See -undus on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*-ontnos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *-ontnos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-ont-",
"pos": "participial suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ont- (participial suffix)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-ótr̥",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ótr̥",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "The sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read. The replacement of -undus by -endus was a late development under the influence of the present participle; older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc."
},
"expansion": "The sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read. The replacement of -undus by -endus was a late development under the influence of the present participle; older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc.",
"name": "blockquote"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly from Proto-Italic *-ontnos, syncopated from *-ontinos, from Proto-Indo-European *-ont- (participial suffix) + *-i- (abstract noun-suffix) + *-nós (adjective-forming suffix), or from Proto-Indo-European *-ótr̥.\nThe -undus suffix, first associated with intransitive deponent verbs as sequor (secundus), orior (oriundus), lābor (lābundus), and other relics, then transited from a derivative to an inflectional category, and the gerundive assumed its canonical shape and function.\nThe sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read. The replacement of -undus by -endus was a late development under the influence of the present participle; older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc.\nThe derivation from gerundive to the later gerund could then be as easy as an abstraction from “ad librum legendum” (“to the book to be read”) to “ad legendum” (“in order to read”). Compare -bundus and -cundus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-unda",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-undum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-undus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-unda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-unda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-undī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-undōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-undō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "-undum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-unda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-undō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "-unde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-unda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-undum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-undī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-undae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-unda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-undus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "sequor (“follow”) → secundus (“following”)"
},
{
"text": "orior (“rise”) → oriundus (“rising, originating”)"
},
{
"text": "lābor (“glide, slide, fall”) → lābundus (“falling”)"
},
{
"text": "rotō (“turn around, roll”) → rotundus (“rolling”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives adjective nouns from verbs, similar to present participles, but without the present time restriction"
],
"id": "en--undus-la-suffix-W~FcAP80",
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"declension-2",
"morpheme",
"suffix"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈun.dus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈʊn̪d̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈun.dus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈun̪d̪us]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "-undus"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*-ontnos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *-ontnos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-ont-",
"pos": "participial suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ont- (participial suffix)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-ótr̥",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ótr̥",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "The sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read. The replacement of -undus by -endus was a late development under the influence of the present participle; older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc."
},
"expansion": "The sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read. The replacement of -undus by -endus was a late development under the influence of the present participle; older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc.",
"name": "blockquote"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly from Proto-Italic *-ontnos, syncopated from *-ontinos, from Proto-Indo-European *-ont- (participial suffix) + *-i- (abstract noun-suffix) + *-nós (adjective-forming suffix), or from Proto-Indo-European *-ótr̥.\nThe -undus suffix, first associated with intransitive deponent verbs as sequor (secundus), orior (oriundus), lābor (lābundus), and other relics, then transited from a derivative to an inflectional category, and the gerundive assumed its canonical shape and function.\nThe sense of necessity (“needing to be read,” etc.) was a pragmatic outgrowth of the more basic meaning: a book that is readable or “disposed” to be read is one that probably should be read. The replacement of -undus by -endus was a late development under the influence of the present participle; older Latin still has vertundus, legundus, etc.\nThe derivation from gerundive to the later gerund could then be as easy as an abstraction from “ad librum legendum” (“to the book to be read”) to “ad legendum” (“in order to read”). Compare -bundus and -cundus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-unda",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-undum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-undus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-unda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-unda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-undī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-undōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-undō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "-undum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-unda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-undō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-undīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "-unde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-unda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-undum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-undī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-undae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-unda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-undus"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin adjective-forming suffixes",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin first and second declension suffixes",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin suffixes",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European links with redundant wikilinks"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "sequor (“follow”) → secundus (“following”)"
},
{
"text": "orior (“rise”) → oriundus (“rising, originating”)"
},
{
"text": "lābor (“glide, slide, fall”) → lābundus (“falling”)"
},
{
"text": "rotō (“turn around, roll”) → rotundus (“rolling”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives adjective nouns from verbs, similar to present participles, but without the present time restriction"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"declension-2",
"morpheme",
"suffix"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈun.dus/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈʊn̪d̪ʊs̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈun.dus/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈun̪d̪us]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "-undus"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -undus meaning in All languages combined (6.6kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/20250113b",
"msg": "Rowspan 999 over 30, set to 1",
"path": [
"-undus"
],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-undus",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.