"manipulation" meaning in English

See manipulation in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /məˌnɪp.juˈleɪ.ʃən/ [UK], /məˌnɪp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/ [Canada, US], /məˌnɪp.jəˈlæɪ.ʃən/ [General-Australian] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-manipulation.wav Forms: manipulations [plural]
Rhymes: -eɪʃən Etymology: From French manipulation, from Old French manipule, from Latin manipulus. Morphologically manipulate + -ion Etymology templates: {{bor|en|fr|manipulation}} French manipulation, {{der|en|fro|manipule}} Old French manipule, {{der|en|la|manipulus}} Latin manipulus, {{suffix|en|manipulate|ion|nocat=1}} manipulate + -ion Head templates: {{en-noun|~}} manipulation (countable and uncountable, plural manipulations)
  1. The practice of manipulating or the state of being manipulated. Tags: countable, uncountable Translations (practice of manipulating): manipulim [masculine] (Albanian), تَلَاعُب (talāʕub) [masculine] (Arabic), تَعْدِيل (taʕdīl) [masculine] (Arabic), تَغْيِير (taḡyīr) [masculine] (Arabic), մանիպուլյացիա (manipulyacʻia) (Armenian), маніпуля́цыя (manipuljácyja) [feminine] (Belarusian), манипула́ция (manipulácija) [feminine] (Bulgarian), manipulació [feminine] (Catalan), 操縱 (Chinese Mandarin), 操纵 (cāozòng) (Chinese Mandarin), 運用 (Chinese Mandarin), 运用 (yùnyòng) (Chinese Mandarin), manipulace [feminine] (Czech), manipulation [common-gender] (Danish), manipulatie [feminine] (Dutch), gebruik [neuter] (Dutch), manipulatsioon (Estonian), manipulaatio (Finnish), manipulation [feminine] (French), manipulación [feminine] (Galician), მანიპულაცია (maniṗulacia) (Georgian), Manipulation [feminine] (German), χειραγώγηση (cheiragógisi) [feminine] (Greek), manipuláció (Hungarian), manipulasi (Indonesian), manipolazione [feminine] (Italian), manipulācija [feminine] (Latvian), manipuliacija [feminine] (Lithuanian), манипулација (manipulacija) [feminine] (Macedonian), manipulasjon [masculine] (Norwegian Bokmål), دستکاری (dastkâri) (Persian), manipulacja [feminine] (Polish), manipulação [feminine] (Portuguese), manipulare [feminine] (Romanian), манипуля́ция (manipuljácija) [feminine] (Russian), манипули́рование (manipulírovanije) [neuter] (Russian), манипула́ција [Cyrillic, feminine] (Serbo-Croatian), manipulácija [Roman, feminine] (Serbo-Croatian), manipulácia [feminine] (Slovak), manipulacija [feminine] (Slovene), manipulación [feminine] (Spanish), manipulation [common-gender] (Swedish), manipülasyon (Turkish), маніпуля́ція (manipuljácija) [feminine] (Ukrainian), маніпулюва́ння (manipuljuvánnja) [neuter] (Ukrainian), sự thao tác (Vietnamese), manipulaasje [common-gender] (West Frisian)
    Sense id: en-manipulation-en-noun-U7t9lcgJ Categories (other): Entries with translation boxes, Terms with Danish translations, Terms with Ukrainian translations Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 53 44 4 Disambiguation of Terms with Danish translations: 45 50 5 Disambiguation of Terms with Ukrainian translations: 42 51 6 Disambiguation of 'practice of manipulating': 75 22 3
  2. The skillful use of the hands in, for example, chiropractic. Tags: countable, uncountable Translations (skillful use of the hands): бора́вене (borávene) [neuter] (Bulgarian), manipulació [feminine] (Catalan), manipulatie [feminine] (Dutch), manipulación [feminine] (Galician), دستورزی (dast-varzi) (Persian), manipulacja [feminine] (Polish), манипула́ција [Cyrillic, feminine] (Serbo-Croatian), manipulácija [Roman, feminine] (Serbo-Croatian), маніпуля́ція (manipuljácija) [feminine] (Ukrainian)
    Sense id: en-manipulation-en-noun-v5Y6~BXH Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries, Terms with Albanian translations, Terms with Arabic translations, Terms with Armenian translations, Terms with Belarusian translations, Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Catalan translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Danish translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with Estonian translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with Galician translations, Terms with Georgian translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Greek translations, Terms with Hungarian translations, Terms with Indonesian translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Latvian translations, Terms with Lithuanian translations, Terms with Macedonian translations, Terms with Mandarin translations, Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations, Terms with Persian translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Romanian translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations, Terms with Slovak translations, Terms with Slovene translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Swedish translations, Terms with Turkish translations, Terms with Ukrainian translations, Terms with Vietnamese translations, Terms with West Frisian translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 35 58 7 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 53 44 4 Disambiguation of Pages with 3 entries: 34 62 4 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 35 63 2 Disambiguation of Terms with Albanian translations: 29 47 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Arabic translations: 37 56 7 Disambiguation of Terms with Armenian translations: 29 47 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Belarusian translations: 41 52 7 Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 38 53 10 Disambiguation of Terms with Catalan translations: 37 56 7 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 29 46 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Danish translations: 45 50 5 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 35 58 6 Disambiguation of Terms with Estonian translations: 29 47 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 37 56 7 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 35 58 7 Disambiguation of Terms with Galician translations: 37 56 7 Disambiguation of Terms with Georgian translations: 29 46 25 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 36 58 7 Disambiguation of Terms with Greek translations: 34 52 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Hungarian translations: 29 43 28 Disambiguation of Terms with Indonesian translations: 29 47 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 37 58 5 Disambiguation of Terms with Latvian translations: 29 47 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Lithuanian translations: 29 47 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Macedonian translations: 28 47 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Mandarin translations: 36 52 12 Disambiguation of Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations: 37 55 8 Disambiguation of Terms with Persian translations: 29 47 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 40 51 9 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 29 47 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Romanian translations: 37 56 7 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 43 53 4 Disambiguation of Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations: 29 47 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Slovak translations: 29 47 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Slovene translations: 29 47 25 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 35 60 4 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 37 56 6 Disambiguation of Terms with Turkish translations: 37 56 6 Disambiguation of Terms with Ukrainian translations: 42 51 6 Disambiguation of Terms with Vietnamese translations: 29 47 25 Disambiguation of Terms with West Frisian translations: 32 45 23 Disambiguation of 'skillful use of the hands': 2 92 6
  3. The usage of psychological influence over a person, event, or situation to gain a desired outcome. Tags: countable, uncountable
    Sense id: en-manipulation-en-noun-AXm~R9wc
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Related terms: pedipulation Translations (devious management): ձեռնածություն (jeṙnacutʻyun) (Armenian), մեքենայություն (mekʻenayutʻyun) (Armenian), подве́ждане (podvéždane) [neuter] (Bulgarian), manipulatie [feminine] (Dutch), misbruik [neuter] (Dutch), manipulaatio (Finnish), manipulation [feminine] (French), manipulación [feminine] (Galician), Manipulierung [feminine] (German), Manipulieren [neuter] (German), Manipulation [feminine] (German), manipuláció (Hungarian), manipulacja [feminine] (Polish), manipulación [feminine] (Spanish), маніпуля́ція (manipuljácija) [feminine] (Ukrainian)

Inflected forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "antimanipulation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "biomanipulation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "crowd manipulation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "electromanipulation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "immunomanipulation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "manipulational"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "micromanipulation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "nanomanipulation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "nonmanipulation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "object manipulation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "photomanipulation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "postmanipulation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "psychomanipulation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "telemanipulation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "womanipulation"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fr",
        "3": "manipulation"
      },
      "expansion": "French manipulation",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "manipule"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French manipule",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "manipulus"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin manipulus",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "manipulate",
        "3": "ion",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "manipulate + -ion",
      "name": "suffix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From French manipulation, from Old French manipule, from Latin manipulus.\nMorphologically manipulate + -ion",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "manipulations",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "~"
      },
      "expansion": "manipulation (countable and uncountable, plural manipulations)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "pedipulation"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "53 44 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Entries with translation boxes",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
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          "_dis": "42 51 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "The dealer's manipulations could have removed cards from the deck.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The practice of manipulating or the state of being manipulated."
      ],
      "id": "en-manipulation-en-noun-U7t9lcgJ",
      "links": [
        [
          "manipulating",
          "manipulate"
        ],
        [
          "manipulated",
          "manipulated"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "sq",
          "lang": "Albanian",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulim"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "talāʕub",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "تَلَاعُب"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "taʕdīl",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "تَعْدِيل"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "taḡyīr",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "تَغْيِير"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "roman": "manipulyacʻia",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "word": "մանիպուլյացիա"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "be",
          "lang": "Belarusian",
          "roman": "manipuljácyja",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "маніпуля́цыя"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "manipulácija",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "манипула́ция"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulació"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "word": "操縱"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "cāozòng",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "word": "操纵"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "word": "運用"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "yùnyòng",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "word": "运用"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulace"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "manipulation"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulatie"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "gebruik"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "et",
          "lang": "Estonian",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "word": "manipulatsioon"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "word": "manipulaatio"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulation"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulación"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "maniṗulacia",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "word": "მანიპულაცია"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Manipulation"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "roman": "cheiragógisi",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "χειραγώγηση"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "word": "manipuláció"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "id",
          "lang": "Indonesian",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "word": "manipulasi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipolazione"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "lv",
          "lang": "Latvian",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulācija"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "lt",
          "lang": "Lithuanian",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipuliacija"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "manipulacija",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "манипулација"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulasjon"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "fa",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "roman": "dastkâri",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "word": "دستکاری"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulacja"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulação"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulare"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "manipuljácija",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "манипуля́ция"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "manipulírovanije",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "манипули́рование"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "Cyrillic",
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "манипула́ција"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "Roman",
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulácija"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "sk",
          "lang": "Slovak",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulácia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "sl",
          "lang": "Slovene",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulacija"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulación"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "manipulation"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "word": "manipülasyon"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "manipuljácija",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "маніпуля́ція"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "manipuljuvánnja",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "маніпулюва́ння"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "vi",
          "lang": "Vietnamese",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "word": "sự thao tác"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "75 22 3",
          "code": "fy",
          "lang": "West Frisian",
          "sense": "practice of manipulating",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "manipulaasje"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "35 58 7",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
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          "source": "w+disamb"
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        {
          "_dis": "53 44 4",
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        {
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        {
          "_dis": "35 63 2",
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        {
          "_dis": "29 47 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Albanian translations",
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          "_dis": "29 46 25",
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          "_dis": "29 47 25",
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        {
          "_dis": "40 51 9",
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          "name": "Terms with Polish translations",
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        {
          "_dis": "29 47 24",
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        {
          "_dis": "37 56 7",
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        {
          "_dis": "43 53 4",
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        {
          "_dis": "29 47 25",
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        {
          "_dis": "29 47 25",
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          "_dis": "29 47 25",
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        {
          "_dis": "35 60 4",
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          "_dis": "37 56 6",
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          "_dis": "37 56 6",
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        {
          "_dis": "42 51 6",
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        {
          "_dis": "29 47 25",
          "kind": "other",
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        {
          "_dis": "32 45 23",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with West Frisian translations",
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        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "After a few minutes of manipulation each week, she obtained days of relief from her neck pain.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The skillful use of the hands in, for example, chiropractic."
      ],
      "id": "en-manipulation-en-noun-v5Y6~BXH",
      "links": [
        [
          "skillful",
          "skillful"
        ],
        [
          "use",
          "use"
        ],
        [
          "hand",
          "hand"
        ],
        [
          "chiropractic",
          "chiropractic"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "2 92 6",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "borávene",
          "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "бора́вене"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 92 6",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulació"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 92 6",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulatie"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 92 6",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulación"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 92 6",
          "code": "fa",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "roman": "dast-varzi",
          "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
          "word": "دستورزی"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 92 6",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulacja"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 92 6",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
          "tags": [
            "Cyrillic",
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "манипула́ција"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 92 6",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
          "tags": [
            "Roman",
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "manipulácija"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 92 6",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "manipuljácija",
          "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "маніпуля́ція"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "The counselor was able to reach the disturbed teen through positive psychological manipulation.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Through subtle manipulations he orchestrated the downfall of his rival.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The usage of psychological influence over a person, event, or situation to gain a desired outcome."
      ],
      "id": "en-manipulation-en-noun-AXm~R9wc",
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/məˌnɪp.juˈleɪ.ʃən/",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-manipulation.wav",
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    },
    {
      "ipa": "/məˌnɪp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/",
      "tags": [
        "Canada",
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/məˌnɪp.jəˈlæɪ.ʃən/",
      "tags": [
        "General-Australian"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-eɪʃən"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 53 47",
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "jeṙnacutʻyun",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "word": "ձեռնածություն"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 53 47",
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "mekʻenayutʻyun",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "word": "մեքենայություն"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 53 47",
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "podvéždane",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "подве́ждане"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 53 47",
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulatie"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 53 47",
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "misbruik"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 53 47",
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "word": "manipulaatio"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 53 47",
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 53 47",
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulación"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 53 47",
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Manipulierung"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 53 47",
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Manipulieren"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 53 47",
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Manipulation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 53 47",
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "word": "manipuláció"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 53 47",
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulacja"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 53 47",
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulación"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 53 47",
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "manipuljácija",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "маніпуля́ція"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "manipulation"
  ],
  "word": "manipulation"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms borrowed from French",
    "English terms derived from French",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:English/eɪʃən",
    "Rhymes:English/eɪʃən/5 syllables",
    "Terms with Albanian translations",
    "Terms with Arabic translations",
    "Terms with Armenian translations",
    "Terms with Belarusian translations",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Catalan translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Danish translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Estonian translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with Galician translations",
    "Terms with Georgian translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Greek translations",
    "Terms with Hungarian translations",
    "Terms with Indonesian translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Latvian translations",
    "Terms with Lithuanian translations",
    "Terms with Macedonian translations",
    "Terms with Mandarin translations",
    "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
    "Terms with Persian translations",
    "Terms with Polish translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Romanian translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
    "Terms with Slovak translations",
    "Terms with Slovene translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Turkish translations",
    "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
    "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
    "Terms with West Frisian translations"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "antimanipulation"
    },
    {
      "word": "biomanipulation"
    },
    {
      "word": "crowd manipulation"
    },
    {
      "word": "electromanipulation"
    },
    {
      "word": "immunomanipulation"
    },
    {
      "word": "manipulational"
    },
    {
      "word": "micromanipulation"
    },
    {
      "word": "nanomanipulation"
    },
    {
      "word": "nonmanipulation"
    },
    {
      "word": "object manipulation"
    },
    {
      "word": "photomanipulation"
    },
    {
      "word": "postmanipulation"
    },
    {
      "word": "psychomanipulation"
    },
    {
      "word": "telemanipulation"
    },
    {
      "word": "womanipulation"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fr",
        "3": "manipulation"
      },
      "expansion": "French manipulation",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "manipule"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French manipule",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "manipulus"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin manipulus",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "manipulate",
        "3": "ion",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "manipulate + -ion",
      "name": "suffix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From French manipulation, from Old French manipule, from Latin manipulus.\nMorphologically manipulate + -ion",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "manipulations",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "~"
      },
      "expansion": "manipulation (countable and uncountable, plural manipulations)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "pedipulation"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "The dealer's manipulations could have removed cards from the deck.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The practice of manipulating or the state of being manipulated."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "manipulating",
          "manipulate"
        ],
        [
          "manipulated",
          "manipulated"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "After a few minutes of manipulation each week, she obtained days of relief from her neck pain.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The skillful use of the hands in, for example, chiropractic."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "skillful",
          "skillful"
        ],
        [
          "use",
          "use"
        ],
        [
          "hand",
          "hand"
        ],
        [
          "chiropractic",
          "chiropractic"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "The counselor was able to reach the disturbed teen through positive psychological manipulation.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Through subtle manipulations he orchestrated the downfall of his rival.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The usage of psychological influence over a person, event, or situation to gain a desired outcome."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/məˌnɪp.juˈleɪ.ʃən/",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ]
    },
    {
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    },
    {
      "ipa": "/məˌnɪp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/",
      "tags": [
        "Canada",
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/məˌnɪp.jəˈlæɪ.ʃən/",
      "tags": [
        "General-Australian"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-eɪʃən"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "sq",
      "lang": "Albanian",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulim"
    },
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "talāʕub",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "تَلَاعُب"
    },
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "taʕdīl",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "تَعْدِيل"
    },
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "taḡyīr",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "تَغْيِير"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "manipulyacʻia",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "word": "մանիպուլյացիա"
    },
    {
      "code": "be",
      "lang": "Belarusian",
      "roman": "manipuljácyja",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "маніпуля́цыя"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "manipulácija",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "манипула́ция"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulació"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "word": "操縱"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "cāozòng",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "word": "操纵"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "word": "運用"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "yùnyòng",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "word": "运用"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulace"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "manipulation"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulatie"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "gebruik"
    },
    {
      "code": "et",
      "lang": "Estonian",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "word": "manipulatsioon"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "word": "manipulaatio"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulation"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulación"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "maniṗulacia",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "word": "მანიპულაცია"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Manipulation"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "cheiragógisi",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "χειραγώγηση"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "word": "manipuláció"
    },
    {
      "code": "id",
      "lang": "Indonesian",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "word": "manipulasi"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipolazione"
    },
    {
      "code": "lv",
      "lang": "Latvian",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulācija"
    },
    {
      "code": "lt",
      "lang": "Lithuanian",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipuliacija"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "manipulacija",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "манипулација"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulasjon"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "roman": "dastkâri",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "word": "دستکاری"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulacja"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulação"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulare"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "manipuljácija",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "манипуля́ция"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "manipulírovanije",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "манипули́рование"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "манипула́ција"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "Roman",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulácija"
    },
    {
      "code": "sk",
      "lang": "Slovak",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulácia"
    },
    {
      "code": "sl",
      "lang": "Slovene",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulacija"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulación"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "manipulation"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "word": "manipülasyon"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "manipuljácija",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "маніпуля́ція"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "manipuljuvánnja",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "маніпулюва́ння"
    },
    {
      "code": "vi",
      "lang": "Vietnamese",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "word": "sự thao tác"
    },
    {
      "code": "fy",
      "lang": "West Frisian",
      "sense": "practice of manipulating",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "manipulaasje"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "borávene",
      "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "бора́вене"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulació"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulatie"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulación"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "roman": "dast-varzi",
      "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
      "word": "دستورزی"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulacja"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "манипула́ција"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
      "tags": [
        "Roman",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulácija"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "manipuljácija",
      "sense": "skillful use of the hands",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "маніпуля́ція"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "jeṙnacutʻyun",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "word": "ձեռնածություն"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "mekʻenayutʻyun",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "word": "մեքենայություն"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "podvéždane",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "подве́ждане"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulatie"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "misbruik"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "word": "manipulaatio"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulation"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulación"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Manipulierung"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Manipulieren"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Manipulation"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "word": "manipuláció"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulacja"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "manipulación"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "manipuljácija",
      "sense": "devious management",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "маніпуля́ція"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "manipulation"
  ],
  "word": "manipulation"
}

Download raw JSONL data for manipulation meaning in English (13.6kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (bb46d54 and 0c3c9f6). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.