": "beif"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "raw_tags": [
                "borrowed"
              ],
              "word": "bef"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old French",
          "lang_code": "fro",
          "word": "boef"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
              "lang_code": "roa-bbn",
              "word": "bϞ"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Bourguignon",
              "lang_code": "roa-brg",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Champenois",
              "lang_code": "roa-cha",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "Haitian Creole",
                      "lang_code": "ht",
                      "word": "bèf"
                    },
                    {
                      "lang": "Mauritian Creole",
                      "lang_code": "mfe",
                      "word": "bef"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "French",
                  "lang_code": "fr",
                  "word": "bœuf"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle French",
              "lang_code": "frm",
              "word": "bœuf"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Picard",
              "lang_code": "pcd",
              "word": "buë"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "beù"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
              "lang_code": "roa-poi",
              "word": "béi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Walloon",
              "lang_code": "wa",
              "word": "boû"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "word": "beef"
                },
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "Scots",
                      "lang_code": "sco",
                      "word": "beef"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "Middle Scots",
                  "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
                  "word": "beif"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "raw_tags": [
                "borrowed"
              ],
              "word": "bef"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old French",
          "lang_code": "fro",
          "tags": [
            "Anglo-Norman"
          ],
          "word": "beof"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Northern Gallo-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Aragonese",
          "lang_code": "an",
          "word": "bue"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aragonese",
          "lang_code": "an",
          "word": "uei"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aragonese",
          "lang_code": "an",
          "word": "buei"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "lang_code": "ca",
          "word": "bou"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Auvergnat",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Auvergnat",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bueu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "buèu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bueu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bieu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "büu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Languedocien",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "buòu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Languedocien",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "biòu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Provençal",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "buou"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Provençal",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bou"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Vivaro-Alpine",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "buou"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Occitan",
          "lang_code": "pro",
          "word": "bou"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Auvergnat",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Auvergnat",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bueu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "buèu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bueu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "beu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bieu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Gascon",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "büu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Languedocien",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "buòu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Languedocien",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "biòu"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Provençal",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "buou"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Provençal",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "bou"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Vivaro-Alpine",
              "lang_code": "oc",
              "word": "buou"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Occitan",
          "lang_code": "pro",
          "word": "bueu"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Southern Gallo-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Asturian",
              "lang_code": "ast",
              "word": "bue"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Asturian",
              "lang_code": "ast",
              "word": "güe"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Asturian",
              "lang_code": "ast",
              "word": "buoi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Asturian",
              "lang_code": "ast",
              "word": "buei"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Asturian",
              "lang_code": "ast",
              "word": "güei"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Leonese",
              "lang_code": "roa-leo",
              "word": "bué"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Leonese",
              "lang_code": "roa-leo",
              "word": "boi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Leonese",
              "lang_code": "roa-leo",
              "word": "buei"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Leonese",
              "lang_code": "roa-leo",
              "word": "güé"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Leonese",
              "lang_code": "roa-leo",
              "word": "güei"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Mirandese",
              "lang_code": "mwl",
              "word": "bui"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Leonese",
          "lang_code": "roa-ole",
          "word": "buee"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Fala",
              "lang_code": "fax",
              "word": "boi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Galician",
              "lang_code": "gl",
              "word": "boi"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Portuguese",
              "lang_code": "pt",
              "word": "boi"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
          "lang_code": "roa-opt",
          "word": "boi"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Ladino",
              "lang_code": "lad",
              "word": "buey"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Spanish",
              "lang_code": "es",
              "word": "buey"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Spanish",
          "lang_code": "osp",
          "word": "buey"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Ibero-Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Sardinian",
          "lang_code": "sc",
          "word": "boe"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sardinian",
          "lang_code": "sc",
          "word": "foe"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sardinian",
          "lang_code": "sc",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Logudorese-Nuorese"
          ],
          "word": "voe"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sardinian",
          "lang_code": "sc",
          "tags": [
            "Campidanese"
          ],
          "word": "boi"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sardinian",
          "lang_code": "sc",
          "word": "boi"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sardinian",
          "lang_code": "sc",
          "raw_tags": [
            "Logudorese-Nuorese"
          ],
          "word": "boe"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Insular Romance",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "lang_code": "eo",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "bovo"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Translingual",
          "lang_code": "mul",
          "raw_tags": [
            "learned borrowing",
            "learned"
          ],
          "word": "Bos"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Borrowings",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": ":bor<unc>",
        "3": "itc-sbl:-<ety:inh<itc-pro:*gʷōs<id:cow>>>",
        "id": "cattle"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"lang_name\" : \"Osco-Umbrian\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"cow\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"cattle\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*gʷṓws\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*gʷōs\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-sbl\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"bos\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-id=\"cattle\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"bos\" id=\"Latin:_cattle\">",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*gʷōs"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *gʷōs",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʷṓws"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "βοῦς"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "गो"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit गो (go)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": ",",
      "name": ","
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "cow"
      },
      "expansion": "English cow",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-sbl"
      },
      "expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "bum",
        "pos": "acc.sg."
      },
      "expansion": "Umbrian bum (acc.sg.)",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Irregular, for the expected **vōs/**ūs, accusative **vom, oblique stem **vov-, from Proto-Italic *gʷōs, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, which also gave Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs), Sanskrit गो (go) (nominative singular gaúḥ), and English cow.\nMost likely a borrowing from a Osco-Umbrian language, attested as Umbrian bum (acc.sg.), bue (abl.sg.), buo (gen.pl.), buf (acc.pl.) all spelling /bō-/. This was likely motivated by the fact that the expected form would have produced an undesirable homonymic clash with vōs (“you”) in the nominative and with ovis (“sheep”) in the oblique. It's unclear whether the borrowing included the entire paradigm, or just the initial consonant.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "bōs",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovis",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bōs",
      "links": [
        [
          "bōs",
          "bos#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "bovēs",
          "boves#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boverum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovī",
      "links": [
        [
          "bovī",
          "bovi#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bōbus",
      "links": [
        [
          "bōbus",
          "bobus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "būbus",
      "links": [
        [
          "būbus",
          "bubus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "bovēs",
          "boves#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bove",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovīd",
      "links": [
        [
          "bovīd",
          "bovid#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "Old-Latin",
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bōbus",
      "links": [
        [
          "bōbus",
          "bobus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "būbus",
      "links": [
        [
          "būbus",
          "bubus#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bōs",
      "links": [
        [
          "bōs",
          "bos#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovēs",
      "links": [
        [
          "bovēs",
          "boves#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bovis",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "rare"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "būs",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bōs<irreg>",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "bōs m or f (genitive bovis); irregular, third declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hypernyms": [
    {
      "english": "when used to pull carts",
      "translation": "when used to pull carts",
      "word": "iūmenta"
    },
    {
      "english": "when used to pull plows",
      "translation": "when used to pull plows",
      "word": "armenta"
    }
  ],
  "hyponyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "taurus"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "vacca"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "vitulus"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bōs<irreg>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "Bosforus"
    },
    {
      "word": "Bosphorus"
    },
    {
      "word": "Bosporus"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latin 1-syllable words",
        "Latin entries with etymon",
        "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
        "Latin feminine irregular nouns",
        "Latin feminine nouns",
        "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
        "Latin irregular nouns",
        "Latin lemmas",
        "Latin masculine irregular nouns",
        "Latin masculine nouns",
        "Latin masculine nouns in the third declension",
        "Latin nouns",
        "Latin nouns with multiple genders",
        "Latin terms borrowed from Osco-Umbrian languages",
        "Latin terms derived from Osco-Umbrian languages",
        "Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
        "Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *gʷṓws",
        "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Latin terms with quotations",
        "Latin third declension nouns",
        "Pages with 33 entries",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Pages with etymon",
        "la:Cattle"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
          "ref": "c. 98 CE, Tacitus, Germania 18",
          "text": "Hoc iuncti boves, hoc paratus equus, hoc data arma denuntiant.",
          "translation": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "head of cattle (cow, bull, steer, or ox)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "head",
          "head"
        ],
        [
          "cattle",
          "cattle"
        ],
        [
          "cow",
          "cow"
        ],
        [
          "bull",
          "bull"
        ],
        [
          "steer",
          "steer"
        ],
        [
          "ox",
          "ox"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3",
        "irregular"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈboːs]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈbɔs]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "cornigera"
    },
    {
      "english": "when used to pull carts",
      "translation": "when used to pull carts",
      "word": "iūmentum"
    },
    {
      "english": "when used to pull plows",
      "translation": "when used to pull plows",
      "word": "armentum"
    }
  ],
  "word": "bos"
}

Download raw JSONL data for bos meaning in Latin (16.8kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-02 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-07-06 using wiktextract (d9fa233 and 9e92f4b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.