"-undus" meaning in Latin

See -undus in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Suffix

IPA: /ˈun.dus/ [Classical], [ˈʊn̪d̪ʊs̠] [Classical], /ˈun.dus/ (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical), [ˈun̪d̪us] (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)
Etymology: Possibly from Proto-Italic *-ontnos, syncopated from *-ontinos, from Proto-Indo-European *-ont- (participial suffix) + *-i- (suffix of action) + *-nós (adjective-forming suffix), or from Proto-Indo-European *-ótr̥. The -undus suffix, first associated with intransitive deponent verbs as sequor (secundus), orior (oriundus), lābor (lābundus), and other relics, then transited from a derivative to an inflectional category, and the gerundive assumed its canonical shape and function. The sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read. The replacement of -undus by -endus was a late development under the influence of the present participle; older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc. The derivation from gerundive to the later gerund could then be as easy as an abstraction from “ad librum legendum” (“to read the book”) to “ad legendum” (“to read”). Compare -bundus and -cundus. Etymology templates: {{der|la|itc-pro|*-ontnos}} Proto-Italic *-ontnos, {{m|itc-pro|*-ontinos}} *-ontinos, {{cog|ine-pro|*-ont-|pos=participial suffix}} Proto-Indo-European *-ont- (participial suffix), {{m|ine-pro|*-i-|pos=suffix of action}} *-i- (suffix of action), {{m|ine-pro|*-nós|pos=adjective-forming suffix}} *-nós (adjective-forming suffix), {{cog|ine-pro|*-ótr̥|}} Proto-Indo-European *-ótr̥, {{m|la|sequor}} sequor, {{m|la|secundus}} secundus, {{m|la|orior}} orior, {{m|la|oriundus}} oriundus, {{m|la|lābor}} lābor, {{m|la|lābundus}} lābundus, {{blockquote|The sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read. The replacement of -undus by -endus was a late development under the influence of the present participle; older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc.}} The sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read. The replacement of -undus by -endus was a late development under the influence of the present participle; older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc., {{m|la|-bundus}} -bundus, {{m|la|-cundus}} -cundus Inflection templates: {{la-adecl|-undus}} Forms: -unda [feminine], -undum [neuter], -undus [masculine, nominative, singular], -unda [feminine, nominative, singular], -undum [neuter, nominative, singular], -undī [masculine, nominative, plural], -undae [feminine, nominative, plural], -unda [neuter, nominative, plural], -undī [genitive, masculine, singular], -undae [feminine, genitive, singular], -undī [genitive, neuter, singular], -undōrum [genitive, masculine, plural], -undārum [feminine, genitive, plural], -undōrum [genitive, neuter, plural], -undō [dative, masculine, singular], -undae [dative, feminine, singular], -undō [dative, neuter, singular], -undīs [dative, feminine, masculine, neuter, plural], -undum [accusative, masculine, singular], -undam [accusative, feminine, singular], -undum [accusative, neuter, singular], -undōs [accusative, masculine, plural], -undās [accusative, feminine, plural], -unda [accusative, neuter, plural], -undō [ablative, masculine, singular], -undā [ablative, feminine, singular], -undō [ablative, neuter, singular], -undīs [ablative, feminine, masculine, neuter, plural], -unde [masculine, singular, vocative], -unda [feminine, singular, vocative], -undum [neuter, singular, vocative], -undī [masculine, plural, vocative], -undae [feminine, plural, vocative], -unda [neuter, plural, vocative]
  1. Derives adjective nouns from verbs, similar to present participles, but without the present time restriction Tags: declension-1, declension-2, morpheme, suffix
    Sense id: en--undus-la-suffix-W~FcAP80

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for -undus meaning in Latin (7.1kB)

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*-ontnos"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *-ontnos",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "itc-pro",
        "2": "*-ontinos"
      },
      "expansion": "*-ontinos",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-ont-",
        "pos": "participial suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ont- (participial suffix)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-i-",
        "pos": "suffix of action"
      },
      "expansion": "*-i- (suffix of action)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-nós",
        "pos": "adjective-forming suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "*-nós (adjective-forming suffix)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-ótr̥",
        "3": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ótr̥",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "sequor"
      },
      "expansion": "sequor",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "secundus"
      },
      "expansion": "secundus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "orior"
      },
      "expansion": "orior",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "oriundus"
      },
      "expansion": "oriundus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "lābor"
      },
      "expansion": "lābor",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "lābundus"
      },
      "expansion": "lābundus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "The sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read. The replacement of -undus by -endus was a late development under the influence of the present participle; older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc."
      },
      "expansion": "The sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read. The replacement of -undus by -endus was a late development under the influence of the present participle; older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc.",
      "name": "blockquote"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-bundus"
      },
      "expansion": "-bundus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-cundus"
      },
      "expansion": "-cundus",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Possibly from Proto-Italic *-ontnos, syncopated from *-ontinos, from Proto-Indo-European *-ont- (participial suffix) + *-i- (suffix of action) + *-nós (adjective-forming suffix), or from Proto-Indo-European *-ótr̥.\nThe -undus suffix, first associated with intransitive deponent verbs as sequor (secundus), orior (oriundus), lābor (lābundus), and other relics, then transited from a derivative to an inflectional category, and the gerundive assumed its canonical shape and function.\nThe sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read. The replacement of -undus by -endus was a late development under the influence of the present participle; older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc.\nThe derivation from gerundive to the later gerund could then be as easy as an abstraction from “ad librum legendum” (“to read the book”) to “ad legendum” (“to read”). Compare -bundus and -cundus.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-adecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undōrum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undārum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undōrum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undīs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undōs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undās",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undīs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unde",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-undus"
      },
      "name": "la-adecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "sequor (“follow”) → secundus (“following”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "orior (“rise”) → oriundus (“rising, originating”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "lābor (“glide, slide, fall”) → lābundus (“falling”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "rotō (“turn around, roll”) → rotundus (“rolling”)"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Derives adjective nouns from verbs, similar to present participles, but without the present time restriction"
      ],
      "id": "en--undus-la-suffix-W~FcAP80",
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "declension-2",
        "morpheme",
        "suffix"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈun.dus/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈʊn̪d̪ʊs̠]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈun.dus/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈun̪d̪us]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-undus"
}
{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*-ontnos"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *-ontnos",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "itc-pro",
        "2": "*-ontinos"
      },
      "expansion": "*-ontinos",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-ont-",
        "pos": "participial suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ont- (participial suffix)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-i-",
        "pos": "suffix of action"
      },
      "expansion": "*-i- (suffix of action)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-nós",
        "pos": "adjective-forming suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "*-nós (adjective-forming suffix)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-ótr̥",
        "3": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ótr̥",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "sequor"
      },
      "expansion": "sequor",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "secundus"
      },
      "expansion": "secundus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "orior"
      },
      "expansion": "orior",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "oriundus"
      },
      "expansion": "oriundus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "lābor"
      },
      "expansion": "lābor",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "lābundus"
      },
      "expansion": "lābundus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "The sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read. The replacement of -undus by -endus was a late development under the influence of the present participle; older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc."
      },
      "expansion": "The sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read. The replacement of -undus by -endus was a late development under the influence of the present participle; older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc.",
      "name": "blockquote"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-bundus"
      },
      "expansion": "-bundus",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-cundus"
      },
      "expansion": "-cundus",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Possibly from Proto-Italic *-ontnos, syncopated from *-ontinos, from Proto-Indo-European *-ont- (participial suffix) + *-i- (suffix of action) + *-nós (adjective-forming suffix), or from Proto-Indo-European *-ótr̥.\nThe -undus suffix, first associated with intransitive deponent verbs as sequor (secundus), orior (oriundus), lābor (lābundus), and other relics, then transited from a derivative to an inflectional category, and the gerundive assumed its canonical shape and function.\nThe sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read. The replacement of -undus by -endus was a late development under the influence of the present participle; older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc.\nThe derivation from gerundive to the later gerund could then be as easy as an abstraction from “ad librum legendum” (“to read the book”) to “ad legendum” (“to read”). Compare -bundus and -cundus.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-adecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undōrum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undārum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undōrum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undīs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undōs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undās",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undīs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unde",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-undus"
      },
      "name": "la-adecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latin 2-syllable words",
        "Latin adjective-forming suffixes",
        "Latin first and second declension suffixes",
        "Latin lemmas",
        "Latin suffixes",
        "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "sequor (“follow”) → secundus (“following”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "orior (“rise”) → oriundus (“rising, originating”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "lābor (“glide, slide, fall”) → lābundus (“falling”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "rotō (“turn around, roll”) → rotundus (“rolling”)"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Derives adjective nouns from verbs, similar to present participles, but without the present time restriction"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "declension-2",
        "morpheme",
        "suffix"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈun.dus/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈʊn̪d̪ʊs̠]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈun.dus/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈun̪d̪us]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-undus"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-03-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-03-01 using wiktextract (68773ab and 5f6ddbb). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.