See two-spirit in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
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"2": "dwóh₁"
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)peys-"
},
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},
{
"args": {
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"2": "two",
"3": "spirit",
"notext": "1",
"type": "exocentric"
},
"expansion": "two + spirit",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "PIE word\n *dwóh₁\nFrom two + spirit.",
"head_templates": [
{
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"expansion": "two-spirit (not comparable)",
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{
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{
"ref": "1957, The Harvard Divinity School Bulletin, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press [for the Harvard Divinity School], →ISSN, →OCLC, page 133:",
"text": "Paul's grasp of the [Holy] Spirit as the sign of the erupting messianic age is at odds with the two-spirit thought of Qumran which never became incompatible with law observance.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Involving two spirits; especially, pertaining to the doctrine of dualism espoused in the so-called Treatise on the Two Spirits in the Dead Sea Scrolls."
],
"id": "en-two-spirit-en-adj-YlN~yf6u",
"links": [
[
"theology",
"theology"
],
[
"Involving",
"involve"
],
[
"two",
"two#Numeral"
],
[
"spirits",
"spirit#Noun"
],
[
"doctrine",
"doctrine"
],
[
"dualism",
"dualism"
],
[
"espouse",
"espouse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(theology) Involving two spirits; especially, pertaining to the doctrine of dualism espoused in the so-called Treatise on the Two Spirits in the Dead Sea Scrolls."
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"topics": [
"lifestyle",
"religion",
"theology"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "involving two spirits; especially, pertaining to the doctrine of dualism",
"word": "kahden sielun"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "s dvumjá dúšami",
"sense": "involving two spirits; especially, pertaining to the doctrine of dualism",
"word": "с двумя́ ду́шами"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuːˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav",
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},
{
"ipa": "/tuˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪɹɪt (one pronunciation)"
}
],
"word": "two-spirit"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
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{
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{
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"name": "der"
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"args": {
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"etymology_text": "The noun is derived from two + spirit, coined in 1990 at the Third Annual Inter-tribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and Lesbian American Conference held in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, based on Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”) (coined at the same conference), from niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”) + -wag (suffix denoting the third-person plural of an animate noun); the term was created to replace berdache in anthropological literature which was considered offensive.\nThe adjective is derived from the noun.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "two-spirits",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "two spirit",
"tags": [
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}
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{
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],
"derived": [
{
"word": "2"
},
{
"word": "2S"
},
{
"word": "two-spirited"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2006, Walter L[ee] Williams, Toby Johnson, “About the Historical Accuracy of this Novel”, in Two Spirits: A Story of Life with the Navajo, Maple Shade, N.J.: Lethe Press, →ISBN, page 322:",
"text": "The Lakota, by the way, called their Two-Spirits winkte and wapetokeca which means \"people with special powers.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2006 October 8, John Leland, “A spirit of belonging, inside and out”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-12-19:",
"text": "\"The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit,\" he [Joey Criddle] said, underscoring the idea that simply being gay and Indian does not make someone a Two-Spirit.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "c. 2013, Harlan Pruden, Se-ah-dom Edmo, “Two-spirit People: Sex, Gender & Sexuality in Historic and Contemporary Native America”, in ESIT Weekly, [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Department of Children, Youth & Families, published 18 March 2022, archived from the original on 2025-03-29, page [2]:",
"text": "The term/identity of two-spirit does not make sense unless it is contextualized within a Native American frame […] Today, most people associate the term with LGBT Natives; however, the work of the two-spirit organizations is more akin with the traditional understanding",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A Native North American bisexual, homosexual, or gender-variant person; especially one belonging to a traditional tribal third-gender, fourth-gender, or transgender cultural category that has a ceremonial role."
],
"id": "en-two-spirit-en-noun-JWotyIVR",
"links": [
[
"Native",
"Native American#Adjective"
],
[
"North American",
"North American#Adjective"
],
[
"bisexual",
"bisexual#Adjective"
],
[
"homosexual",
"homosexual#Adjective"
],
[
"gender",
"gender#Noun"
],
[
"variant",
"variant#Adjective"
],
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"belonging",
"belong#Verb"
],
[
"traditional",
"traditional#Adjective"
],
[
"tribal",
"tribal#Adjective"
],
[
"third-gender",
"third gender"
],
[
"fourth-gender",
"fourth gender"
],
[
"transgender",
"transgender#Adjective"
],
[
"cultural",
"cultural"
],
[
"category",
"category"
],
[
"ceremonial",
"ceremonial#Adjective"
],
[
"role",
"role"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly Canada, US) A Native North American bisexual, homosexual, or gender-variant person; especially one belonging to a traditional tribal third-gender, fourth-gender, or transgender cultural category that has a ceremonial role."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "acault"
},
{
"english": "now considered offensive",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "berdachism"
},
{
"word": "sworn virgin"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "2"
},
{
"word": "2S"
},
{
"word": "berdache"
},
{
"word": "hermaphrodite"
}
],
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ale",
"lang": "Aleut",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ayagigux̂"
},
{
"code": "ale",
"lang": "Aleut",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "tayagigux̂"
},
{
"code": "ems",
"lang": "Alutiiq",
"note": "Chugach dialect",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "aranu'tiq"
},
{
"code": "arp",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Arapaho",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "haxu'xan"
},
{
"code": "ari",
"lang": "Arikara",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "skuxát"
},
{
"code": "asb",
"lang": "Assiniboine",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "wįktą"
},
{
"code": "atw",
"english": "female-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Atsugewi",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "brumaiwi"
},
{
"code": "atw",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Atsugewi",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "yaawa"
},
{
"code": "bla",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Blackfoot",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "awau-katsik-saki"
},
{
"code": "bla",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Blackfoot",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "a'yai-kik-ahsi"
},
{
"code": "bla",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Blackfoot",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ninauh-oskiti-pahpyaki"
},
{
"code": "ess",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Central Siberian Yupik",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "anasik"
},
{
"code": "ess",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Central Siberian Yupik",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "uktasik"
},
{
"code": "chy",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Cheyenne",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "he'émane"
},
{
"code": "chy",
"english": "male-bodied trans person; hermaphrodite; gay man",
"lang": "Cheyenne",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "he'émáné'e"
},
{
"code": "chy",
"english": "female-bodied trans person",
"lang": "Cheyenne",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "hetanémáné'e"
},
{
"code": "iow",
"lang": "Chiwere",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "mixo'ge (transvestite or transgender person)"
},
{
"code": "coc",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Cocopa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "elha"
},
{
"code": "coc",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Cocopa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "warrhameh"
},
{
"code": "crd",
"lang": "Coeur d'Alene",
"note": "st'amia (intersex/bigender person; female-bodied trans person)",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "cr",
"lang": "Cree",
"roman": "eyihkwew",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ᐁᔨᐦᑵᐤ"
},
{
"code": "cr",
"lang": "Cree",
"note": "especially in Plains Cree; male-bodied trans-/bi-/third-gender person",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "êyihkwêw"
},
{
"code": "cro",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Crow",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "bate"
},
{
"code": "dak",
"lang": "Dakota",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "wiŋkta"
},
{
"code": "dak",
"lang": "Dakota",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "winkta"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "duspiritulo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kaksisieluinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "bispirituel"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "berdache"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "bardache"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Two-Spirit"
},
{
"code": "ats",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Gros Ventre",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "athuth"
},
{
"code": "hid",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Hidatsa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "miati"
},
{
"code": "hop",
"lang": "Hopi",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "hova (quod vide)"
},
{
"code": "iu",
"lang": "Inuktitut",
"roman": "sipiniq",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ᓯᐱᓂᖅ"
},
{
"code": "iu",
"lang": "Inuktitut",
"roman": "sipiniq",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "sipiniq"
},
{
"code": "itl",
"lang": "Itelmen",
"roman": "male-bodied",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "koekchuch"
},
{
"code": "itl",
"lang": "Itelmen",
"roman": "male-bodied",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "коекчуч"
},
{
"code": "ksk",
"lang": "Kansa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "míⁿxoge"
},
{
"code": "kee",
"english": "male-bodied person who lives as a woman",
"lang": "Eastern Keres",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kokwima"
},
{
"code": "kjq",
"english": "male-bodied person who lives as a woman",
"lang": "Western Keres",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kokwimu"
},
{
"code": "kjq",
"english": "male-bodied person who lives as a woman",
"lang": "Western Keres",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kok'we'ma"
},
{
"code": "kla",
"english": "male- or female-bodied",
"lang": "Klamath-Modoc",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "t'winiːq"
},
{
"code": "cuk",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Kuna",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "omegiid"
},
{
"code": "kut",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Kutenai",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kupatke'tek"
},
{
"code": "kut",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Kutenai",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "titqattek"
},
{
"code": "lkt",
"lang": "Lakota",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "wíŋkte"
},
{
"code": "lui",
"lang": "Luiseño",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kwit (Juaneño dialect; male-bodied)"
},
{
"code": "lui",
"lang": "Luiseño",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "cuit (Luiseño dialect; male-bodied)"
},
{
"code": "mhq",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Mandan",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "mihdeke"
},
{
"code": "arn",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Mapudungun",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "weye"
},
{
"code": "mrc",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Maricopa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ilyaxai'"
},
{
"code": "mrc",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Maricopa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kwiraxame'"
},
{
"code": "mov",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Mojave",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "alyha"
},
{
"code": "mov",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Mojave",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "hwame"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "nádleeh"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "nádleehé"
},
{
"code": "nol",
"lang": "Nomlaki",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "walusa (hermaphrodite)"
},
{
"code": "pao",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Northern Paiute",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "tüdayapi"
},
{
"code": "oj",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Ojibwe",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ikwekaazo"
},
{
"code": "oj",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Ojibwe",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ininiikaazo"
},
{
"code": "oma",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Omaha-Ponca",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "mix'uga"
},
{
"code": "paw",
"english": "Skiri Pawnee: male-bodied person who lives and dresses as a woman",
"lang": "Pawnee",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ckúsaat"
},
{
"code": "paw",
"english": "Skiri Pawnee: male-bodied person who lives and dresses as a woman",
"lang": "Pawnee",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kúsaat"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "dois-espíritos"
},
{
"code": "pot",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Potawatomi",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "m'netokwe"
},
{
"code": "qu",
"english": "Inca; male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "quariwarmi"
},
{
"code": "qui",
"lang": "Quileute",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "yah'wa"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "berdaš",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "бердаш"
},
{
"code": "tix",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Southern Tiwa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "lhunide"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "dos espíritus"
},
{
"code": "tew",
"english": "trans- or third-gender person",
"lang": "Tewa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kwido"
},
{
"code": "tli",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Tlingit",
"raw_tags": [
"used to mean “coward”"
],
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"tags": [
"also"
],
"word": "gatxan"
},
{
"code": "kuu",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Upper Kuskokwim",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "aranaruaq"
},
{
"code": "kuu",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Upper Kuskokwim",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "angutnguaq"
},
{
"code": "veo",
"lang": "Ventureño",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "'aqi"
},
{
"code": "wlk",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Wailaki",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "clele"
},
{
"code": "apw",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Western Apache",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ndéʼsdzan"
},
{
"code": "yok-kry",
"english": "Kocheyali; sometimes used of two-spirits",
"lang": "Kings River Yokuts",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "tonoo'tcim"
},
{
"code": "yok-ply",
"lang": "Palewyami",
"raw_tags": [
"used of two-spirits"
],
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"tags": [
"sometimes"
],
"word": "tonocim"
},
{
"code": "yok-svy",
"english": "Tachi Yokuts; sometimes used of two-spirits",
"lang": "Southern Valley Yokuts",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "tonochim"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Yuki",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "í-wa-musp"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Yuki",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "íwap náip/ipnaip"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Yuki",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "musp-íwap náip"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"english": "Huchnom; male-bodied",
"lang": "Yuki",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "iwap kuti"
},
{
"code": "yum",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Yuma",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "elxa'"
},
{
"code": "yum",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Yuma",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kwe'rhame"
},
{
"code": "yur",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Yurok",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "wergern"
},
{
"code": "yur",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Yurok",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "wrgrn"
},
{
"code": "zap",
"english": "male-bodied; gay man",
"lang": "Zapotec",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "(ira') muxe"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Zuni",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "lhamana"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"english": "female-bodied two-spirit; humorous",
"lang": "Zuni",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "katsotse"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"english": "female-bodied two-spirit; humorous",
"lang": "Zuni",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "katsotstsi'"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"english": "female-bodied two-spirit; humorous",
"lang": "Zuni",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "katsotstsi"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuːˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪɹɪt (one pronunciation)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"San Francisco Pride"
],
"word": "two-spirit"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "two",
"3": "spirit"
},
"expansion": "two + spirit",
"name": "compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "coined"
},
"expansion": "coined",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "oj",
"3": "niizh manidoowag",
"t": "two spirits"
},
"expansion": "Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "third-person"
},
"expansion": "third-person",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "plural"
},
"expansion": "plural",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "animate"
},
"expansion": "animate",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The noun is derived from two + spirit, coined in 1990 at the Third Annual Inter-tribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and Lesbian American Conference held in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, based on Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”) (coined at the same conference), from niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”) + -wag (suffix denoting the third-person plural of an animate noun); the term was created to replace berdache in anthropological literature which was considered offensive.\nThe adjective is derived from the noun.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "two-spirit (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"two-spir‧it"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "American English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Canadian English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "42 11 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1996, Walter L[ee] Williams, “Two-spirit Persons: Gender Nonconformity among Native American and Native Hawaiian Youths”, in Ritch C. Savin-Williams, Kenneth M. Cohen, editors, The Lives of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals: Children to Adults, Fort Worth, Tex.; Philadelphia, Pa.: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, →ISBN, part 4 (Cultural and Mental Health Issues), page 421:",
"text": "A Hupa two-spirit male told me: / I was real feminine as a child, from as early as I can remember. […] Within the family, Indians believe you can be whatever you choose.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1997, Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Wesley Thomas, Sabine Lang, “Introduction”, in Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Wesley Thomas, Sabine Lang, editors, Two-spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality, Urbana; Chicago, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, →ISBN, page 4:",
"text": "[I]t should come as no surprise that many Native American gay, lesbian, transgender, and other two-spirit people consider the term \"berdache\" derogatory.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1997, Ron Rowell, “Developing AIDS Services for Native Americans: Rural and Urban Contrasts”, in Lester B. Brown, editor, Two Spirit People: American Indian, Lesbian Women and Gay Men, Binghamton, N.Y.; London: Harrington Park Press, →ISBN, page 88:",
"text": "In Canada there are now aboriginal (as we are termed in Canadian English) AIDS projects in the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Nova Scotia, due almost entirely to the efforts of two-spirit (gay/lesbian) people.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2010 October 11, Walter L[ee] Williams, “The ‘two-spirit’ people of indigenous North Americans”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2025-03-25:",
"text": "Instead of seeing two-spirit persons as transsexuals who try to make themselves into \"the opposite sex\", it is more accurate to understand them as individuals who take on a gender status that is different from both men and women. […] Two-spirit people were respected by native societies not only due to religious attitudes, but also because of practical concerns. […] Two-spirit persons assisted their siblings' children and took care of elderly relatives, and often served as adoptive parents for homeless children.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of, pertaining to, or being a two-spirit (noun sense)."
],
"id": "en-two-spirit-en-adj-~HBBdi4u",
"links": [
[
"two-spirit",
"two-spirit#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly Canada, US) Of, pertaining to, or being a two-spirit (noun sense)."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "two-spirited"
}
],
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US",
"not-comparable"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "of, pertaining to, or being a two-spirit",
"word": "duspirita"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of, pertaining to, or being a two-spirit",
"word": "kaksisieluinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "of, pertaining to, or being a two-spirit",
"word": "bispirituel"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuːˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪɹɪt (one pronunciation)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"San Francisco Pride"
],
"word": "two-spirit"
}
{
"categories": [
"Central Siberian Yupik terms in nonstandard scripts",
"English adjectives",
"English coinages",
"English compound terms",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English exocentric compounds",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English noun-noun compound nouns",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Ojibwe",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)peys-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *dwóh₁",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɪɹɪt",
"Rhymes:English/ɪɹɪt/3 syllables",
"Terms with Aleut translations",
"Terms with Alutiiq translations",
"Terms with Arapaho translations",
"Terms with Arikara translations",
"Terms with Assiniboine translations",
"Terms with Atsugewi translations",
"Terms with Blackfoot translations",
"Terms with Central Siberian Yupik translations",
"Terms with Cheyenne translations",
"Terms with Chiwere translations",
"Terms with Cocopa translations",
"Terms with Coeur d'Alene translations",
"Terms with Cree translations",
"Terms with Crow translations",
"Terms with Dakota translations",
"Terms with Eastern Keres translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Gros Ventre translations",
"Terms with Hidatsa translations",
"Terms with Hopi translations",
"Terms with Inuktitut translations",
"Terms with Itelmen translations",
"Terms with Kansa translations",
"Terms with Kings River Yokuts translations",
"Terms with Klamath-Modoc translations",
"Terms with Kuna translations",
"Terms with Kutenai translations",
"Terms with Lakota translations",
"Terms with Luiseño translations",
"Terms with Mandan translations",
"Terms with Mapudungun translations",
"Terms with Maricopa translations",
"Terms with Mojave translations",
"Terms with Navajo translations",
"Terms with Nomlaki translations",
"Terms with Northern Paiute translations",
"Terms with Ojibwe translations",
"Terms with Omaha-Ponca translations",
"Terms with Palewyami translations",
"Terms with Pawnee translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Potawatomi translations",
"Terms with Quechua translations",
"Terms with Quileute translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Southern Tiwa translations",
"Terms with Southern Valley Yokuts translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Tewa translations",
"Terms with Tlingit translations",
"Terms with Upper Kuskokwim translations",
"Terms with Ventureño translations",
"Terms with Wailaki translations",
"Terms with Western Apache translations",
"Terms with Western Keres translations",
"Terms with Yuki translations",
"Terms with Yuma translations",
"Terms with Yurok translations",
"Terms with Zapotec translations",
"Terms with Zuni translations",
"Upper Kuskokwim terms in nonstandard scripts",
"en:Gender",
"en:People",
"en:Transgender",
"en:Two"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dwóh₁"
},
"expansion": "PIE word\n *dwóh₁",
"name": "PIE word"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)peys-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "two",
"3": "spirit",
"notext": "1",
"type": "exocentric"
},
"expansion": "two + spirit",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "PIE word\n *dwóh₁\nFrom two + spirit.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "two-spirit (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"two-spir‧it"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Theology"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1957, The Harvard Divinity School Bulletin, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press [for the Harvard Divinity School], →ISSN, →OCLC, page 133:",
"text": "Paul's grasp of the [Holy] Spirit as the sign of the erupting messianic age is at odds with the two-spirit thought of Qumran which never became incompatible with law observance.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Involving two spirits; especially, pertaining to the doctrine of dualism espoused in the so-called Treatise on the Two Spirits in the Dead Sea Scrolls."
],
"links": [
[
"theology",
"theology"
],
[
"Involving",
"involve"
],
[
"two",
"two#Numeral"
],
[
"spirits",
"spirit#Noun"
],
[
"doctrine",
"doctrine"
],
[
"dualism",
"dualism"
],
[
"espouse",
"espouse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(theology) Involving two spirits; especially, pertaining to the doctrine of dualism espoused in the so-called Treatise on the Two Spirits in the Dead Sea Scrolls."
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"topics": [
"lifestyle",
"religion",
"theology"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuːˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪɹɪt (one pronunciation)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "involving two spirits; especially, pertaining to the doctrine of dualism",
"word": "kahden sielun"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "s dvumjá dúšami",
"sense": "involving two spirits; especially, pertaining to the doctrine of dualism",
"word": "с двумя́ ду́шами"
}
],
"word": "two-spirit"
}
{
"categories": [
"Central Siberian Yupik terms in nonstandard scripts",
"English adjectives",
"English coinages",
"English compound terms",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English noun-noun compound nouns",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Ojibwe",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɪɹɪt",
"Rhymes:English/ɪɹɪt/3 syllables",
"Terms with Aleut translations",
"Terms with Alutiiq translations",
"Terms with Arapaho translations",
"Terms with Arikara translations",
"Terms with Assiniboine translations",
"Terms with Atsugewi translations",
"Terms with Blackfoot translations",
"Terms with Central Siberian Yupik translations",
"Terms with Cheyenne translations",
"Terms with Chiwere translations",
"Terms with Cocopa translations",
"Terms with Coeur d'Alene translations",
"Terms with Cree translations",
"Terms with Crow translations",
"Terms with Dakota translations",
"Terms with Eastern Keres translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Gros Ventre translations",
"Terms with Hidatsa translations",
"Terms with Hopi translations",
"Terms with Inuktitut translations",
"Terms with Itelmen translations",
"Terms with Kansa translations",
"Terms with Kings River Yokuts translations",
"Terms with Klamath-Modoc translations",
"Terms with Kuna translations",
"Terms with Kutenai translations",
"Terms with Lakota translations",
"Terms with Luiseño translations",
"Terms with Mandan translations",
"Terms with Mapudungun translations",
"Terms with Maricopa translations",
"Terms with Mojave translations",
"Terms with Navajo translations",
"Terms with Nomlaki translations",
"Terms with Northern Paiute translations",
"Terms with Ojibwe translations",
"Terms with Omaha-Ponca translations",
"Terms with Palewyami translations",
"Terms with Pawnee translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Potawatomi translations",
"Terms with Quechua translations",
"Terms with Quileute translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Southern Tiwa translations",
"Terms with Southern Valley Yokuts translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Tewa translations",
"Terms with Tlingit translations",
"Terms with Upper Kuskokwim translations",
"Terms with Ventureño translations",
"Terms with Wailaki translations",
"Terms with Western Apache translations",
"Terms with Western Keres translations",
"Terms with Yuki translations",
"Terms with Yuma translations",
"Terms with Yurok translations",
"Terms with Zapotec translations",
"Terms with Zuni translations",
"Upper Kuskokwim terms in nonstandard scripts",
"en:Gender",
"en:People",
"en:Transgender",
"en:Two"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "2"
},
{
"word": "2S"
},
{
"word": "two-spirited"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "two",
"3": "spirit"
},
"expansion": "two + spirit",
"name": "compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "coined"
},
"expansion": "coined",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "oj",
"3": "niizh manidoowag",
"t": "two spirits"
},
"expansion": "Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "third-person"
},
"expansion": "third-person",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "plural"
},
"expansion": "plural",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "animate"
},
"expansion": "animate",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The noun is derived from two + spirit, coined in 1990 at the Third Annual Inter-tribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and Lesbian American Conference held in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, based on Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”) (coined at the same conference), from niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”) + -wag (suffix denoting the third-person plural of an animate noun); the term was created to replace berdache in anthropological literature which was considered offensive.\nThe adjective is derived from the noun.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "two-spirits",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "two spirit",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "two-spirit (plural two-spirits)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"two-spir‧it"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "acault"
},
{
"english": "now considered offensive",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "berdachism"
},
{
"word": "sworn virgin"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"American English",
"Canadian English",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2006, Walter L[ee] Williams, Toby Johnson, “About the Historical Accuracy of this Novel”, in Two Spirits: A Story of Life with the Navajo, Maple Shade, N.J.: Lethe Press, →ISBN, page 322:",
"text": "The Lakota, by the way, called their Two-Spirits winkte and wapetokeca which means \"people with special powers.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2006 October 8, John Leland, “A spirit of belonging, inside and out”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-12-19:",
"text": "\"The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit,\" he [Joey Criddle] said, underscoring the idea that simply being gay and Indian does not make someone a Two-Spirit.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "c. 2013, Harlan Pruden, Se-ah-dom Edmo, “Two-spirit People: Sex, Gender & Sexuality in Historic and Contemporary Native America”, in ESIT Weekly, [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Department of Children, Youth & Families, published 18 March 2022, archived from the original on 2025-03-29, page [2]:",
"text": "The term/identity of two-spirit does not make sense unless it is contextualized within a Native American frame […] Today, most people associate the term with LGBT Natives; however, the work of the two-spirit organizations is more akin with the traditional understanding",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A Native North American bisexual, homosexual, or gender-variant person; especially one belonging to a traditional tribal third-gender, fourth-gender, or transgender cultural category that has a ceremonial role."
],
"links": [
[
"Native",
"Native American#Adjective"
],
[
"North American",
"North American#Adjective"
],
[
"bisexual",
"bisexual#Adjective"
],
[
"homosexual",
"homosexual#Adjective"
],
[
"gender",
"gender#Noun"
],
[
"variant",
"variant#Adjective"
],
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"belonging",
"belong#Verb"
],
[
"traditional",
"traditional#Adjective"
],
[
"tribal",
"tribal#Adjective"
],
[
"third-gender",
"third gender"
],
[
"fourth-gender",
"fourth gender"
],
[
"transgender",
"transgender#Adjective"
],
[
"cultural",
"cultural"
],
[
"category",
"category"
],
[
"ceremonial",
"ceremonial#Adjective"
],
[
"role",
"role"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly Canada, US) A Native North American bisexual, homosexual, or gender-variant person; especially one belonging to a traditional tribal third-gender, fourth-gender, or transgender cultural category that has a ceremonial role."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "2"
},
{
"word": "2S"
},
{
"word": "berdache"
},
{
"word": "hermaphrodite"
}
],
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuːˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪɹɪt (one pronunciation)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ale",
"lang": "Aleut",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ayagigux̂"
},
{
"code": "ale",
"lang": "Aleut",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "tayagigux̂"
},
{
"code": "ems",
"lang": "Alutiiq",
"note": "Chugach dialect",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "aranu'tiq"
},
{
"code": "arp",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Arapaho",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "haxu'xan"
},
{
"code": "ari",
"lang": "Arikara",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "skuxát"
},
{
"code": "asb",
"lang": "Assiniboine",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "wįktą"
},
{
"code": "atw",
"english": "female-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Atsugewi",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "brumaiwi"
},
{
"code": "atw",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Atsugewi",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "yaawa"
},
{
"code": "bla",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Blackfoot",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "awau-katsik-saki"
},
{
"code": "bla",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Blackfoot",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "a'yai-kik-ahsi"
},
{
"code": "bla",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Blackfoot",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ninauh-oskiti-pahpyaki"
},
{
"code": "ess",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Central Siberian Yupik",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "anasik"
},
{
"code": "ess",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Central Siberian Yupik",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "uktasik"
},
{
"code": "chy",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Cheyenne",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "he'émane"
},
{
"code": "chy",
"english": "male-bodied trans person; hermaphrodite; gay man",
"lang": "Cheyenne",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "he'émáné'e"
},
{
"code": "chy",
"english": "female-bodied trans person",
"lang": "Cheyenne",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "hetanémáné'e"
},
{
"code": "iow",
"lang": "Chiwere",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "mixo'ge (transvestite or transgender person)"
},
{
"code": "coc",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Cocopa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "elha"
},
{
"code": "coc",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Cocopa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "warrhameh"
},
{
"code": "crd",
"lang": "Coeur d'Alene",
"note": "st'amia (intersex/bigender person; female-bodied trans person)",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "cr",
"lang": "Cree",
"roman": "eyihkwew",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ᐁᔨᐦᑵᐤ"
},
{
"code": "cr",
"lang": "Cree",
"note": "especially in Plains Cree; male-bodied trans-/bi-/third-gender person",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "êyihkwêw"
},
{
"code": "cro",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Crow",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "bate"
},
{
"code": "dak",
"lang": "Dakota",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "wiŋkta"
},
{
"code": "dak",
"lang": "Dakota",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "winkta"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "duspiritulo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kaksisieluinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "bispirituel"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "berdache"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "bardache"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Two-Spirit"
},
{
"code": "ats",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Gros Ventre",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "athuth"
},
{
"code": "hid",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Hidatsa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "miati"
},
{
"code": "hop",
"lang": "Hopi",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "hova (quod vide)"
},
{
"code": "iu",
"lang": "Inuktitut",
"roman": "sipiniq",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ᓯᐱᓂᖅ"
},
{
"code": "iu",
"lang": "Inuktitut",
"roman": "sipiniq",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "sipiniq"
},
{
"code": "itl",
"lang": "Itelmen",
"roman": "male-bodied",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "koekchuch"
},
{
"code": "itl",
"lang": "Itelmen",
"roman": "male-bodied",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "коекчуч"
},
{
"code": "ksk",
"lang": "Kansa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "míⁿxoge"
},
{
"code": "kee",
"english": "male-bodied person who lives as a woman",
"lang": "Eastern Keres",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kokwima"
},
{
"code": "kjq",
"english": "male-bodied person who lives as a woman",
"lang": "Western Keres",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kokwimu"
},
{
"code": "kjq",
"english": "male-bodied person who lives as a woman",
"lang": "Western Keres",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kok'we'ma"
},
{
"code": "kla",
"english": "male- or female-bodied",
"lang": "Klamath-Modoc",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "t'winiːq"
},
{
"code": "cuk",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Kuna",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "omegiid"
},
{
"code": "kut",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Kutenai",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kupatke'tek"
},
{
"code": "kut",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Kutenai",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "titqattek"
},
{
"code": "lkt",
"lang": "Lakota",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "wíŋkte"
},
{
"code": "lui",
"lang": "Luiseño",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kwit (Juaneño dialect; male-bodied)"
},
{
"code": "lui",
"lang": "Luiseño",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "cuit (Luiseño dialect; male-bodied)"
},
{
"code": "mhq",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Mandan",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "mihdeke"
},
{
"code": "arn",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Mapudungun",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "weye"
},
{
"code": "mrc",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Maricopa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ilyaxai'"
},
{
"code": "mrc",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Maricopa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kwiraxame'"
},
{
"code": "mov",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Mojave",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "alyha"
},
{
"code": "mov",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Mojave",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "hwame"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "nádleeh"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "nádleehé"
},
{
"code": "nol",
"lang": "Nomlaki",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "walusa (hermaphrodite)"
},
{
"code": "pao",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Northern Paiute",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "tüdayapi"
},
{
"code": "oj",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Ojibwe",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ikwekaazo"
},
{
"code": "oj",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Ojibwe",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ininiikaazo"
},
{
"code": "oma",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Omaha-Ponca",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "mix'uga"
},
{
"code": "paw",
"english": "Skiri Pawnee: male-bodied person who lives and dresses as a woman",
"lang": "Pawnee",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ckúsaat"
},
{
"code": "paw",
"english": "Skiri Pawnee: male-bodied person who lives and dresses as a woman",
"lang": "Pawnee",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kúsaat"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "dois-espíritos"
},
{
"code": "pot",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Potawatomi",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "m'netokwe"
},
{
"code": "qu",
"english": "Inca; male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "quariwarmi"
},
{
"code": "qui",
"lang": "Quileute",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "yah'wa"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "berdaš",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "бердаш"
},
{
"code": "tix",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Southern Tiwa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "lhunide"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "dos espíritus"
},
{
"code": "tew",
"english": "trans- or third-gender person",
"lang": "Tewa",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kwido"
},
{
"code": "tli",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Tlingit",
"raw_tags": [
"used to mean “coward”"
],
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"tags": [
"also"
],
"word": "gatxan"
},
{
"code": "kuu",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Upper Kuskokwim",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "aranaruaq"
},
{
"code": "kuu",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Upper Kuskokwim",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "angutnguaq"
},
{
"code": "veo",
"lang": "Ventureño",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "'aqi"
},
{
"code": "wlk",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Wailaki",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "clele"
},
{
"code": "apw",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Western Apache",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "ndéʼsdzan"
},
{
"code": "yok-kry",
"english": "Kocheyali; sometimes used of two-spirits",
"lang": "Kings River Yokuts",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "tonoo'tcim"
},
{
"code": "yok-ply",
"lang": "Palewyami",
"raw_tags": [
"used of two-spirits"
],
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"tags": [
"sometimes"
],
"word": "tonocim"
},
{
"code": "yok-svy",
"english": "Tachi Yokuts; sometimes used of two-spirits",
"lang": "Southern Valley Yokuts",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "tonochim"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Yuki",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "í-wa-musp"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Yuki",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "íwap náip/ipnaip"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Yuki",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "musp-íwap náip"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"english": "Huchnom; male-bodied",
"lang": "Yuki",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "iwap kuti"
},
{
"code": "yum",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Yuma",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "elxa'"
},
{
"code": "yum",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Yuma",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "kwe'rhame"
},
{
"code": "yur",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Yurok",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "wergern"
},
{
"code": "yur",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Yurok",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "wrgrn"
},
{
"code": "zap",
"english": "male-bodied; gay man",
"lang": "Zapotec",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "(ira') muxe"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Zuni",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "lhamana"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"english": "female-bodied two-spirit; humorous",
"lang": "Zuni",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "katsotse"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"english": "female-bodied two-spirit; humorous",
"lang": "Zuni",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "katsotstsi'"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"english": "female-bodied two-spirit; humorous",
"lang": "Zuni",
"sense": "Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache",
"word": "katsotstsi"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"San Francisco Pride"
],
"word": "two-spirit"
}
{
"categories": [
"Central Siberian Yupik terms in nonstandard scripts",
"English adjectives",
"English coinages",
"English compound terms",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English noun-noun compound nouns",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Ojibwe",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɪɹɪt",
"Rhymes:English/ɪɹɪt/3 syllables",
"Terms with Aleut translations",
"Terms with Alutiiq translations",
"Terms with Arapaho translations",
"Terms with Arikara translations",
"Terms with Assiniboine translations",
"Terms with Atsugewi translations",
"Terms with Blackfoot translations",
"Terms with Central Siberian Yupik translations",
"Terms with Cheyenne translations",
"Terms with Chiwere translations",
"Terms with Cocopa translations",
"Terms with Coeur d'Alene translations",
"Terms with Cree translations",
"Terms with Crow translations",
"Terms with Dakota translations",
"Terms with Eastern Keres translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Gros Ventre translations",
"Terms with Hidatsa translations",
"Terms with Hopi translations",
"Terms with Inuktitut translations",
"Terms with Itelmen translations",
"Terms with Kansa translations",
"Terms with Kings River Yokuts translations",
"Terms with Klamath-Modoc translations",
"Terms with Kuna translations",
"Terms with Kutenai translations",
"Terms with Lakota translations",
"Terms with Luiseño translations",
"Terms with Mandan translations",
"Terms with Mapudungun translations",
"Terms with Maricopa translations",
"Terms with Mojave translations",
"Terms with Navajo translations",
"Terms with Nomlaki translations",
"Terms with Northern Paiute translations",
"Terms with Ojibwe translations",
"Terms with Omaha-Ponca translations",
"Terms with Palewyami translations",
"Terms with Pawnee translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Potawatomi translations",
"Terms with Quechua translations",
"Terms with Quileute translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Southern Tiwa translations",
"Terms with Southern Valley Yokuts translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Tewa translations",
"Terms with Tlingit translations",
"Terms with Upper Kuskokwim translations",
"Terms with Ventureño translations",
"Terms with Wailaki translations",
"Terms with Western Apache translations",
"Terms with Western Keres translations",
"Terms with Yuki translations",
"Terms with Yuma translations",
"Terms with Yurok translations",
"Terms with Zapotec translations",
"Terms with Zuni translations",
"Upper Kuskokwim terms in nonstandard scripts",
"en:Gender",
"en:People",
"en:Transgender",
"en:Two"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "two",
"3": "spirit"
},
"expansion": "two + spirit",
"name": "compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "coined"
},
"expansion": "coined",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "oj",
"3": "niizh manidoowag",
"t": "two spirits"
},
"expansion": "Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "third-person"
},
"expansion": "third-person",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "plural"
},
"expansion": "plural",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "animate"
},
"expansion": "animate",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The noun is derived from two + spirit, coined in 1990 at the Third Annual Inter-tribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and Lesbian American Conference held in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, based on Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”) (coined at the same conference), from niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”) + -wag (suffix denoting the third-person plural of an animate noun); the term was created to replace berdache in anthropological literature which was considered offensive.\nThe adjective is derived from the noun.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "two-spirit (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"two-spir‧it"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"American English",
"Canadian English",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1996, Walter L[ee] Williams, “Two-spirit Persons: Gender Nonconformity among Native American and Native Hawaiian Youths”, in Ritch C. Savin-Williams, Kenneth M. Cohen, editors, The Lives of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals: Children to Adults, Fort Worth, Tex.; Philadelphia, Pa.: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, →ISBN, part 4 (Cultural and Mental Health Issues), page 421:",
"text": "A Hupa two-spirit male told me: / I was real feminine as a child, from as early as I can remember. […] Within the family, Indians believe you can be whatever you choose.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1997, Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Wesley Thomas, Sabine Lang, “Introduction”, in Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Wesley Thomas, Sabine Lang, editors, Two-spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality, Urbana; Chicago, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, →ISBN, page 4:",
"text": "[I]t should come as no surprise that many Native American gay, lesbian, transgender, and other two-spirit people consider the term \"berdache\" derogatory.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1997, Ron Rowell, “Developing AIDS Services for Native Americans: Rural and Urban Contrasts”, in Lester B. Brown, editor, Two Spirit People: American Indian, Lesbian Women and Gay Men, Binghamton, N.Y.; London: Harrington Park Press, →ISBN, page 88:",
"text": "In Canada there are now aboriginal (as we are termed in Canadian English) AIDS projects in the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Nova Scotia, due almost entirely to the efforts of two-spirit (gay/lesbian) people.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2010 October 11, Walter L[ee] Williams, “The ‘two-spirit’ people of indigenous North Americans”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2025-03-25:",
"text": "Instead of seeing two-spirit persons as transsexuals who try to make themselves into \"the opposite sex\", it is more accurate to understand them as individuals who take on a gender status that is different from both men and women. […] Two-spirit people were respected by native societies not only due to religious attitudes, but also because of practical concerns. […] Two-spirit persons assisted their siblings' children and took care of elderly relatives, and often served as adoptive parents for homeless children.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of, pertaining to, or being a two-spirit (noun sense)."
],
"links": [
[
"two-spirit",
"two-spirit#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly Canada, US) Of, pertaining to, or being a two-spirit (noun sense)."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "two-spirited"
}
],
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US",
"not-comparable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuːˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪɹɪt (one pronunciation)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "of, pertaining to, or being a two-spirit",
"word": "duspirita"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of, pertaining to, or being a two-spirit",
"word": "kaksisieluinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "of, pertaining to, or being a two-spirit",
"word": "bispirituel"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"San Francisco Pride"
],
"word": "two-spirit"
}
Download raw JSONL data for two-spirit meaning in English (39.4kB)
{
"called_from": "translations/609-20230504",
"msg": "Translation too long compared to word, so it is skipped",
"path": [
"two-spirit"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "two-spirit",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/2013",
"msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": quod vide vs. sipiniq",
"path": [
"two-spirit"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "two-spirit",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "translations/611",
"msg": "suspicious translation with '; ': {'lang': 'Luiseño', 'code': 'lui', 'sense': 'Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache', 'word': 'kwit (Juaneño dialect; male-bodied)'}",
"path": [
"two-spirit"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "two-spirit",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "translations/611",
"msg": "suspicious translation with '; ': {'lang': 'Luiseño', 'code': 'lui', 'sense': 'Native North American gender-variant, bisexual, or homosexual person — see also berdache', 'word': 'cuit (Luiseño dialect; male-bodied)'}",
"path": [
"two-spirit"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "two-spirit",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (51d164f and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.