See turnpike in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for turnpike meaning in English (16.3kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tpke"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turnpike doubles"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turnpike sailor"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "turnpyke",
"4": "",
"5": "spiked barrier across a road"
},
"expansion": "Middle English turnpyke (“spiked barrier across a road”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "turn"
},
"expansion": "turn",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pike",
"t": "shaft"
},
"expansion": "pike (“shaft”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English turnpyke (“spiked barrier across a road”), originally used to block access to such a road until toll was paid. Equivalent to modern turn + pike (“shaft”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "turnpikes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "turnpike (plural turnpikes)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 7 14 3 31 26 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
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"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1626, Ben Jonson, The Staple of News, Act III, Scene 1, Yale Studies in English Vol. 28, New York: Henry Holt, 1905, p. 58,\nI moue vpon my axell, like a turne-pike, / Fit my face to the parties, and become / Straight one of them."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A frame consisting of two bars crossing each other at right angles and turning on a post or pin, to hinder the passage of animals, but admitting a person to pass between the arms; a turnstile."
],
"id": "en-turnpike-en-noun-6geEVrup",
"links": [
[
"turnstile",
"turnstile"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "70 3 6 2 9 9",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "frame consisting of two bars crossing each other at right angles",
"word": "pyöröportti"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 3 6 2 9 9",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "frame consisting of two bars crossing each other at right angles",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Drehschranke"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 3 6 2 9 9",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "frame consisting of two bars crossing each other at right angles",
"word": "turnike"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1722, Daniel Defoe, A Journal of the Plague Year, London: E. Nutt et al., pp. 9-10,\n[…] it was rumour’d that an order of the Government was to be issued out, to place Turn-pikes and Barriers on the Road, to prevent Peoples travelling;"
},
{
"ref": "1728, Daniel Defoe, The Political History of the Devil, Part II, ch. 1",
"text": "[…] Pope Pelagius, then Bishop of Rome […] thereupon assum'd the Power of opening and shutting Heaven's Gates; and he afterwards setting a Price or Toll upon the Entrance, as we do here at passing a Turn-pike […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A gate or bar set across a road to stop carriages, animals, and sometimes people, until a toll is paid,"
],
"id": "en-turnpike-en-noun-ES6cHZmA",
"links": [
[
"toll",
"toll"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "tollgate"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scottish English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "18 7 14 3 31 26 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
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"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
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},
{
"_dis": "11 8 16 3 33 28 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1830, Sir Walter Scott, History of Scotland in two volumes Vol II, A AND W GALIGNANI, pages 463-464",
"text": "Ramsay stabbed Ruthven accordingly and James lending his assistance they thrust the wounded man down the turnpike by which Ramsay had ascended Voices and steps were now heard advancing upwards and Ramsay knowing the accents called out to sir Thomas Erskine to come up the turnpike stair even to the head Sir Thomas Erskine was accompanied by sir Hugh Harris the king's physician a lame man and unfit for fighting Near the bottom of the turnpike sir Thomas Erskine in his ascent met Ruthven bleeding in the face and neck and called out Fie strike I this is the traitor l on which Alexander Ruthven was run through the body having only breath remaining to say Alas I had no blame of it"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A winding stairway."
],
"id": "en-turnpike-en-noun-JhfLteUZ",
"links": [
[
"winding",
"winding"
],
[
"stairway",
"stairway"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Scotland) A winding stairway."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "8 2 68 2 9 10",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vita stǎlba",
"sense": "winding stairway",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "вита стълба"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 2 68 2 9 10",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "winding stairway",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "kierreportaat"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Military",
"orig": "en:Military",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A beam filled with spikes to obstruct passage; a cheval de frise."
],
"id": "en-turnpike-en-noun-z~yxXxIm",
"links": [
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"beam",
"beam"
],
[
"spike",
"spike"
],
[
"obstruct",
"obstruct"
],
[
"passage",
"passage"
],
[
"cheval de frise",
"cheval de frise"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(military) A beam filled with spikes to obstruct passage; a cheval de frise."
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "American English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "18 7 14 3 31 26 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
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{
"_dis": "11 8 16 3 33 28 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 9 10 9 41 5 16",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Roads",
"orig": "en:Roads",
"parents": [
"Road transport",
"Transport",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1769, Daniel Defoe, A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain, 7th edition, volume II, page 184",
"text": "Eleven Pair of Mills ſtand within Four Miles of the Place, which bring a great Trade to it: But the Road is by this means ſo continually torn, that it is one of the worſt Turnpikes about London.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A toll road, especially a toll expressway."
],
"id": "en-turnpike-en-noun-en:toll_road",
"links": [
[
"toll road",
"toll road"
],
[
"expressway",
"expressway"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly US) A toll road, especially a toll expressway."
],
"senseid": [
"en:toll road"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pike"
}
],
"tags": [
"US"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "tolpad"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "bidesaria bide"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "bidesaria errepide"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "platena magistrala",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "платена магистрала"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "autovia de peatge"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "autopista de peatge"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "carretera de peatge"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "收費道路"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "shōufèi dàolù",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "收费道路"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "收費公路"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "shōufèi gōnglù",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "收费公路"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "placená dálnice"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "betalingsvej"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tolweg"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "toll road",
"topics": [
"road",
"transport"
],
"word": "maksullinen tie"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "fi",
"english": "freeway",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "maksullinen moottoritie"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "route à péage"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "autoestrada de peaxe"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "autovía de peaxe"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Mautstraße"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "aftokinitódromos me diódia",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "αυτοκινητόδρομος με διόδια"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "fizetős autópálya"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "jalan tol"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bóthar dola"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bóthar paidhce"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "paidhc"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "autostrada a pedaggio"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"alt": "ゆうりょうどうろ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "yūryō dōro",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "有料道路"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bomvei"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"Portugal",
"feminine"
],
"word": "autoestrada portajada"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"Brazil",
"feminine"
],
"word": "rodovia pedagiada"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "plátnaja doróga",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "пла́тная доро́га"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "plátnaja avtomobílʹnaja doróga",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "пла́тная автомоби́льная доро́га"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rathad-càine"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rathad-cìse"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "autovía de peaje"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "autopista de peaje"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "carretera de peaje"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "betalväg"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "plátna avtomobílʹna doróha",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "пла́тна автомобі́льна доро́га"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 8 8 1 58 18",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "plátna doróha",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "пла́тна доро́га"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 7 14 3 31 26 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
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"Entry maintenance"
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"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
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"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2006, Alexander J. Zaslavski, Turnpike Properties in the Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control",
"text": "In the monograph we discuss a number of results concerning turnpike properties in the calculus of variations and optimal control which were obtained by the author in the last ten years.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A trajectory on a finite time interval that satisfies an optimality criterion which is associated with a cost function."
],
"id": "en-turnpike-en-noun-Qf4EKOvy",
"links": [
[
"trajectory",
"trajectory"
],
[
"finite",
"finite"
],
[
"time interval",
"time interval"
],
[
"optimality",
"optimality"
],
[
"criterion",
"criterion"
],
[
"cost",
"cost"
],
[
"function",
"function"
]
],
"qualifier": "mathematical economics",
"raw_glosses": [
"(mathematical economics) A trajectory on a finite time interval that satisfies an optimality criterion which is associated with a cost function."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɜː(ɹ)npaɪk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)npaɪk"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "turnpike"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "turnpyke",
"4": "",
"5": "spiked barrier across a road"
},
"expansion": "Middle English turnpyke (“spiked barrier across a road”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "turn"
},
"expansion": "turn",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pike",
"t": "shaft"
},
"expansion": "pike (“shaft”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English turnpyke (“spiked barrier across a road”), originally used to block access to such a road until toll was paid. Equivalent to modern turn + pike (“shaft”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "turnpikes",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "turnpiking",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "turnpiked",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "turnpiked",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "turnpike (third-person singular simple present turnpikes, present participle turnpiking, simple past and past participle turnpiked)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To form (a road, etc.) in the manner of a turnpike road, or into a rounded form, as the path of a road."
],
"id": "en-turnpike-en-verb-AVdo3T5X"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɜː(ɹ)npaɪk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)npaɪk"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "turnpike"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)npaɪk",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)npaɪk/2 syllables",
"en:Roads"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "tpke"
},
{
"word": "turnpike doubles"
},
{
"word": "turnpike sailor"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "turnpyke",
"4": "",
"5": "spiked barrier across a road"
},
"expansion": "Middle English turnpyke (“spiked barrier across a road”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "turn"
},
"expansion": "turn",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pike",
"t": "shaft"
},
"expansion": "pike (“shaft”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English turnpyke (“spiked barrier across a road”), originally used to block access to such a road until toll was paid. Equivalent to modern turn + pike (“shaft”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "turnpikes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "turnpike (plural turnpikes)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "1626, Ben Jonson, The Staple of News, Act III, Scene 1, Yale Studies in English Vol. 28, New York: Henry Holt, 1905, p. 58,\nI moue vpon my axell, like a turne-pike, / Fit my face to the parties, and become / Straight one of them."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A frame consisting of two bars crossing each other at right angles and turning on a post or pin, to hinder the passage of animals, but admitting a person to pass between the arms; a turnstile."
],
"links": [
[
"turnstile",
"turnstile"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1722, Daniel Defoe, A Journal of the Plague Year, London: E. Nutt et al., pp. 9-10,\n[…] it was rumour’d that an order of the Government was to be issued out, to place Turn-pikes and Barriers on the Road, to prevent Peoples travelling;"
},
{
"ref": "1728, Daniel Defoe, The Political History of the Devil, Part II, ch. 1",
"text": "[…] Pope Pelagius, then Bishop of Rome […] thereupon assum'd the Power of opening and shutting Heaven's Gates; and he afterwards setting a Price or Toll upon the Entrance, as we do here at passing a Turn-pike […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A gate or bar set across a road to stop carriages, animals, and sometimes people, until a toll is paid,"
],
"links": [
[
"toll",
"toll"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "tollgate"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Scottish English"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1830, Sir Walter Scott, History of Scotland in two volumes Vol II, A AND W GALIGNANI, pages 463-464",
"text": "Ramsay stabbed Ruthven accordingly and James lending his assistance they thrust the wounded man down the turnpike by which Ramsay had ascended Voices and steps were now heard advancing upwards and Ramsay knowing the accents called out to sir Thomas Erskine to come up the turnpike stair even to the head Sir Thomas Erskine was accompanied by sir Hugh Harris the king's physician a lame man and unfit for fighting Near the bottom of the turnpike sir Thomas Erskine in his ascent met Ruthven bleeding in the face and neck and called out Fie strike I this is the traitor l on which Alexander Ruthven was run through the body having only breath remaining to say Alas I had no blame of it"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A winding stairway."
],
"links": [
[
"winding",
"winding"
],
[
"stairway",
"stairway"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Scotland) A winding stairway."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Military"
],
"glosses": [
"A beam filled with spikes to obstruct passage; a cheval de frise."
],
"links": [
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"beam",
"beam"
],
[
"spike",
"spike"
],
[
"obstruct",
"obstruct"
],
[
"passage",
"passage"
],
[
"cheval de frise",
"cheval de frise"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(military) A beam filled with spikes to obstruct passage; a cheval de frise."
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"American English",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1769, Daniel Defoe, A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain, 7th edition, volume II, page 184",
"text": "Eleven Pair of Mills ſtand within Four Miles of the Place, which bring a great Trade to it: But the Road is by this means ſo continually torn, that it is one of the worſt Turnpikes about London.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A toll road, especially a toll expressway."
],
"links": [
[
"toll road",
"toll road"
],
[
"expressway",
"expressway"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly US) A toll road, especially a toll expressway."
],
"senseid": [
"en:toll road"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pike"
}
],
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2006, Alexander J. Zaslavski, Turnpike Properties in the Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control",
"text": "In the monograph we discuss a number of results concerning turnpike properties in the calculus of variations and optimal control which were obtained by the author in the last ten years.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A trajectory on a finite time interval that satisfies an optimality criterion which is associated with a cost function."
],
"links": [
[
"trajectory",
"trajectory"
],
[
"finite",
"finite"
],
[
"time interval",
"time interval"
],
[
"optimality",
"optimality"
],
[
"criterion",
"criterion"
],
[
"cost",
"cost"
],
[
"function",
"function"
]
],
"qualifier": "mathematical economics",
"raw_glosses": [
"(mathematical economics) A trajectory on a finite time interval that satisfies an optimality criterion which is associated with a cost function."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɜː(ɹ)npaɪk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)npaɪk"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "frame consisting of two bars crossing each other at right angles",
"word": "pyöröportti"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "frame consisting of two bars crossing each other at right angles",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Drehschranke"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "frame consisting of two bars crossing each other at right angles",
"word": "turnike"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vita stǎlba",
"sense": "winding stairway",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "вита стълба"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "winding stairway",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "kierreportaat"
},
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "tolpad"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "bidesaria bide"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "bidesaria errepide"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "platena magistrala",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "платена магистрала"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "autovia de peatge"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "autopista de peatge"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "carretera de peatge"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "收費道路"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "shōufèi dàolù",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "收费道路"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "收費公路"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "shōufèi gōnglù",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "收费公路"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "placená dálnice"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "betalingsvej"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tolweg"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "toll road",
"topics": [
"road",
"transport"
],
"word": "maksullinen tie"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"english": "freeway",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "maksullinen moottoritie"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "route à péage"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "autoestrada de peaxe"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "autovía de peaxe"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Mautstraße"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "aftokinitódromos me diódia",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "αυτοκινητόδρομος με διόδια"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "fizetős autópálya"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "jalan tol"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bóthar dola"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bóthar paidhce"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "paidhc"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "autostrada a pedaggio"
},
{
"alt": "ゆうりょうどうろ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "yūryō dōro",
"sense": "toll road",
"word": "有料道路"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bomvei"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"Portugal",
"feminine"
],
"word": "autoestrada portajada"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"Brazil",
"feminine"
],
"word": "rodovia pedagiada"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "plátnaja doróga",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "пла́тная доро́га"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "plátnaja avtomobílʹnaja doróga",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "пла́тная автомоби́льная доро́га"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rathad-càine"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rathad-cìse"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "autovía de peaje"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "autopista de peaje"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "carretera de peaje"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "betalväg"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "plátna avtomobílʹna doróha",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "пла́тна автомобі́льна доро́га"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "plátna doróha",
"sense": "toll road",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "пла́тна доро́га"
}
],
"word": "turnpike"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)npaɪk",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)npaɪk/2 syllables",
"en:Roads"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "turnpyke",
"4": "",
"5": "spiked barrier across a road"
},
"expansion": "Middle English turnpyke (“spiked barrier across a road”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "turn"
},
"expansion": "turn",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pike",
"t": "shaft"
},
"expansion": "pike (“shaft”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English turnpyke (“spiked barrier across a road”), originally used to block access to such a road until toll was paid. Equivalent to modern turn + pike (“shaft”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "turnpikes",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "turnpiking",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "turnpiked",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "turnpiked",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "turnpike (third-person singular simple present turnpikes, present participle turnpiking, simple past and past participle turnpiked)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To form (a road, etc.) in the manner of a turnpike road, or into a rounded form, as the path of a road."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɜː(ɹ)npaɪk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)npaɪk"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-turnpike.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "turnpike"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (82c8ff9 and f4967a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.