"-undus" meaning in Latin

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "*crepundus"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "French",
          "lang_code": "fr",
          "word": "-ond"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle French",
      "lang_code": "frm",
      "word": "-ond"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*-ontnos"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *-ontnos",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-onts",
        "3": "*-ont-",
        "pos": "participial suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ont- (participial suffix)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-tr̥",
        "3": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tr̥",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Possibly from Proto-Italic *-ontnos, syncopated from *-ontinos, from Proto-Indo-European *-ont- (participial suffix) + *-i- (abstract noun-suffix) + *-nós (adjective-forming suffix), or from Proto-Indo-European *-tr̥.\nThe -undus suffix, first associated with intransitive deponent verbs as sequor (secundus), orior (oriundus), lābor (lābundus), and other relics, then transitioned from a derivative to an inflectional category, and the gerundive assumed its canonical shape and function.\nThe sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read.\nAs with the present participle, the vowel before -n- varies depending on the conjugation class of the verb. All first-conjugation verbs use -andus and all second-conjugation verbs use -endus. Verbs of the third and fourth conjugations show variation between (i)-undus (derived from PIE o-grade) and -(i)-endus (derived from PIE zero-grade), with the latter form dominant by Classical Latin, though not as completely as in the present participle: older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc. Compare the even rarer relics of o-grade vocalism in the present participle, such as the oblique stem eunt- of iēns and the stem volunt- preserved in the noun voluntās.\nThe derivation from gerundive to the later gerund could then be as easy as an abstraction from “ad librum legendum” (“to the book to be read”) to “ad legendum” (“in order to read”). Compare -bundus and -cundus.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-adecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undī",
          "-undi#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undī",
          "-undi#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undī",
          "-undi#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undōrum",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undōrum",
          "-undorum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undārum",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undārum",
          "-undarum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undōrum",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undōrum",
          "-undorum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undō",
          "-undo#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undō",
          "-undo#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undīs",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undīs",
          "-undis#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undōs",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undōs",
          "-undos#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undās",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undās",
          "-undas#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undō",
          "-undo#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undā",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undā",
          "-unda#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undō",
          "-undo#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undīs",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undīs",
          "-undis#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unde",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undī",
          "-undi#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-undus",
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-undus (feminine -unda, neuter -undum); first/second-declension suffix",
      "name": "la-suffix-adj"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-undus"
      },
      "name": "la-adecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "-andus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "-āns"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "-ēns"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "-bundus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "-cundus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "-endus"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "sequor (“follow”) → secundus (“following”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "orior (“rise”) → oriundus (“rising, originating”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "lābor (“glide, slide, fall”) → lābundus (“falling”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "rotō (“turn around, roll”) → rotundus (“rolling”)"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "derives adjective nouns from verbs, similar to present participles, but without the present time restriction"
      ],
      "id": "en--undus-la-suffix-2ZQRw2SV",
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "declension-2",
        "morpheme",
        "suffix"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin terms with collocations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages linking to anchors not found in Appendix:Glossary",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 67",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "37 63",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using catfix",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "38 62",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "38 62",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "bribery",
          "tags": [
            "collocation"
          ],
          "text": "pecuniae repetundae",
          "translation": "bribery",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Old Latin or archaic ending of the future passive participle (gerundive) of third- and fourth-conjugation verbs; also classically retained in the following legal set phrase"
      ],
      "id": "en--undus-la-suffix-ohPprHty",
      "links": [
        [
          "gerundive",
          "Appendix:Glossary#gerundive"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "Old Latin or archaic ending of the future passive participle (gerundive) of third- and fourth-conjugation verbs; also classically retained in the following legal set phrase:"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "declension-2",
        "morpheme",
        "suffix"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ʊn.dʊs]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[un.dus]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-undus"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Latin 2-syllable words",
    "Latin adjective-forming suffixes",
    "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latin first and second declension suffixes",
    "Latin inflectional suffixes",
    "Latin lemmas",
    "Latin suffixes",
    "Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
    "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "*crepundus"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "French",
          "lang_code": "fr",
          "word": "-ond"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle French",
      "lang_code": "frm",
      "word": "-ond"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*-ontnos"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *-ontnos",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-onts",
        "3": "*-ont-",
        "pos": "participial suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ont- (participial suffix)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-tr̥",
        "3": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tr̥",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Possibly from Proto-Italic *-ontnos, syncopated from *-ontinos, from Proto-Indo-European *-ont- (participial suffix) + *-i- (abstract noun-suffix) + *-nós (adjective-forming suffix), or from Proto-Indo-European *-tr̥.\nThe -undus suffix, first associated with intransitive deponent verbs as sequor (secundus), orior (oriundus), lābor (lābundus), and other relics, then transitioned from a derivative to an inflectional category, and the gerundive assumed its canonical shape and function.\nThe sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read.\nAs with the present participle, the vowel before -n- varies depending on the conjugation class of the verb. All first-conjugation verbs use -andus and all second-conjugation verbs use -endus. Verbs of the third and fourth conjugations show variation between (i)-undus (derived from PIE o-grade) and -(i)-endus (derived from PIE zero-grade), with the latter form dominant by Classical Latin, though not as completely as in the present participle: older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc. Compare the even rarer relics of o-grade vocalism in the present participle, such as the oblique stem eunt- of iēns and the stem volunt- preserved in the noun voluntās.\nThe derivation from gerundive to the later gerund could then be as easy as an abstraction from “ad librum legendum” (“to the book to be read”) to “ad legendum” (“in order to read”). Compare -bundus and -cundus.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-adecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undī",
          "-undi#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undī",
          "-undi#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undī",
          "-undi#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undōrum",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undōrum",
          "-undorum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undārum",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undārum",
          "-undarum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undōrum",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undōrum",
          "-undorum#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undō",
          "-undo#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undō",
          "-undo#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undīs",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undīs",
          "-undis#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undōs",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undōs",
          "-undos#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undās",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undās",
          "-undas#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undō",
          "-undo#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undā",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undā",
          "-unda#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undō",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undō",
          "-undo#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undīs",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undīs",
          "-undis#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "feminine",
        "masculine",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unde",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undī",
      "links": [
        [
          "-undī",
          "-undi#Latin"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-undae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-unda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-undus",
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-undus (feminine -unda, neuter -undum); first/second-declension suffix",
      "name": "la-suffix-adj"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-undus"
      },
      "name": "la-adecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "-andus"
    },
    {
      "word": "-āns"
    },
    {
      "word": "-ēns"
    },
    {
      "word": "-bundus"
    },
    {
      "word": "-cundus"
    },
    {
      "word": "-endus"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "sequor (“follow”) → secundus (“following”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "orior (“rise”) → oriundus (“rising, originating”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "lābor (“glide, slide, fall”) → lābundus (“falling”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "rotō (“turn around, roll”) → rotundus (“rolling”)"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "derives adjective nouns from verbs, similar to present participles, but without the present time restriction"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "declension-2",
        "morpheme",
        "suffix"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latin terms with collocations",
        "Pages linking to anchors not found in Appendix:Glossary"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "bribery",
          "tags": [
            "collocation"
          ],
          "text": "pecuniae repetundae",
          "translation": "bribery",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Old Latin or archaic ending of the future passive participle (gerundive) of third- and fourth-conjugation verbs; also classically retained in the following legal set phrase"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "gerundive",
          "Appendix:Glossary#gerundive"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "Old Latin or archaic ending of the future passive participle (gerundive) of third- and fourth-conjugation verbs; also classically retained in the following legal set phrase:"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "declension-2",
        "morpheme",
        "suffix"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ʊn.dʊs]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Latin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[un.dus]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-undus"
}