See bos in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":der",
"3": "itc-pro:*gʷōs<id:cow>",
"id": "cattle"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*gʷōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *gʷōs",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷṓws"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "βοῦς"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गो"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit गो (go)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cow"
},
"expansion": "English cow",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "osc",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Oscan",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "xum",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "bum",
"pos": "acc.sg."
},
"expansion": "Umbrian bum (acc.sg.)",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Irregular, for the expected **vōs/**ūs, accusative **vom, oblique stem **vov-, from Proto-Italic *gʷōs, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, which also gave Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs), Sanskrit गो (go) (nominative singular gaúḥ), and English cow.\nMost likely a borrowing from Sabellic (Oscan-Umbrian), attested as Umbrian bum (acc.sg.), bue (abl.sg.), buo (gen.pl.), buf (acc.pl.) all spelling /bō-/. This was likely motivated by the fact that the expected form would have produced an undesirable homonymic clash: with vōs (“you”) in the nominative and with ovis (“sheep”) in the oblique. It's unclear whether the borrowing included the entire paradigm, or just the initial consonant.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bōs",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "boum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "boverum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bove",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovīd",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"Old-Latin",
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"rare"
]
},
{
"form": "būs",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"rare"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bōs<irreg>",
"g": "m",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "bōs m or f (genitive bovis); irregular, third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bōs<irreg>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 30 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Cattle",
"orig": "la:Cattle",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "boārius"
},
{
"word": "bovārius"
},
{
"word": "bovātim"
},
{
"word": "bovicīdium"
},
{
"word": "bovīlla"
},
{
"word": "bovīllus"
},
{
"word": "bovīnor"
},
{
"word": "bovīnus"
},
{
"word": "būbalus"
},
{
"word": "būbīle"
},
{
"word": "Būbōna"
},
{
"word": "bubsequa"
},
{
"word": "būbula"
},
{
"word": "bubulcārius"
},
{
"word": "bubulcitō"
},
{
"word": "bubulcus"
},
{
"word": "būbulīnus"
},
{
"word": "būbulus"
},
{
"word": "būcaeda"
},
{
"word": "būcētum"
},
{
"word": "būcina"
},
{
"word": "būcula"
},
{
"word": "būculus"
},
{
"word": "Lūca bōs"
},
{
"word": "sēmibōs"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
"ref": "c. 98 CE, Tacitus, Germania 18",
"text": "Hoc iuncti boves, hoc paratus equus, hoc data arma denuntiant.",
"translation": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"head of cattle (cow, bull, steer, or ox)"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"english": "when used to pull carts",
"translation": "when used to pull carts",
"word": "iūmenta"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull plows",
"translation": "when used to pull plows",
"word": "armenta"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "taurus"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vacca"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "vitulus"
}
],
"id": "en-bos-la-noun-6PKkESaW",
"links": [
[
"head",
"head"
],
[
"cattle",
"cattle"
],
[
"cow",
"cow"
],
[
"bull",
"bull"
],
[
"steer",
"steer"
],
[
"ox",
"ox"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "Bosforus"
},
{
"word": "Bosphorus"
},
{
"word": "Bosporus"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "cornigera"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull carts",
"translation": "when used to pull carts",
"word": "iūmentum"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull plows",
"translation": "when used to pull plows",
"word": "armentum"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"irregular"
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:+ (genus)",
"la:+ taurus"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈboːs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbɔs]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "bos"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "boārius"
},
{
"word": "bovārius"
},
{
"word": "bovātim"
},
{
"word": "bovicīdium"
},
{
"word": "bovīlla"
},
{
"word": "bovīllus"
},
{
"word": "bovīnor"
},
{
"word": "bovīnus"
},
{
"word": "būbalus"
},
{
"word": "būbīle"
},
{
"word": "Būbōna"
},
{
"word": "bubsequa"
},
{
"word": "būbula"
},
{
"word": "bubulcārius"
},
{
"word": "bubulcitō"
},
{
"word": "bubulcus"
},
{
"word": "būbulīnus"
},
{
"word": "būbulus"
},
{
"word": "būcaeda"
},
{
"word": "būcētum"
},
{
"word": "būcina"
},
{
"word": "būcula"
},
{
"word": "būculus"
},
{
"word": "Lūca bōs"
},
{
"word": "sēmibōs"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":der",
"3": "itc-pro:*gʷōs<id:cow>",
"id": "cattle"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*gʷōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *gʷōs",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷṓws"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "βοῦς"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गो"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit गो (go)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cow"
},
"expansion": "English cow",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "osc",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Oscan",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "xum",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "bum",
"pos": "acc.sg."
},
"expansion": "Umbrian bum (acc.sg.)",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Irregular, for the expected **vōs/**ūs, accusative **vom, oblique stem **vov-, from Proto-Italic *gʷōs, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, which also gave Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs), Sanskrit गो (go) (nominative singular gaúḥ), and English cow.\nMost likely a borrowing from Sabellic (Oscan-Umbrian), attested as Umbrian bum (acc.sg.), bue (abl.sg.), buo (gen.pl.), buf (acc.pl.) all spelling /bō-/. This was likely motivated by the fact that the expected form would have produced an undesirable homonymic clash: with vōs (“you”) in the nominative and with ovis (“sheep”) in the oblique. It's unclear whether the borrowing included the entire paradigm, or just the initial consonant.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bōs",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "boum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "boverum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bove",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bovīd",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"Old-Latin",
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "būbus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bovibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bovēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bovis",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"rare"
]
},
{
"form": "būs",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"rare"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bōs<irreg>",
"g": "m",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "bōs m or f (genitive bovis); irregular, third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"english": "when used to pull carts",
"translation": "when used to pull carts",
"word": "iūmenta"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull plows",
"translation": "when used to pull plows",
"word": "armenta"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "taurus"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vacca"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "vitulus"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bōs<irreg>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "Bosforus"
},
{
"word": "Bosphorus"
},
{
"word": "Bosporus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin 1-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine irregular nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
"Latin irregular nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine irregular nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the third declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin nouns with multiple genders",
"Latin terms borrowed from Oscan",
"Latin terms borrowed from Umbrian",
"Latin terms derived from Oscan",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from Umbrian",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Latin third declension nouns",
"Pages with 30 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Cattle"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
"ref": "c. 98 CE, Tacitus, Germania 18",
"text": "Hoc iuncti boves, hoc paratus equus, hoc data arma denuntiant.",
"translation": "The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"head of cattle (cow, bull, steer, or ox)"
],
"links": [
[
"head",
"head"
],
[
"cattle",
"cattle"
],
[
"cow",
"cow"
],
[
"bull",
"bull"
],
[
"steer",
"steer"
],
[
"ox",
"ox"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"irregular"
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:+ (genus)",
"la:+ taurus"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈboːs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈbɔs]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "cornigera"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull carts",
"translation": "when used to pull carts",
"word": "iūmentum"
},
{
"english": "when used to pull plows",
"translation": "when used to pull plows",
"word": "armentum"
}
],
"word": "bos"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bos meaning in Latin (6.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-02-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-01-01 using wiktextract (f492ef9 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.