See libertarian in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for libertarian meaning in English (21.5kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "liberty",
"3": "arian"
},
"expansion": "liberty + -arian",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "libertaire",
"3": "",
"4": "anarchist"
},
"expansion": "libertaire (“anarchist”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "liberté",
"3": "",
"4": "freedom"
},
"expansion": "liberté (“freedom”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "libertas"
},
"expansion": "libertas",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-aire"
},
"expansion": "-aire",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-arius"
},
"expansion": "-arius",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "liberty + -arian, dating from 1789.\nsense changes\nlibertaire (“anarchist”) formed from liberté (“freedom”), from Latin libertas and the suffix -aire, from Latin -arius.\nThe word first appeared in English in 1789 in William Belsham's Essays. This was contrasted with necessitarian, in the context of free will, and was not used in the current sense.\nThe French word is first attested in a letter in May 1857 by French\nanarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque to anarchist philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, reading:\n: “Anarchiste juste-milieu, libéral et non LIBERTAIRE…”\nIn translation:\n: “A centrist anarchist, liberal and not LIBERTARIAN…”\nhence the sense is of “extreme left-wing”.\nThe French term was popularized as a euphemism for anarchist in the 1890s, following the lois scélérates, when anarchist publications were banned by law in France.\nThe sense of “pro-property individualist” developed in the US in the 1940s, and was popularized in the 1950s. In the 1940s, Leonard Read began calling himself “libertarian” to contrast with “classical liberal”. In 1955, Dean Russell also promoted use of the word, writing: “Let those of us who love liberty trademark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word ‘libertarian’.”",
"forms": [
{
"form": "libertarians",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "libertarian (plural libertarians)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"li‧ber‧ta‧rian"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 9 30 22 27 12",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 33 11 19 28 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Politics",
"orig": "en:Politics",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "civil libertarian ― one who favors civil liberties",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "cultural libertarian ― one who favors cultural freedom",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One who advocates liberty, either generally or in relation to a specific issue."
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"word": "anarchist"
}
],
"id": "en-libertarian-en-noun-5JcMdlFA",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "eleutheromaniac"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "自由意志主義者"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zìyóu yìzhì zhǔyìzhě",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "自由意志主义者"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "行動自由論者"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xíngdòng zìyóu lùnzhě",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "行动自由论者"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "liberecano"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "libertaristi"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "libertaire"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libertario"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "libertaria"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "liberṭarianeli",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "ლიბერტარიანელი"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "libertárius"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libertario"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "libertaria"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "slobodar",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "слободар"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libertário"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "libertária"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libertario"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 16 9 11",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "libertaria"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "American English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 24 10 22 25 11",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Libertarianism",
"orig": "en:Libertarianism",
"parents": [
"Ideologies",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 9 30 22 27 12",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 33 11 19 28 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Politics",
"orig": "en:Politics",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A believer in right-libertarianism, a political doctrine that emphasizes individual liberty and a lack of governmental regulation, intervention, and oversight both in matters of the economy (‘free market’) and in personal behavior where no one’s rights are being violated or threatened."
],
"id": "en-libertarian-en-noun-ETPvgUO~",
"links": [
[
"right-libertarianism",
"right-libertarianism"
],
[
"free market",
"free market"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly US) A believer in right-libertarianism, a political doctrine that emphasizes individual liberty and a lack of governmental regulation, intervention, and oversight both in matters of the economy (‘free market’) and in personal behavior where no one’s rights are being violated or threatened."
],
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Irish English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "12 17 9 18 29 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 14 7 21 39 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 19 7 19 28 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -arian",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 16 12 16 40 10",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Anarchism",
"orig": "en:Anarchism",
"parents": [
"Ideologies",
"Leftism",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 24 10 22 25 11",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Libertarianism",
"orig": "en:Libertarianism",
"parents": [
"Ideologies",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 9 30 22 27 12",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 33 11 19 28 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Politics",
"orig": "en:Politics",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1973, Eugene Lunn, Prophet of Community: The Romantic Socialism of Gustav Landauer, Univ. of California Press, page 200",
"text": "Landauer's reorientation of anarchist theory and practice in the direction of idealist and völkisch thought was often incomprehensible to the more traditional libertarians, and in the period of the second Sozialist Landauer no longer felt entirely comfortable with the simple \"anarchist\" label. For Landauer anarchism and socialism had always been different expressions of the same view; now he regarded anarchism as \"merely the negative side of what is positively called socialism.\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2009, Peter Marshall, Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism, page 641",
"text": "For a long time, libertarian was interchangeable in France with anarchist but in recent years, its meaning has become more ambivalent. Some anarchists like David Guérin will call themselves 'libertarian socialists', partly to avoid the negative overtones still associated with anarchism, and partly to stress the place of anarchism with the socialist tradition. Even Marxists of the New Left like E. P. Thompson call themselves 'libertarian' to distinguish themselves from those authoritarian socialists and communists who believe in revolutionary dictatorship and vanguard parties.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Wilbur R. Miller, The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia, SAGE Publications, page 1008",
"text": "While anarchism and socialist libertarians have a rich history of revolutionary thinkers ranging from Emma Goldman to George Orwell, the best-known socialist libertarian thinker of today is probably Noam Chomsky.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A left-libertarian, an antiauthoritarian believer in both individual freedom and social justice (social equality and mutual aid)."
],
"id": "en-libertarian-en-noun-OnVdbVWQ",
"links": [
[
"left-libertarian",
"left-libertarian"
],
[
"antiauthoritarian",
"antiauthoritarian"
],
[
"social justice",
"social justice"
],
[
"mutual aid",
"mutual aid"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly UK, Ireland) A left-libertarian, an antiauthoritarian believer in both individual freedom and social justice (social equality and mutual aid)."
],
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"UK"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Philosophy",
"orig": "en:Philosophy",
"parents": [
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 24 10 22 25 11",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Libertarianism",
"orig": "en:Libertarianism",
"parents": [
"Ideologies",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 9 30 22 27 12",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A believer in the freedom of thinking beings to choose their own destiny, i.e. a believer in free will as opposed to those who believe the future is predetermined."
],
"id": "en-libertarian-en-noun-0SoDbI5v",
"links": [
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
],
[
"free will",
"free will"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(philosophy) A believer in the freedom of thinking beings to choose their own destiny, i.e. a believer in free will as opposed to those who believe the future is predetermined."
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əˈtɛə.ɹjən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌlɪb.ɚˈtɛɹ.i.ən/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əˈteː.ɹjən/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Rho9998-libertarian.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"UK"
],
"text": "Audio (UK)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Foundation for Economic Education"
],
"word": "libertarian"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "anarcho-libertarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "antilibertarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "civil libertarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "conservatarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cyberlibertarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "geolibertarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "glibertarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "illibertarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "liberaltarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertard"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertardian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertarian communism"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertarian communist"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertarianish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertarianism"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertarianize"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertarian Marxism"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertarian Marxist"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertarian parties"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertarian socialism"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertarian socialist"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertoon"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertopia"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertopian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertopic"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libertopist"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libtard"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "lolbertarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "loonytarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "nonlibertarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "paleolibertarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "l",
"word": "small libertarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "small-l libertarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "small l libertarian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "unlibertarian"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "liberty",
"3": "arian"
},
"expansion": "liberty + -arian",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "libertaire",
"3": "",
"4": "anarchist"
},
"expansion": "libertaire (“anarchist”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "liberté",
"3": "",
"4": "freedom"
},
"expansion": "liberté (“freedom”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "libertas"
},
"expansion": "libertas",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-aire"
},
"expansion": "-aire",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-arius"
},
"expansion": "-arius",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "liberty + -arian, dating from 1789.\nsense changes\nlibertaire (“anarchist”) formed from liberté (“freedom”), from Latin libertas and the suffix -aire, from Latin -arius.\nThe word first appeared in English in 1789 in William Belsham's Essays. This was contrasted with necessitarian, in the context of free will, and was not used in the current sense.\nThe French word is first attested in a letter in May 1857 by French\nanarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque to anarchist philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, reading:\n: “Anarchiste juste-milieu, libéral et non LIBERTAIRE…”\nIn translation:\n: “A centrist anarchist, liberal and not LIBERTARIAN…”\nhence the sense is of “extreme left-wing”.\nThe French term was popularized as a euphemism for anarchist in the 1890s, following the lois scélérates, when anarchist publications were banned by law in France.\nThe sense of “pro-property individualist” developed in the US in the 1940s, and was popularized in the 1950s. In the 1940s, Leonard Read began calling himself “libertarian” to contrast with “classical liberal”. In 1955, Dean Russell also promoted use of the word, writing: “Let those of us who love liberty trademark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word ‘libertarian’.”",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more libertarian",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most libertarian",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "libertarian (comparative more libertarian, superlative most libertarian)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"li‧ber‧ta‧rian"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He has libertarian views.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "A libertarian capitalist.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2012 January 23, Steven Sloman, “The Battle Between Intuition and Deliberation”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2012-01-08, page 74",
"text": "Libertarian paternalism is the view that, because the way options are presented to citizens affects what they choose, society should present options in a way that “nudges” our intuitive selves to make choices that are more consistent with what our more deliberative selves would have chosen if they were in control.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2016 January 13, Ben Jacobs, “Ron Paul criticizes Cruz's absence from Fed vote in support of son's campaign”, in The Guardian",
"text": "Rand Paul’s presidential campaign has drafted in his father, libertarian icon Ron Paul, to directly attack Republican rival Ted Cruz in a robocall in Iowa, the first time the former presidential candidate has gone on the offensive on his son’s behalf.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2017, Angela Nagle, Kill All Normies, Zero Books",
"text": "Anonymous activities have over the years leaned incoherently to the libertarian left and right, and everything in between, singling out everyone from Justin Bieber fans to feminists, fascists, cybersecurity specialists, and engaged in the kind of pervert-exposing vigilantism that blue-collar tabloid readers have long been mocked for.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Having the beliefs of libertarians; having a relative tendency towards liberty."
],
"id": "en-libertarian-en-adj-VCbshubD",
"links": [
[
"belief",
"belief"
],
[
"relative",
"relative"
],
[
"tendency",
"tendency"
],
[
"liberty",
"liberty"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "96 4",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zìyóu de",
"sense": "Having the beliefs of libertarians",
"word": "自由的"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 4",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "Having the beliefs of libertarians",
"word": "自由論者的"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 4",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zìyóu lùnzhě de",
"sense": "Having the beliefs of libertarians",
"word": "自由论者的"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Having the beliefs of libertarians",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "libertaire"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 4",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "liberṭarianuli",
"sense": "Having the beliefs of libertarians",
"word": "ლიბერტარიანული"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 4",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "libertariandyq",
"sense": "Having the beliefs of libertarians",
"word": "либертариандық"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 4",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "libertarianşyl",
"sense": "Having the beliefs of libertarians",
"word": "либертарианшыл"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 24 10 22 25 11",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Libertarianism",
"orig": "en:Libertarianism",
"parents": [
"Ideologies",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 33 11 19 28 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Politics",
"orig": "en:Politics",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"sense": "libertarian party libertarianism",
"word": "anarcho-libertarianism"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Relating to liberty, or to the doctrine of free will, as opposed to the doctrine of necessity."
],
"id": "en-libertarian-en-adj-rLQXgSRl",
"links": [
[
"liberty",
"liberty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) Relating to liberty, or to the doctrine of free will, as opposed to the doctrine of necessity."
],
"tags": [
"dated"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əˈtɛə.ɹjən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌlɪb.ɚˈtɛɹ.i.ən/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əˈteː.ɹjən/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Rho9998-libertarian.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"UK"
],
"text": "Audio (UK)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Foundation for Economic Education"
],
"word": "libertarian"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 4-syllable words",
"English 5-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms suffixed with -arian",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"en:Anarchism",
"en:Libertarianism",
"en:People",
"en:Politics"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "liberty",
"3": "arian"
},
"expansion": "liberty + -arian",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "libertaire",
"3": "",
"4": "anarchist"
},
"expansion": "libertaire (“anarchist”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "liberté",
"3": "",
"4": "freedom"
},
"expansion": "liberté (“freedom”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "libertas"
},
"expansion": "libertas",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-aire"
},
"expansion": "-aire",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-arius"
},
"expansion": "-arius",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "liberty + -arian, dating from 1789.\nsense changes\nlibertaire (“anarchist”) formed from liberté (“freedom”), from Latin libertas and the suffix -aire, from Latin -arius.\nThe word first appeared in English in 1789 in William Belsham's Essays. This was contrasted with necessitarian, in the context of free will, and was not used in the current sense.\nThe French word is first attested in a letter in May 1857 by French\nanarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque to anarchist philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, reading:\n: “Anarchiste juste-milieu, libéral et non LIBERTAIRE…”\nIn translation:\n: “A centrist anarchist, liberal and not LIBERTARIAN…”\nhence the sense is of “extreme left-wing”.\nThe French term was popularized as a euphemism for anarchist in the 1890s, following the lois scélérates, when anarchist publications were banned by law in France.\nThe sense of “pro-property individualist” developed in the US in the 1940s, and was popularized in the 1950s. In the 1940s, Leonard Read began calling himself “libertarian” to contrast with “classical liberal”. In 1955, Dean Russell also promoted use of the word, writing: “Let those of us who love liberty trademark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word ‘libertarian’.”",
"forms": [
{
"form": "libertarians",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "libertarian (plural libertarians)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"li‧ber‧ta‧rian"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "civil libertarian ― one who favors civil liberties",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "cultural libertarian ― one who favors cultural freedom",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One who advocates liberty, either generally or in relation to a specific issue."
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"word": "anarchist"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "eleutheromaniac"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"American English"
],
"glosses": [
"A believer in right-libertarianism, a political doctrine that emphasizes individual liberty and a lack of governmental regulation, intervention, and oversight both in matters of the economy (‘free market’) and in personal behavior where no one’s rights are being violated or threatened."
],
"links": [
[
"right-libertarianism",
"right-libertarianism"
],
[
"free market",
"free market"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly US) A believer in right-libertarianism, a political doctrine that emphasizes individual liberty and a lack of governmental regulation, intervention, and oversight both in matters of the economy (‘free market’) and in personal behavior where no one’s rights are being violated or threatened."
],
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English terms with quotations",
"Irish English",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1973, Eugene Lunn, Prophet of Community: The Romantic Socialism of Gustav Landauer, Univ. of California Press, page 200",
"text": "Landauer's reorientation of anarchist theory and practice in the direction of idealist and völkisch thought was often incomprehensible to the more traditional libertarians, and in the period of the second Sozialist Landauer no longer felt entirely comfortable with the simple \"anarchist\" label. For Landauer anarchism and socialism had always been different expressions of the same view; now he regarded anarchism as \"merely the negative side of what is positively called socialism.\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2009, Peter Marshall, Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism, page 641",
"text": "For a long time, libertarian was interchangeable in France with anarchist but in recent years, its meaning has become more ambivalent. Some anarchists like David Guérin will call themselves 'libertarian socialists', partly to avoid the negative overtones still associated with anarchism, and partly to stress the place of anarchism with the socialist tradition. Even Marxists of the New Left like E. P. Thompson call themselves 'libertarian' to distinguish themselves from those authoritarian socialists and communists who believe in revolutionary dictatorship and vanguard parties.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Wilbur R. Miller, The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia, SAGE Publications, page 1008",
"text": "While anarchism and socialist libertarians have a rich history of revolutionary thinkers ranging from Emma Goldman to George Orwell, the best-known socialist libertarian thinker of today is probably Noam Chomsky.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A left-libertarian, an antiauthoritarian believer in both individual freedom and social justice (social equality and mutual aid)."
],
"links": [
[
"left-libertarian",
"left-libertarian"
],
[
"antiauthoritarian",
"antiauthoritarian"
],
[
"social justice",
"social justice"
],
[
"mutual aid",
"mutual aid"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly UK, Ireland) A left-libertarian, an antiauthoritarian believer in both individual freedom and social justice (social equality and mutual aid)."
],
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"UK"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Philosophy"
],
"glosses": [
"A believer in the freedom of thinking beings to choose their own destiny, i.e. a believer in free will as opposed to those who believe the future is predetermined."
],
"links": [
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
],
[
"free will",
"free will"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(philosophy) A believer in the freedom of thinking beings to choose their own destiny, i.e. a believer in free will as opposed to those who believe the future is predetermined."
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əˈtɛə.ɹjən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌlɪb.ɚˈtɛɹ.i.ən/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əˈteː.ɹjən/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Rho9998-libertarian.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"UK"
],
"text": "Audio (UK)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "自由意志主義者"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zìyóu yìzhì zhǔyìzhě",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "自由意志主义者"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "行動自由論者"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xíngdòng zìyóu lùnzhě",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "行动自由论者"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "liberecano"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "libertaristi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "libertaire"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libertario"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "libertaria"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "liberṭarianeli",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "ლიბერტარიანელი"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"word": "libertárius"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libertario"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "libertaria"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "slobodar",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "слободар"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libertário"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "libertária"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libertario"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "one who advocates liberty",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "libertaria"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Foundation for Economic Education"
],
"word": "libertarian"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 4-syllable words",
"English 5-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms suffixed with -arian",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"en:Anarchism",
"en:Libertarianism",
"en:People",
"en:Politics"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "anarcho-libertarian"
},
{
"word": "antilibertarian"
},
{
"word": "civil libertarian"
},
{
"word": "conservatarian"
},
{
"word": "cyberlibertarian"
},
{
"word": "geolibertarian"
},
{
"word": "glibertarian"
},
{
"word": "illibertarian"
},
{
"word": "liberaltarian"
},
{
"word": "libertard"
},
{
"word": "libertardian"
},
{
"word": "libertarian communism"
},
{
"word": "libertarian communist"
},
{
"word": "libertarianish"
},
{
"word": "libertarianism"
},
{
"word": "libertarianize"
},
{
"word": "libertarian Marxism"
},
{
"word": "libertarian Marxist"
},
{
"word": "libertarian parties"
},
{
"sense": "libertarian party libertarianism",
"word": "anarcho-libertarianism"
},
{
"word": "libertarian socialism"
},
{
"word": "libertarian socialist"
},
{
"word": "libertoon"
},
{
"word": "libertopia"
},
{
"word": "libertopian"
},
{
"word": "libertopic"
},
{
"word": "libertopist"
},
{
"word": "libtard"
},
{
"word": "lolbertarian"
},
{
"word": "loonytarian"
},
{
"word": "nonlibertarian"
},
{
"word": "paleolibertarian"
},
{
"english": "l",
"word": "small libertarian"
},
{
"word": "small-l libertarian"
},
{
"word": "small l libertarian"
},
{
"word": "unlibertarian"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "liberty",
"3": "arian"
},
"expansion": "liberty + -arian",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "libertaire",
"3": "",
"4": "anarchist"
},
"expansion": "libertaire (“anarchist”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "liberté",
"3": "",
"4": "freedom"
},
"expansion": "liberté (“freedom”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "libertas"
},
"expansion": "libertas",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-aire"
},
"expansion": "-aire",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-arius"
},
"expansion": "-arius",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "liberty + -arian, dating from 1789.\nsense changes\nlibertaire (“anarchist”) formed from liberté (“freedom”), from Latin libertas and the suffix -aire, from Latin -arius.\nThe word first appeared in English in 1789 in William Belsham's Essays. This was contrasted with necessitarian, in the context of free will, and was not used in the current sense.\nThe French word is first attested in a letter in May 1857 by French\nanarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque to anarchist philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, reading:\n: “Anarchiste juste-milieu, libéral et non LIBERTAIRE…”\nIn translation:\n: “A centrist anarchist, liberal and not LIBERTARIAN…”\nhence the sense is of “extreme left-wing”.\nThe French term was popularized as a euphemism for anarchist in the 1890s, following the lois scélérates, when anarchist publications were banned by law in France.\nThe sense of “pro-property individualist” developed in the US in the 1940s, and was popularized in the 1950s. In the 1940s, Leonard Read began calling himself “libertarian” to contrast with “classical liberal”. In 1955, Dean Russell also promoted use of the word, writing: “Let those of us who love liberty trademark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word ‘libertarian’.”",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more libertarian",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most libertarian",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "libertarian (comparative more libertarian, superlative most libertarian)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"li‧ber‧ta‧rian"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He has libertarian views.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "A libertarian capitalist.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2012 January 23, Steven Sloman, “The Battle Between Intuition and Deliberation”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2012-01-08, page 74",
"text": "Libertarian paternalism is the view that, because the way options are presented to citizens affects what they choose, society should present options in a way that “nudges” our intuitive selves to make choices that are more consistent with what our more deliberative selves would have chosen if they were in control.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2016 January 13, Ben Jacobs, “Ron Paul criticizes Cruz's absence from Fed vote in support of son's campaign”, in The Guardian",
"text": "Rand Paul’s presidential campaign has drafted in his father, libertarian icon Ron Paul, to directly attack Republican rival Ted Cruz in a robocall in Iowa, the first time the former presidential candidate has gone on the offensive on his son’s behalf.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2017, Angela Nagle, Kill All Normies, Zero Books",
"text": "Anonymous activities have over the years leaned incoherently to the libertarian left and right, and everything in between, singling out everyone from Justin Bieber fans to feminists, fascists, cybersecurity specialists, and engaged in the kind of pervert-exposing vigilantism that blue-collar tabloid readers have long been mocked for.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Having the beliefs of libertarians; having a relative tendency towards liberty."
],
"links": [
[
"belief",
"belief"
],
[
"relative",
"relative"
],
[
"tendency",
"tendency"
],
[
"liberty",
"liberty"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English dated terms"
],
"glosses": [
"Relating to liberty, or to the doctrine of free will, as opposed to the doctrine of necessity."
],
"links": [
[
"liberty",
"liberty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) Relating to liberty, or to the doctrine of free will, as opposed to the doctrine of necessity."
],
"tags": [
"dated"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əˈtɛə.ɹjən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌlɪb.ɚˈtɛɹ.i.ən/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əˈteː.ɹjən/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Rho9998-libertarian.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"UK"
],
"text": "Audio (UK)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zìyóu de",
"sense": "Having the beliefs of libertarians",
"word": "自由的"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "Having the beliefs of libertarians",
"word": "自由論者的"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zìyóu lùnzhě de",
"sense": "Having the beliefs of libertarians",
"word": "自由论者的"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Having the beliefs of libertarians",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "libertaire"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "liberṭarianuli",
"sense": "Having the beliefs of libertarians",
"word": "ლიბერტარიანული"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "libertariandyq",
"sense": "Having the beliefs of libertarians",
"word": "либертариандық"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "libertarianşyl",
"sense": "Having the beliefs of libertarians",
"word": "либертарианшыл"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Foundation for Economic Education"
],
"word": "libertarian"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (82c8ff9 and f4967a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.