See two-spirit in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "two",
"3": "spirit"
},
"expansion": "two + spirit",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From two + spirit.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "two-spirit (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Theology",
"orig": "en:Theology",
"parents": [
"Philosophy",
"Religion",
"All topics",
"Culture",
"Fundamental",
"Society"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "44 13 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1957, The Harvard Divinity School Bulletin, Harvard University Press, page 133:",
"text": "Paul's grasp of the Spirit as the sign of the erupting messianic age is at odds with the two-spirit thought of Qumran which never became incompatible with law observance.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Involving two spirits; especially, pertaining to the doctrine of dualism espoused in the so-called Treatise on the Two Spirits in the Dead Sea Scrolls."
],
"id": "en-two-spirit-en-adj-YlN~yf6u",
"links": [
[
"theology",
"theology"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"dualism",
"dualism"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(theology) Involving two spirits; especially, pertaining to the doctrine of dualism espoused in the so-called Treatise on the Two Spirits in the Dead Sea Scrolls."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0",
"word": "two spirit"
}
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"topics": [
"lifestyle",
"religion",
"theology"
],
"translations": [
{
"alt": "«s dvumjá dúšami»",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"sense": "involving two spirits; pertaining to the doctrine of dualism",
"word": "«с двумя́ ду́шами»"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuːˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "two-spirit"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oj",
"2": "niizh",
"3": "manidoo",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "two",
"t2": "spirit"
},
"expansion": "niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oj",
"2": "niizh manidoowag",
"pos": "from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"oj\">niizh</i> (“two”) + <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"oj\">manidoo</i> (“spirit”)",
"t": "two spirits"
},
"expansion": "Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”, from niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”))",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Modern English neologism, coined in 1990 in English and also translated in 1990 into Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”, from niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”)). Replaced berdache (considered offensive) in anthropological literature.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "two-spirits",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "two-spirit (plural two-spirits)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "36 12 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Central Siberian Yupik terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [
"Terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Entry maintenance"
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 11 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
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"Entry maintenance"
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{
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 18 51",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 21 55",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Transgender",
"orig": "en:Transgender",
"parents": [
"Gender",
"LGBTQ",
"Biology",
"Psychology",
"Sociology",
"Sexuality",
"Sciences",
"Social sciences",
"Human behaviour",
"Sex",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Human",
"Reproduction",
"Fundamental",
"Life",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "2"
},
{
"word": "2S"
},
{
"word": "two-spirited"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2006, John Leland, “A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out”, in The New York Times:",
"text": "\"'The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit,' [Joey Criddle] said, underscoring the idea that simply being gay and Indian does not make someone a Two-Spirit.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Harlan Pruden and Se-ah-dom Edmo for the National Congress of American Indians Policy Research Center, “Two-Spirit People: Sex, Gender & Sexuality in Historic and Contemporary Native America”, in ReWire:",
"text": "\"The term/identity of two-spirit does not make sense unless it is contextualized within a Native American frame.\" \"Today, most people associate the term with LGBT Natives; however, the work of the two-spirit organizations is more akin with the traditional understanding.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A Native (North) American gender-variant, homosexual or bisexual person (especially one belonging to a traditional tribal third-gender, fourth-gender or transgender cultural category that has a ceremonial role)."
],
"id": "en-two-spirit-en-noun-1MNWe8AV",
"links": [
[
"Native",
"Native American"
],
[
"(North) American",
"North America"
],
[
"gender",
"gender"
],
[
"variant",
"variant"
],
[
"homosexual",
"homosexual"
],
[
"bisexual",
"bisexual"
],
[
"traditional",
"traditional"
],
[
"tribal",
"tribal"
],
[
"third-gender",
"third gender"
],
[
"transgender",
"transgender"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "2"
},
{
"word": "2S"
},
{
"tags": [
"dated",
"offensive"
],
"word": "berdache"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ale",
"english": "man transformed into a woman",
"lang": "Aleut",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "ayagigux̂"
},
{
"code": "ale",
"english": "woman transformed into a man",
"lang": "Aleut",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "tayagigux̂"
},
{
"code": "ems",
"lang": "Alutiiq",
"note": "Chugach dialect",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "aranu'tiq"
},
{
"code": "arp",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Arapaho",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "haxu'xan"
},
{
"code": "ari",
"lang": "Arikara",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "skuxát"
},
{
"code": "asb",
"lang": "Assiniboine",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "wįktą"
},
{
"code": "atw",
"english": "female-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Atsugewi",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "brumaiwi"
},
{
"code": "atw",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Atsugewi",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "yaawa"
},
{
"code": "bla",
"lang": "Blackfoot",
"note": "a'yai-kik-ahsi (male-bodied; lit. \"acts like a woman\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "bla",
"lang": "Blackfoot",
"note": "awau-katsik-saki (female-bodied, lit. \"warrior woman\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "bla",
"lang": "Blackfoot",
"note": "ninauh-oskiti-pahpyaki (female-bodied, lit. \"manly-hearted woman\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "ess",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Central Siberian Yupik",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "anasik"
},
{
"code": "ess",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Central Siberian Yupik",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "uktasik"
},
{
"code": "chy",
"english": "male-bodied trans person; hermaphrodite; gay man",
"lang": "Cheyenne",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "he'émáné'e"
},
{
"code": "chy",
"lang": "Cheyenne",
"note": "he'émane (male-bodied; lit. \"pretends to be woman\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "chy",
"lang": "Cheyenne",
"note": "hetanémáné'e (female-bodied trans person; lesbian; lit. \"pretends to be man\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "iow",
"lang": "Chiwere",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "mixo'ge (transvestite or transgender person)"
},
{
"code": "coc",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Cocopa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "elha"
},
{
"code": "coc",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Cocopa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "warrhameh"
},
{
"code": "crd",
"lang": "Coeur d'Alene",
"note": "st'amia (intersex/bigender person; female-bodied trans person)",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "cr",
"lang": "Cree",
"roman": "eyihkwew",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "ᐁᔨᐦᑵᐤ"
},
{
"code": "cr",
"lang": "Cree",
"note": "especially in Plains Cree; male-bodied trans-/bi-/third-gender person",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "êyihkwêw"
},
{
"code": "cro",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Crow",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "bate"
},
{
"code": "dak",
"lang": "Dakota",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "wiŋkta"
},
{
"code": "dak",
"lang": "Dakota",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "winkta"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "duspiritulo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kaksisieluinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "berdache"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "bardache"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "bispirituel"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Two-Spirit"
},
{
"code": "ats",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Gros Ventre",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "athuth"
},
{
"code": "hid",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Hidatsa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "miati"
},
{
"code": "hop",
"lang": "Hopi",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "hova (quod vide)"
},
{
"code": "iu",
"lang": "Inuktitut",
"roman": "sipiniq",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "ᓯᐱᓂᖅ"
},
{
"code": "iu",
"lang": "Inuktitut",
"roman": "sipiniq",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "sipiniq"
},
{
"code": "itl",
"lang": "Itelmen",
"roman": "male-bodied",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "koekchuch"
},
{
"code": "itl",
"lang": "Itelmen",
"roman": "male-bodied",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "коекчуч"
},
{
"code": "ksk",
"lang": "Kansa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "míⁿxoge"
},
{
"code": "kee",
"english": "male-bodied person who lives as a woman",
"lang": "Eastern Keres",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kokwima"
},
{
"code": "kjq",
"english": "male-bodied person who lives as a woman",
"lang": "Western Keres",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kokwimu"
},
{
"code": "kjq",
"english": "male-bodied person who lives as a woman",
"lang": "Western Keres",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kok'we'ma"
},
{
"code": "kla",
"english": "male- or female-bodied",
"lang": "Klamath-Modoc",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "t'winiːq"
},
{
"code": "cuk",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Kuna",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "omegiid"
},
{
"code": "kut",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Kutenai",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kupatke'tek"
},
{
"code": "kut",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Kutenai",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "titqattek"
},
{
"code": "lkt",
"lang": "Lakota",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "wíŋkte"
},
{
"code": "lui",
"lang": "Luiseño",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kwit (Juaneño dialect; male-bodied)"
},
{
"code": "lui",
"lang": "Luiseño",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "cuit (Luiseño dialect; male-bodied)"
},
{
"code": "mhq",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Mandan",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "mihdeke"
},
{
"code": "arn",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Mapudungun",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "weye"
},
{
"code": "mrc",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Maricopa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "ilyaxai'"
},
{
"code": "mrc",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Maricopa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kwiraxame'"
},
{
"code": "mov",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Mojave",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "alyha"
},
{
"code": "mov",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Mojave",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "hwame"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "nádleeh"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "nádleehé"
},
{
"code": "nol",
"lang": "Nomlaki",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "walusa (hermaphrodite)"
},
{
"code": "pao",
"lang": "Northern Paiute",
"note": "tüdayapi (male-bodied; lit. \"dress like other sex\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "oj",
"lang": "Ojibwe",
"note": "ikwekaazo (male-bodied; lit. \"men who chose to function as women\" / \"one who endeavors to be like a woman\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "oj",
"lang": "Ojibwe",
"note": "ininiikaazo (female-bodied; lit. \"women who functioned as men\" / \"one who endeavors to be like a man\".)",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "oma",
"lang": "Omaha-Ponca",
"note": "mix'uga (male-bodied; lit. \"instructed by the moon\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "paw",
"lang": "Pawnee",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kúsaat"
},
{
"code": "paw",
"english": "Skiri Pawnee: male-bodied person who lives and dresses as a woman",
"lang": "Pawnee",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "ckúsaat"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "dois-espíritos"
},
{
"code": "pot",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Potawatomi",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "m'netokwe"
},
{
"code": "qu",
"english": "Inca; male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "quariwarmi"
},
{
"code": "qui",
"lang": "Quileute",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "yah'wa"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "berdaš",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "бердаш"
},
{
"code": "tix",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Southern Tiwa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "lhunide"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "dos espíritus"
},
{
"code": "tew",
"english": "trans- or third-gender person",
"lang": "Tewa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kwido"
},
{
"code": "tli",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Tlingit",
"raw_tags": [
"used to mean \"coward\""
],
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"tags": [
"also"
],
"word": "gatxan"
},
{
"code": "kuu",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Upper Kuskokwim",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "aranaruaq"
},
{
"code": "kuu",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Upper Kuskokwim",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "angutnguaq"
},
{
"code": "veo",
"lang": "Ventureño",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "'aqi"
},
{
"code": "wlk",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Wailaki",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "clele"
},
{
"code": "apw",
"lang": "Western Apache",
"note": "ndéʼsdzan (male-bodied, lit. \"woman-man\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "yok-kry",
"lang": "Kings River Yokuts",
"note": "tonoo'tcim (Kocheyali; lit. \"undertaker\" but sometimes used of two-spirits; see entry)",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "yok-ply",
"lang": "Palewyami",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "tonocim"
},
{
"code": "yok-svy",
"lang": "Southern Valley Yokuts",
"note": "tonochim (Tachi Yokuts; lit. \"undertaker\" but sometimes used of two-spirits; see entry)",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"lang": "Yuki",
"note": "í-wa-musp (male-bodied, lit. \"man-woman\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"lang": "Yuki",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "íwap náip"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"lang": "Yuki",
"note": "ipnaip (male-bodied, lit. \"man-girl\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"lang": "Yuki",
"note": "musp-íwap náip (female-bodied, lit. \"woman man-girl\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"lang": "Yuki",
"note": "iwap kuti (Huchnom; male-bodied, lit. \"man-woman\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "yum",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Yuma",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "elxa'"
},
{
"code": "yum",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Yuma",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kwe'rhame"
},
{
"code": "yur",
"lang": "Yurok",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "wergern"
},
{
"code": "yur",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Yurok",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "wrgrn"
},
{
"code": "zap",
"english": "male-bodied; gay man",
"lang": "Zapotec",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "(ira') muxe"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Zuni",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "lhamana"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"lang": "Zuni",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "katsotse"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"lang": "Zuni",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "katsotstsi'"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"english": "katsotstsi (jocular",
"lang": "Zuni",
"note": "female-bodied two-spirit, lit. \"girl-man, tomboy\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuːˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.mp3",
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}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Two-spirit"
],
"word": "two-spirit"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oj",
"2": "niizh",
"3": "manidoo",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "two",
"t2": "spirit"
},
"expansion": "niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oj",
"2": "niizh manidoowag",
"pos": "from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"oj\">niizh</i> (“two”) + <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"oj\">manidoo</i> (“spirit”)",
"t": "two spirits"
},
"expansion": "Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”, from niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”))",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Modern English neologism, coined in 1990 in English and also translated in 1990 into Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”, from niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”)). Replaced berdache (considered offensive) in anthropological literature.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "two-spirit (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "44 13 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 45 22",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Gender",
"orig": "en:Gender",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Psychology",
"Sociology",
"Sciences",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1996, Ritch C Savin-Williams, Kenneth M Cohen, The Lives of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals: Children to Adults, page 421:",
"text": "A Hupa two-spirit male told me: ‘I was real feminine as a child, from as early as I can remember.’",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1997, Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Wesley Thomas, Sabine Lang, Two-spirit People, page 4:",
"text": "With this etymology, it should come as no surprise that many Native American gay, lesbian, transgender, and other two-spirit people consider the term ‘berdache’ derogatory.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "1997, Lester B. Brown, Two Spirit People: American Indian, Lesbian Women and Gay Men, The Haworth Press, page 88,\nIn Canada there are now aboriginal (as we are termed in Canadian English) AIDS projects in the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Nova Scotia, due almost entirely to the efforts of two-spirit (gay/lesbian) people."
},
{
"ref": "2010 October 11, Walter L Williams, The Guardian:",
"text": "Instead of seeing two-spirit persons as transsexuals who try to make themselves into \"the opposite sex\", it is more accurate to understand them as individuals who take on a gender status that is different from both men and women.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Pertaining to or being a two-spirit."
],
"id": "en-two-spirit-en-adj-PTIoVOEq",
"links": [
[
"two-spirit",
"#Noun"
]
],
"related": [
{
"english": "two-spirits were formerly often called hermaphrodites",
"word": "hermaphrodite"
},
{
"english": "now considered offensive",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "berdachism"
},
{
"word": "acault"
},
{
"word": "sworn virgin"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "two-spirited"
}
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "pertaining to a two-spirit",
"word": "duspirita"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "pertaining to a two-spirit",
"word": "kaksisieluinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "pertaining to a two-spirit",
"word": "bispirituel"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuːˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.ogg"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Two-spirit"
],
"word": "two-spirit"
}
{
"categories": [
"Central Siberian Yupik terms in nonstandard scripts",
"English adjective-noun compound nouns",
"English adjectives",
"English compound terms",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English nouns",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Aleut translations",
"Terms with Alutiiq translations",
"Terms with Arapaho translations",
"Terms with Arikara translations",
"Terms with Assiniboine translations",
"Terms with Atsugewi translations",
"Terms with Blackfoot translations",
"Terms with Central Siberian Yupik translations",
"Terms with Cheyenne translations",
"Terms with Chiwere translations",
"Terms with Cocopa translations",
"Terms with Coeur d'Alene translations",
"Terms with Cree translations",
"Terms with Crow translations",
"Terms with Dakota translations",
"Terms with Eastern Keres translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Gros Ventre translations",
"Terms with Hidatsa translations",
"Terms with Hopi translations",
"Terms with Inuktitut translations",
"Terms with Itelmen translations",
"Terms with Kansa translations",
"Terms with Kings River Yokuts translations",
"Terms with Klamath-Modoc translations",
"Terms with Kuna translations",
"Terms with Kutenai translations",
"Terms with Lakota translations",
"Terms with Luiseño translations",
"Terms with Mandan translations",
"Terms with Mapudungun translations",
"Terms with Maricopa translations",
"Terms with Mojave translations",
"Terms with Navajo translations",
"Terms with Nomlaki translations",
"Terms with Northern Paiute translations",
"Terms with Ojibwe translations",
"Terms with Omaha-Ponca translations",
"Terms with Palewyami translations",
"Terms with Pawnee translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Potawatomi translations",
"Terms with Quechua translations",
"Terms with Quileute translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Southern Tiwa translations",
"Terms with Southern Valley Yokuts translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Tewa translations",
"Terms with Tlingit translations",
"Terms with Upper Kuskokwim translations",
"Terms with Ventureño translations",
"Terms with Wailaki translations",
"Terms with Western Apache translations",
"Terms with Western Keres translations",
"Terms with Yuki translations",
"Terms with Yuma translations",
"Terms with Yurok translations",
"Terms with Zapotec translations",
"Terms with Zuni translations",
"Upper Kuskokwim terms in nonstandard scripts",
"en:Gender",
"en:People",
"en:Transgender"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "two",
"3": "spirit"
},
"expansion": "two + spirit",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From two + spirit.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "two-spirit (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"en:Theology"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1957, The Harvard Divinity School Bulletin, Harvard University Press, page 133:",
"text": "Paul's grasp of the Spirit as the sign of the erupting messianic age is at odds with the two-spirit thought of Qumran which never became incompatible with law observance.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Involving two spirits; especially, pertaining to the doctrine of dualism espoused in the so-called Treatise on the Two Spirits in the Dead Sea Scrolls."
],
"links": [
[
"theology",
"theology"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"dualism",
"dualism"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(theology) Involving two spirits; especially, pertaining to the doctrine of dualism espoused in the so-called Treatise on the Two Spirits in the Dead Sea Scrolls."
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"topics": [
"lifestyle",
"religion",
"theology"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuːˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "two spirit"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"alt": "«s dvumjá dúšami»",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"sense": "involving two spirits; pertaining to the doctrine of dualism",
"word": "«с двумя́ ду́шами»"
}
],
"word": "two-spirit"
}
{
"categories": [
"Central Siberian Yupik terms in nonstandard scripts",
"English adjective-noun compound nouns",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English nouns",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Aleut translations",
"Terms with Alutiiq translations",
"Terms with Arapaho translations",
"Terms with Arikara translations",
"Terms with Assiniboine translations",
"Terms with Atsugewi translations",
"Terms with Blackfoot translations",
"Terms with Central Siberian Yupik translations",
"Terms with Cheyenne translations",
"Terms with Chiwere translations",
"Terms with Cocopa translations",
"Terms with Coeur d'Alene translations",
"Terms with Cree translations",
"Terms with Crow translations",
"Terms with Dakota translations",
"Terms with Eastern Keres translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Gros Ventre translations",
"Terms with Hidatsa translations",
"Terms with Hopi translations",
"Terms with Inuktitut translations",
"Terms with Itelmen translations",
"Terms with Kansa translations",
"Terms with Kings River Yokuts translations",
"Terms with Klamath-Modoc translations",
"Terms with Kuna translations",
"Terms with Kutenai translations",
"Terms with Lakota translations",
"Terms with Luiseño translations",
"Terms with Mandan translations",
"Terms with Mapudungun translations",
"Terms with Maricopa translations",
"Terms with Mojave translations",
"Terms with Navajo translations",
"Terms with Nomlaki translations",
"Terms with Northern Paiute translations",
"Terms with Ojibwe translations",
"Terms with Omaha-Ponca translations",
"Terms with Palewyami translations",
"Terms with Pawnee translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Potawatomi translations",
"Terms with Quechua translations",
"Terms with Quileute translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Southern Tiwa translations",
"Terms with Southern Valley Yokuts translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Tewa translations",
"Terms with Tlingit translations",
"Terms with Upper Kuskokwim translations",
"Terms with Ventureño translations",
"Terms with Wailaki translations",
"Terms with Western Apache translations",
"Terms with Western Keres translations",
"Terms with Yuki translations",
"Terms with Yuma translations",
"Terms with Yurok translations",
"Terms with Zapotec translations",
"Terms with Zuni translations",
"Upper Kuskokwim terms in nonstandard scripts",
"en:Gender",
"en:People",
"en:Transgender"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "2"
},
{
"word": "2S"
},
{
"word": "two-spirited"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oj",
"2": "niizh",
"3": "manidoo",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "two",
"t2": "spirit"
},
"expansion": "niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oj",
"2": "niizh manidoowag",
"pos": "from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"oj\">niizh</i> (“two”) + <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"oj\">manidoo</i> (“spirit”)",
"t": "two spirits"
},
"expansion": "Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”, from niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”))",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Modern English neologism, coined in 1990 in English and also translated in 1990 into Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”, from niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”)). Replaced berdache (considered offensive) in anthropological literature.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "two-spirits",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "two-spirit (plural two-spirits)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2006, John Leland, “A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out”, in The New York Times:",
"text": "\"'The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit,' [Joey Criddle] said, underscoring the idea that simply being gay and Indian does not make someone a Two-Spirit.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Harlan Pruden and Se-ah-dom Edmo for the National Congress of American Indians Policy Research Center, “Two-Spirit People: Sex, Gender & Sexuality in Historic and Contemporary Native America”, in ReWire:",
"text": "\"The term/identity of two-spirit does not make sense unless it is contextualized within a Native American frame.\" \"Today, most people associate the term with LGBT Natives; however, the work of the two-spirit organizations is more akin with the traditional understanding.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A Native (North) American gender-variant, homosexual or bisexual person (especially one belonging to a traditional tribal third-gender, fourth-gender or transgender cultural category that has a ceremonial role)."
],
"links": [
[
"Native",
"Native American"
],
[
"(North) American",
"North America"
],
[
"gender",
"gender"
],
[
"variant",
"variant"
],
[
"homosexual",
"homosexual"
],
[
"bisexual",
"bisexual"
],
[
"traditional",
"traditional"
],
[
"tribal",
"tribal"
],
[
"third-gender",
"third gender"
],
[
"transgender",
"transgender"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "2"
},
{
"word": "2S"
},
{
"tags": [
"dated",
"offensive"
],
"word": "berdache"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuːˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "two spirit"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ale",
"english": "man transformed into a woman",
"lang": "Aleut",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "ayagigux̂"
},
{
"code": "ale",
"english": "woman transformed into a man",
"lang": "Aleut",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "tayagigux̂"
},
{
"code": "ems",
"lang": "Alutiiq",
"note": "Chugach dialect",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "aranu'tiq"
},
{
"code": "arp",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Arapaho",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "haxu'xan"
},
{
"code": "ari",
"lang": "Arikara",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "skuxát"
},
{
"code": "asb",
"lang": "Assiniboine",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "wįktą"
},
{
"code": "atw",
"english": "female-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Atsugewi",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "brumaiwi"
},
{
"code": "atw",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Atsugewi",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "yaawa"
},
{
"code": "bla",
"lang": "Blackfoot",
"note": "a'yai-kik-ahsi (male-bodied; lit. \"acts like a woman\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "bla",
"lang": "Blackfoot",
"note": "awau-katsik-saki (female-bodied, lit. \"warrior woman\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "bla",
"lang": "Blackfoot",
"note": "ninauh-oskiti-pahpyaki (female-bodied, lit. \"manly-hearted woman\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "ess",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Central Siberian Yupik",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "anasik"
},
{
"code": "ess",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Central Siberian Yupik",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "uktasik"
},
{
"code": "chy",
"english": "male-bodied trans person; hermaphrodite; gay man",
"lang": "Cheyenne",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "he'émáné'e"
},
{
"code": "chy",
"lang": "Cheyenne",
"note": "he'émane (male-bodied; lit. \"pretends to be woman\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "chy",
"lang": "Cheyenne",
"note": "hetanémáné'e (female-bodied trans person; lesbian; lit. \"pretends to be man\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "iow",
"lang": "Chiwere",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "mixo'ge (transvestite or transgender person)"
},
{
"code": "coc",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Cocopa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "elha"
},
{
"code": "coc",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Cocopa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "warrhameh"
},
{
"code": "crd",
"lang": "Coeur d'Alene",
"note": "st'amia (intersex/bigender person; female-bodied trans person)",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "cr",
"lang": "Cree",
"roman": "eyihkwew",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "ᐁᔨᐦᑵᐤ"
},
{
"code": "cr",
"lang": "Cree",
"note": "especially in Plains Cree; male-bodied trans-/bi-/third-gender person",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "êyihkwêw"
},
{
"code": "cro",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Crow",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "bate"
},
{
"code": "dak",
"lang": "Dakota",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "wiŋkta"
},
{
"code": "dak",
"lang": "Dakota",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "winkta"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "duspiritulo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kaksisieluinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "berdache"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "bardache"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "bispirituel"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Two-Spirit"
},
{
"code": "ats",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Gros Ventre",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "athuth"
},
{
"code": "hid",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Hidatsa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "miati"
},
{
"code": "hop",
"lang": "Hopi",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "hova (quod vide)"
},
{
"code": "iu",
"lang": "Inuktitut",
"roman": "sipiniq",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "ᓯᐱᓂᖅ"
},
{
"code": "iu",
"lang": "Inuktitut",
"roman": "sipiniq",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "sipiniq"
},
{
"code": "itl",
"lang": "Itelmen",
"roman": "male-bodied",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "koekchuch"
},
{
"code": "itl",
"lang": "Itelmen",
"roman": "male-bodied",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "коекчуч"
},
{
"code": "ksk",
"lang": "Kansa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "míⁿxoge"
},
{
"code": "kee",
"english": "male-bodied person who lives as a woman",
"lang": "Eastern Keres",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kokwima"
},
{
"code": "kjq",
"english": "male-bodied person who lives as a woman",
"lang": "Western Keres",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kokwimu"
},
{
"code": "kjq",
"english": "male-bodied person who lives as a woman",
"lang": "Western Keres",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kok'we'ma"
},
{
"code": "kla",
"english": "male- or female-bodied",
"lang": "Klamath-Modoc",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "t'winiːq"
},
{
"code": "cuk",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Kuna",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "omegiid"
},
{
"code": "kut",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Kutenai",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kupatke'tek"
},
{
"code": "kut",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Kutenai",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "titqattek"
},
{
"code": "lkt",
"lang": "Lakota",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "wíŋkte"
},
{
"code": "lui",
"lang": "Luiseño",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kwit (Juaneño dialect; male-bodied)"
},
{
"code": "lui",
"lang": "Luiseño",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "cuit (Luiseño dialect; male-bodied)"
},
{
"code": "mhq",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Mandan",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "mihdeke"
},
{
"code": "arn",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Mapudungun",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "weye"
},
{
"code": "mrc",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Maricopa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "ilyaxai'"
},
{
"code": "mrc",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Maricopa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kwiraxame'"
},
{
"code": "mov",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Mojave",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "alyha"
},
{
"code": "mov",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Mojave",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "hwame"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "nádleeh"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "nádleehé"
},
{
"code": "nol",
"lang": "Nomlaki",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "walusa (hermaphrodite)"
},
{
"code": "pao",
"lang": "Northern Paiute",
"note": "tüdayapi (male-bodied; lit. \"dress like other sex\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "oj",
"lang": "Ojibwe",
"note": "ikwekaazo (male-bodied; lit. \"men who chose to function as women\" / \"one who endeavors to be like a woman\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "oj",
"lang": "Ojibwe",
"note": "ininiikaazo (female-bodied; lit. \"women who functioned as men\" / \"one who endeavors to be like a man\".)",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "oma",
"lang": "Omaha-Ponca",
"note": "mix'uga (male-bodied; lit. \"instructed by the moon\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "paw",
"lang": "Pawnee",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kúsaat"
},
{
"code": "paw",
"english": "Skiri Pawnee: male-bodied person who lives and dresses as a woman",
"lang": "Pawnee",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "ckúsaat"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "dois-espíritos"
},
{
"code": "pot",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Potawatomi",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "m'netokwe"
},
{
"code": "qu",
"english": "Inca; male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "quariwarmi"
},
{
"code": "qui",
"lang": "Quileute",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "yah'wa"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "berdaš",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "бердаш"
},
{
"code": "tix",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Southern Tiwa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "lhunide"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "dos espíritus"
},
{
"code": "tew",
"english": "trans- or third-gender person",
"lang": "Tewa",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kwido"
},
{
"code": "tli",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Tlingit",
"raw_tags": [
"used to mean \"coward\""
],
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"tags": [
"also"
],
"word": "gatxan"
},
{
"code": "kuu",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Upper Kuskokwim",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "aranaruaq"
},
{
"code": "kuu",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Upper Kuskokwim",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "angutnguaq"
},
{
"code": "veo",
"lang": "Ventureño",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "'aqi"
},
{
"code": "wlk",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Wailaki",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "clele"
},
{
"code": "apw",
"lang": "Western Apache",
"note": "ndéʼsdzan (male-bodied, lit. \"woman-man\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "yok-kry",
"lang": "Kings River Yokuts",
"note": "tonoo'tcim (Kocheyali; lit. \"undertaker\" but sometimes used of two-spirits; see entry)",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "yok-ply",
"lang": "Palewyami",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "tonocim"
},
{
"code": "yok-svy",
"lang": "Southern Valley Yokuts",
"note": "tonochim (Tachi Yokuts; lit. \"undertaker\" but sometimes used of two-spirits; see entry)",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"lang": "Yuki",
"note": "í-wa-musp (male-bodied, lit. \"man-woman\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"lang": "Yuki",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "íwap náip"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"lang": "Yuki",
"note": "ipnaip (male-bodied, lit. \"man-girl\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"lang": "Yuki",
"note": "musp-íwap náip (female-bodied, lit. \"woman man-girl\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "yuk",
"lang": "Yuki",
"note": "iwap kuti (Huchnom; male-bodied, lit. \"man-woman\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
},
{
"code": "yum",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Yuma",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "elxa'"
},
{
"code": "yum",
"english": "female-bodied",
"lang": "Yuma",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "kwe'rhame"
},
{
"code": "yur",
"lang": "Yurok",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "wergern"
},
{
"code": "yur",
"english": "male-bodied",
"lang": "Yurok",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "wrgrn"
},
{
"code": "zap",
"english": "male-bodied; gay man",
"lang": "Zapotec",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "(ira') muxe"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"english": "male-bodied third-gender person",
"lang": "Zuni",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "lhamana"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"lang": "Zuni",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "katsotse"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"lang": "Zuni",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache",
"word": "katsotstsi'"
},
{
"code": "zun",
"english": "katsotstsi (jocular",
"lang": "Zuni",
"note": "female-bodied two-spirit, lit. \"girl-man, tomboy\")",
"sense": "gender-variant Native American — see also berdache"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Two-spirit"
],
"word": "two-spirit"
}
{
"categories": [
"Central Siberian Yupik terms in nonstandard scripts",
"English adjective-noun compound nouns",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English nouns",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Aleut translations",
"Terms with Alutiiq translations",
"Terms with Arapaho translations",
"Terms with Arikara translations",
"Terms with Assiniboine translations",
"Terms with Atsugewi translations",
"Terms with Blackfoot translations",
"Terms with Central Siberian Yupik translations",
"Terms with Cheyenne translations",
"Terms with Chiwere translations",
"Terms with Cocopa translations",
"Terms with Coeur d'Alene translations",
"Terms with Cree translations",
"Terms with Crow translations",
"Terms with Dakota translations",
"Terms with Eastern Keres translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Gros Ventre translations",
"Terms with Hidatsa translations",
"Terms with Hopi translations",
"Terms with Inuktitut translations",
"Terms with Itelmen translations",
"Terms with Kansa translations",
"Terms with Kings River Yokuts translations",
"Terms with Klamath-Modoc translations",
"Terms with Kuna translations",
"Terms with Kutenai translations",
"Terms with Lakota translations",
"Terms with Luiseño translations",
"Terms with Mandan translations",
"Terms with Mapudungun translations",
"Terms with Maricopa translations",
"Terms with Mojave translations",
"Terms with Navajo translations",
"Terms with Nomlaki translations",
"Terms with Northern Paiute translations",
"Terms with Ojibwe translations",
"Terms with Omaha-Ponca translations",
"Terms with Palewyami translations",
"Terms with Pawnee translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Potawatomi translations",
"Terms with Quechua translations",
"Terms with Quileute translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Southern Tiwa translations",
"Terms with Southern Valley Yokuts translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Tewa translations",
"Terms with Tlingit translations",
"Terms with Upper Kuskokwim translations",
"Terms with Ventureño translations",
"Terms with Wailaki translations",
"Terms with Western Apache translations",
"Terms with Western Keres translations",
"Terms with Yuki translations",
"Terms with Yuma translations",
"Terms with Yurok translations",
"Terms with Zapotec translations",
"Terms with Zuni translations",
"Upper Kuskokwim terms in nonstandard scripts",
"en:Gender",
"en:People",
"en:Transgender"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oj",
"2": "niizh",
"3": "manidoo",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "two",
"t2": "spirit"
},
"expansion": "niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oj",
"2": "niizh manidoowag",
"pos": "from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"oj\">niizh</i> (“two”) + <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"oj\">manidoo</i> (“spirit”)",
"t": "two spirits"
},
"expansion": "Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”, from niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”))",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Modern English neologism, coined in 1990 in English and also translated in 1990 into Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”, from niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”)). Replaced berdache (considered offensive) in anthropological literature.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "two-spirit (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"english": "two-spirits were formerly often called hermaphrodites",
"word": "hermaphrodite"
},
{
"english": "now considered offensive",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "berdachism"
},
{
"word": "acault"
},
{
"word": "sworn virgin"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1996, Ritch C Savin-Williams, Kenneth M Cohen, The Lives of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals: Children to Adults, page 421:",
"text": "A Hupa two-spirit male told me: ‘I was real feminine as a child, from as early as I can remember.’",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1997, Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Wesley Thomas, Sabine Lang, Two-spirit People, page 4:",
"text": "With this etymology, it should come as no surprise that many Native American gay, lesbian, transgender, and other two-spirit people consider the term ‘berdache’ derogatory.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "1997, Lester B. Brown, Two Spirit People: American Indian, Lesbian Women and Gay Men, The Haworth Press, page 88,\nIn Canada there are now aboriginal (as we are termed in Canadian English) AIDS projects in the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Nova Scotia, due almost entirely to the efforts of two-spirit (gay/lesbian) people."
},
{
"ref": "2010 October 11, Walter L Williams, The Guardian:",
"text": "Instead of seeing two-spirit persons as transsexuals who try to make themselves into \"the opposite sex\", it is more accurate to understand them as individuals who take on a gender status that is different from both men and women.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Pertaining to or being a two-spirit."
],
"links": [
[
"two-spirit",
"#Noun"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "two-spirited"
}
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːˈspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuːˌspɪɹɪt/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-two-spirit.wav.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "two spirit"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "pertaining to a two-spirit",
"word": "duspirita"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "pertaining to a two-spirit",
"word": "kaksisieluinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "pertaining to a two-spirit",
"word": "bispirituel"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Two-spirit"
],
"word": "two-spirit"
}
Download raw JSONL data for two-spirit meaning in English (31.1kB)
{
"called_from": "translations/609-20230504",
"msg": "Translation too long compared to word, so it is skipped",
"path": [
"two-spirit"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "two-spirit",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/2013",
"msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": quod vide vs. sipiniq",
"path": [
"two-spirit"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "two-spirit",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "translations/611",
"msg": "suspicious translation with '; ': {'lang': 'Luiseño', 'code': 'lui', 'sense': 'gender-variant Native American — see also berdache', 'word': 'kwit (Juaneño dialect; male-bodied)'}",
"path": [
"two-spirit"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "two-spirit",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "translations/611",
"msg": "suspicious translation with '; ': {'lang': 'Luiseño', 'code': 'lui', 'sense': 'gender-variant Native American — see also berdache', 'word': 'cuit (Luiseño dialect; male-bodied)'}",
"path": [
"two-spirit"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "two-spirit",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (e4a2c88 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.