See libertarian in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
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The adjective is derived from the noun.\nsense development\nThe word was first attested in English in 1789 in William Belsham’s Essays: see the quotation. This was contrasted with necessitarian, in the context of free will, and was not used in the more frequently encountered modern sense.\nCompare French libertaire (“person with extreme left-wing beliefs, anarchist”), from liberté (“freedom”) + -aire (suffix forming nouns). Libertaire is derived from Latin libertas. The French word was first attested in a May 1857 letter by the French anarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque (1821–1865) to the anarchist philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865), reading: “Anarchiste juste-milieu, libéral et non LIBERTAIRE [A centrist anarchist, liberal and not LIBERTARIAN] […]”. It was popularized as a euphemism for anarchiste in the 1890s, following the French lois scélérates (literally “villainous laws”) under which anarchist publications were banned.\nSense 3.2 (“believer in right-libertarianism”) developed in the United States in the 1940s and was popularized in the 1950s. In the 1940s, Leonard Read (1898–1983), the founder of the Foundation for Economic Education, a free-market think tank, began calling himself “libertarian” in contrast with a “classical liberal”. In 1955, Dean Russell also promoted the use of the word, writing: “Let those of us who love liberty trade-mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word ‘libertarian’.”", "forms": [ { "form": "libertarians", "tags": [ "plural" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "libertarian (plural libertarians)", "name": "en-noun" } ], "hyphenation": [ "li‧ber‧ta‧ri‧an" ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "antonyms": [ { "word": "antilibertarian" }, { "word": "nonlibertarian" } ], "categories": [ { "_dis": "11 5 21 10 9 24 20", "kind": "other", "name": "English terms suffixed with -arian", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "0 7 6 31 13 20 23", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "People", "orig": "en:People", "parents": [ "Human", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "examples": [ { "text": "civil libertarian ― one who favours civil liberties", "type": "example" }, { "text": "cultural libertarian ― one who favours cultural freedom", "type": "example" } ], "glosses": [ "One who advocates liberty, either generally or in relation to a specific issue." ], "hyponyms": [ { "word": "anarchist" } ], "id": "en-libertarian-en-noun-5JcMdlFA", "links": [ [ "advocates", "advocate#Verb" ], [ "liberty", "liberty" ], [ "generally", "generally" ], [ "relation", "relation" ], [ "specific", "specific#Adjective" ], [ "issue", "issue#Noun" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "eleutheromaniac" } ], "translations": [ { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "行動自由論者" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "xíngdòngzìyóulùnzhě", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "行动自由论者" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "自由意志主義者" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìyóuyìzhìzhǔyìzhě", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "自由意志主义者" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "eo", "lang": "Esperanto", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "liberecano" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "libertaristi" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "feminine", "masculine" ], "word": "libertaire" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "libertario" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "libertaria" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "liberṭarianeli", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "ლიბერტარიანელი" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "libertárius" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "libertario" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "libertaria" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "slobodar", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "слободар" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "libertário" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "libertária" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "libertario" }, { "_dis1": "44 8 24 24", "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "libertaria" } ] }, { "categories": [ { "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Philosophy", "orig": "en:Philosophy", "parents": [ "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w" } ], "examples": [ { "ref": "1789, [William Belsham], “Essay I. On Liberty and Necessity.”, in Essays, Philosophical, Historical, and Literary, London: […] C[harles] Dilly, […], →OCLC, page 11:", "text": "[W]here is the difference betvveen the Libertarian, vvho ſays that the mind chuſes the motive; and the Neceſſarian, vvho aſſerts that the motive determines the mind; if the volition be the neceſſary reſult of all the previous circumſtances?", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "A believer in the freedom of thinking beings to choose their own destiny (the doctrine of free will) as opposed to those who believe the future is predetermined (the doctrine of necessity)." ], "id": "en-libertarian-en-noun-1SXOPx1n", "links": [ [ "philosophy", "philosophy" ], [ "believer", "believer" ], [ "freedom", "freedom" ], [ "thinking", "think#Verb" ], [ "beings", "being#Noun" ], [ "choose", "choose#Verb" ], [ "destiny", "destiny" ], [ "doctrine", "doctrine" ], [ "free will", "free will" ], [ "as opposed to", "as opposed to" ], [ "believe", "believe" ], [ "future", "future#Noun" ], [ "predetermined", "predetermined#Adjective" ], [ "necessity", "necessity" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(philosophy) A believer in the freedom of thinking beings to choose their own destiny (the doctrine of free will) as opposed to those who believe the future is predetermined (the doctrine of necessity)." ], "topics": [ "human-sciences", "philosophy", "sciences" ], "translations": [ { "_dis1": "6 67 15 11", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "believer in the freedom of thinking beings to choose their own destiny", "word": "libertarianisti" } ] }, { "antonyms": [ { "word": "antilibertarian" }, { "word": "nonlibertarian" } ], "categories": [ { "kind": "other", "name": "British English", "parents": [], "source": "w" }, { "kind": "other", "name": "Irish English", "parents": [], "source": "w" }, { "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Politics", "orig": "en:Politics", "parents": [ "Society", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w" }, { "_dis": "12 4 17 10 11 27 19", "kind": "other", "name": "English entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "11 5 21 10 9 24 20", "kind": "other", "name": "English terms suffixed with -arian", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "14 4 17 12 11 26 16", "kind": "other", "name": "Entries with translation boxes", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "12 5 16 11 11 27 18", "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with 1 entry", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "13 2 17 12 10 28 18", "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with entries", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "10 5 20 8 9 28 19", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Esperanto translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "9 6 17 12 11 27 19", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Finnish translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "13 8 16 11 11 27 15", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with French translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "9 6 17 12 11 27 19", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Galician translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "8 6 16 13 12 26 19", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Georgian translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "8 7 15 13 12 26 20", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Hungarian translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "13 5 16 11 10 29 16", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Italian translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "8 6 17 14 11 25 20", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Kazakh translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "8 7 16 14 12 25 18", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Macedonian translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "9 6 17 8 11 31 19", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Mandarin translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "8 6 17 13 11 26 19", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Portuguese translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "13 5 16 11 11 30 16", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Spanish translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "7 5 20 13 6 33 17", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Anarchism", "orig": "en:Anarchism", "parents": [ "Ideologies", "Leftism", "Politics", "Society", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "6 8 23 7 8 25 22", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Libertarianism", "orig": "en:Libertarianism", "parents": [ "Ideologies", "Politics", "Society", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "4 15 24 5 8 22 22", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Politics", "orig": "en:Politics", "parents": [ "Society", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "examples": [ { "ref": "1973, Eugene Lunn, “The Romantic as Socialist”, in Prophet of Community: The Romantic Socialism of Gustav Landauer, Berkeley; Los Angeles, Calif.; London: University of California Press, →ISBN, page 200:", "text": "[Gustav] Landauer's reorientation of anarchist theory and practice in the direction of idealist and völkisch thought was often incomprehensible to the more traditional libertarians, and in the period of the second Sozialist Landauer no longer felt entirely comfortable with the simple \"anarchist\" label. For Landauer anarchism and socialism had always been different expressions of the same view; now he regarded anarchism as \"merely the negative side of what is positively called socialism.\"", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "2012, Jennifer D. Carlson, “Libertarianism”, in edited by Wilbur R. Miller, The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, →ISBN, page 1008, column 1:", "text": "While anarchism and socialist libertarians have a rich history of revolutionary thinkers ranging from Emma Goldman to George Orwell, the best-known socialist libertarian thinker of today is probably Noam Chomsky.", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "One who advocates libertarianism (“a political philosophy maintaining that all persons are the absolute owners of their own lives, and should be free to do whatever they wish with their persons or property, provided they allow others that same liberty”); also, a member of a political party supporting libertarianism.", "An antiauthoritarian believer in left-libertarianism, a political doctrine that stresses both individual freedom and social equality, and advocates shared ownership of natural resources." ], "id": "en-libertarian-en-noun-k71puAYR", "links": [ [ "politics", "politics" ], [ "libertarianism", "libertarianism#English" ], [ "political", "political#Adjective" ], [ "philosophy", "philosophy" ], [ "maintain", "maintain" ], [ "persons", "person#Noun" ], [ "absolute", "absolute#Adjective" ], [ "owner", "owner" ], [ "lives", "life#Noun" ], [ "free", "free#Adjective" ], [ "wish", "wish#Verb" ], [ "property", "property#Noun" ], [ "provide", "provide" ], [ "allow", "allow" ], [ "member", "member#Adjective" ], [ "political party", "political party" ], [ "supporting", "support#Verb" ], [ "antiauthoritarian", "antiauthoritarian#Adjective" ], [ "left-libertarianism", "left-libertarianism" ], [ "doctrine", "doctrine" ], [ "stresses", "stress#Verb" ], [ "individual", "individual#Adjective" ], [ "social", "social#Adjective" ], [ "equality", "equality" ], [ "shared", "shared#Adjective" ], [ "ownership", "ownership" ], [ "natural resource", "natural resource" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(politics) One who advocates libertarianism (“a political philosophy maintaining that all persons are the absolute owners of their own lives, and should be free to do whatever they wish with their persons or property, provided they allow others that same liberty”); also, a member of a political party supporting libertarianism.", "(chiefly Ireland, UK) An antiauthoritarian believer in left-libertarianism, a political doctrine that stresses both individual freedom and social equality, and advocates shared ownership of natural resources." ], "tags": [ "Ireland", "UK" ], "topics": [ "government", "politics" ] }, { "antonyms": [ { "word": "antilibertarian" }, { "word": "nonlibertarian" } ], "categories": [ { "kind": "other", "name": "American English", "parents": [], "source": "w" }, { "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Politics", "orig": "en:Politics", "parents": [ "Society", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w" }, { "_dis": "11 5 21 10 9 24 20", "kind": "other", "name": "English terms suffixed with -arian", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "6 8 23 7 8 25 22", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Libertarianism", "orig": "en:Libertarianism", "parents": [ "Ideologies", "Politics", "Society", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "4 15 24 5 8 22 22", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Politics", "orig": "en:Politics", "parents": [ "Society", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "One who advocates libertarianism (“a political philosophy maintaining that all persons are the absolute owners of their own lives, and should be free to do whatever they wish with their persons or property, provided they allow others that same liberty”); also, a member of a political party supporting libertarianism.", "A believer in right-libertarianism, a political doctrine that emphasizes individual liberty and a lack of governmental intervention, oversight, and regulation, both in economic matters (that is, a belief in the free market) and in personal behaviour provided that no one's rights are threatened or violated." ], "id": "en-libertarian-en-noun-GABE~AFf", "links": [ [ "politics", "politics" ], [ "libertarianism", "libertarianism#English" ], [ "political", "political#Adjective" ], [ "philosophy", "philosophy" ], [ "maintain", "maintain" ], [ "persons", "person#Noun" ], [ "absolute", "absolute#Adjective" ], [ "owner", "owner" ], [ "lives", "life#Noun" ], [ "free", "free#Adjective" ], [ "wish", "wish#Verb" ], [ "property", "property#Noun" ], [ "provide", "provide" ], [ "allow", "allow" ], [ "member", "member#Adjective" ], [ "political party", "political party" ], [ "supporting", "support#Verb" ], [ "right-libertarianism", "right-libertarianism" ], [ "emphasize", "emphasize" ], [ "lack", "lack#Noun" ], [ "governmental", "governmental" ], [ "intervention", "intervention" ], [ "oversight", "oversight#Noun" ], [ "regulation", "regulation" ], [ "economic", "economic" ], [ "matters", "matter#Noun" ], [ "free market", "free market" ], [ "personal", "personal#Adjective" ], [ "behaviour", "behavior" ], [ "provided that", "provided that" ], [ "rights", "right#Noun" ], [ "threaten", "threaten" ], [ "violate", "violate" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(politics) One who advocates libertarianism (“a political philosophy maintaining that all persons are the absolute owners of their own lives, and should be free to do whatever they wish with their persons or property, provided they allow others that same liberty”); also, a member of a political party supporting libertarianism.", "(chiefly US) A believer in right-libertarianism, a political doctrine that emphasizes individual liberty and a lack of governmental intervention, oversight, and regulation, both in economic matters (that is, a belief in the free market) and in personal behaviour provided that no one's rights are threatened or violated." ], "tags": [ "US" ], "topics": [ "government", "politics" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əˈtɛə.ɹɪ.ən/", "tags": [ "Received-Pronunciation" ] }, { "ipa": "/-ɹj-/", "tags": [ "Received-Pronunciation" ] }, { "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Rho9998-libertarian.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.ogg" }, { "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.ogg" }, { "ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əɹˈtɛ.ɹi.ən/", "tags": [ "General-American" ] }, { "ipa": "/ˌlɪb.ɪˈteː.ɹɪ.ən/", "tags": [ "General-Australian" ] }, { "ipa": "/-ɹj-/", "tags": [ "General-Australian" ] } ], "synonyms": [ { "_dis1": "0 0 50 50", "sense": "member of a political party", "word": "Libertarian" } ], "translations": [ { "_dis1": "23 8 35 35", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "one who advocates libertarianism", "word": "libertaari" } ], "wikipedia": [ "Foundation for Economic Education", "Joseph Déjacque", "Leonard Read", "Pierre-Joseph Proudhon", "William Belsham", "lois scélérates" ], "word": "libertarian" } { "derived": [ { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "antilibertarian" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "liberaltarian" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "loonytarian" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "nonlibertarian" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0", "word": "illibertarian" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0", "word": "libertarian communism" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0", "word": "libertarian communist" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0", "word": "libertarian Marxism" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0", "word": "libertarian Marxist" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0", "word": "libertarian parties" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0", "word": "libertarian party" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0", "word": "libertarian socialism" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0", "word": "libertarian socialist" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0", "word": "paleolibertarian" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0", "word": "unlibertarian" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*h₁lewdʰ-" }, "expansion": "", "name": "root" }, { "args": { "1": "noun" }, "expansion": "noun", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "suffix" }, "expansion": "suffix", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "liberty", "3": "-arian", "alt1": "liber(ty)", "pos2": "suffix denoting an advocate of or believer in something" }, "expansion": "liber(ty) + -arian (suffix denoting an advocate of or believer in something)", "name": "affix" }, { "args": { "1": "adjective" }, "expansion": "adjective", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "fr", "2": "libertaire", "t": "person with extreme left-wing beliefs, anarchist" }, "expansion": "French libertaire (“person with extreme left-wing beliefs, anarchist”)", "name": "cog" }, { "args": { "1": "la", "2": "libertas" }, "expansion": "Latin libertas", "name": "cog" }, { "args": {}, "expansion": "[…]", "name": "nb..." } ], "etymology_text": "The noun is derived from liber(ty) + -arian (suffix denoting an advocate of or believer in something). The adjective is derived from the noun.\nsense development\nThe word was first attested in English in 1789 in William Belsham’s Essays: see the quotation. This was contrasted with necessitarian, in the context of free will, and was not used in the more frequently encountered modern sense.\nCompare French libertaire (“person with extreme left-wing beliefs, anarchist”), from liberté (“freedom”) + -aire (suffix forming nouns). Libertaire is derived from Latin libertas. The French word was first attested in a May 1857 letter by the French anarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque (1821–1865) to the anarchist philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865), reading: “Anarchiste juste-milieu, libéral et non LIBERTAIRE [A centrist anarchist, liberal and not LIBERTARIAN] […]”. It was popularized as a euphemism for anarchiste in the 1890s, following the French lois scélérates (literally “villainous laws”) under which anarchist publications were banned.\nSense 3.2 (“believer in right-libertarianism”) developed in the United States in the 1940s and was popularized in the 1950s. In the 1940s, Leonard Read (1898–1983), the founder of the Foundation for Economic Education, a free-market think tank, began calling himself “libertarian” in contrast with a “classical liberal”. In 1955, Dean Russell also promoted the use of the word, writing: “Let those of us who love liberty trade-mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word ‘libertarian’.”", "forms": [ { "form": "more libertarian", "tags": [ "comparative" ] }, { "form": "most libertarian", "tags": [ "superlative" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "libertarian (comparative more libertarian, superlative most libertarian)", "name": "en-adj" } ], "hyphenation": [ "li‧ber‧ta‧ri‧an" ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "adj", "senses": [ { "antonyms": [ { "word": "antilibertarian" }, { "word": "nonlibertarian" } ], "categories": [ { "_dis": "11 5 21 10 9 24 20", "kind": "other", "name": "English terms suffixed with -arian", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "examples": [ { "text": "He has libertarian views.", "type": "example" }, { "ref": "2012 January, Steven Sloman, “The Battle Between Intuition and Deliberation [review of Thinking, Fast and Slow (2011) by Daniel Kahneman]”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, New Haven, Conn.: Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-06-12, page 74:", "text": "Libertarian paternalism is the view that, because the way options are presented to citizens affects what they choose, society should present options in a way that \"nudges\" our intuitive selves to make choices that are more consistent with what our more deliberative selves would have chosen if they were in control.", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "Advocating liberty; also, having a relative tendency towards liberty." ], "id": "en-libertarian-en-adj-BOXmYJmP", "links": [ [ "Advocating", "advocate#Verb" ], [ "liberty", "liberty" ], [ "relative", "relative#Adjective" ], [ "tendency", "tendency" ] ], "translations": [ { "_dis1": "86 2 12", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "advocating liberty; having a relative tendency towards liberty", "word": "libertaristinen" } ] }, { "antonyms": [ { "word": "necessitarian" } ], "categories": [ { "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Philosophy", "orig": "en:Philosophy", "parents": [ "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w" }, { "_dis": "4 15 24 5 8 22 22", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Politics", "orig": "en:Politics", "parents": [ "Society", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "Relating to the doctrine of free will as opposed to the doctrine of necessity." ], "id": "en-libertarian-en-adj-cVhoE2AN", "links": [ [ "philosophy", "philosophy" ], [ "Relating", "relate" ], [ "doctrine", "doctrine" ], [ "free will", "free will" ], [ "as opposed to", "as opposed to" ], [ "necessity", "necessity" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(philosophy) Relating to the doctrine of free will as opposed to the doctrine of necessity." ], "topics": [ "human-sciences", "philosophy", "sciences" ], "translations": [ { "_dis1": "1 96 3", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "relating to the doctrine of free will as opposed to the doctrine of necessity", "word": "libertarianistinen" } ] }, { "antonyms": [ { "word": "antilibertarian" }, { "word": "nonlibertarian" } ], "categories": [ { "kind": "other", "name": "American English", "parents": [], "source": "w" }, { "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Politics", "orig": "en:Politics", "parents": [ "Society", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w" }, { "_dis": "11 5 21 10 9 24 20", "kind": "other", "name": "English terms suffixed with -arian", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "6 8 23 7 8 25 22", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Libertarianism", "orig": "en:Libertarianism", "parents": [ "Ideologies", "Politics", "Society", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "4 15 24 5 8 22 22", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Politics", "orig": "en:Politics", "parents": [ "Society", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "examples": [ { "text": "a libertarian capitalist", "type": "example" }, { "ref": "1991, Peter H[ugh] Marshall, “The Relevance of Anarchism”, in Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism, London: Harper Perennial, published 2008, →ISBN, part 7 (The Legacy of Anarchism), page 641:", "text": "For a long time, libertarian was interchangeable in France with anarchist but in recent years, its meaning has become more ambivalent. Some anarchists like David Guérin will call themselves ‘libertarian socialists’, partly to avoid the negative overtones still associated with anarchism, and partly to stress the place of anarchism with the socialist tradition. Even Marxists of the New Left like E[dward] P[almer] Thompson call themselves ‘libertarian’ to distinguish themselves from those authoritarian socialists and communists who believe in revolutionary dictatorship and vanguard parties.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "2016 January 13, Ben Jacobs, “Ron Paul criticizes Cruz's absence from Fed vote in support of son's campaign”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-27:", "text": "Rand Paul's presidential campaign has drafted in his father, libertarian icon Ron Paul, to directly attack Republican rival Ted Cruz in a robocall in Iowa, the first time the former presidential candidate has gone on the offensive on his son’s behalf.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "2017, Angela Nagle, “The Leaderless Digital Counter-revolution”, in Kill All Normies: The Online Culture Wars from Tumblr and 4chan to the Alt-right and Trump, Alresford, Hampshire: Zero Books, John Hunt Publishing, →ISBN, page 13:", "text": "Anonymous activities have over the years leaned incoherently to the libertarian left and right, and everything in between, singling out everyone from Justin Bieber fans to feminists, fascists, cybersecurity specialists, and engaged in the kind of pervert-exposing vigilantism that blue-collar tabloid readers have long been mocked for.", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "Relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; also, relating to a political party supporting libertarianism." ], "id": "en-libertarian-en-adj-wlV9MgYV", "links": [ [ "politics", "politics" ], [ "libertarianism", "libertarianism" ], [ "political party", "political party" ], [ "supporting", "support#Verb" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(originally US, politics) Relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; also, relating to a political party supporting libertarianism." ], "synonyms": [ { "_dis1": "0 0 100", "sense": "relating to a political party", "word": "Libertarian" } ], "topics": [ "government", "politics" ], "translations": [ { "_dis1": "12 7 82", "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìyóu de", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "自由的" }, { "_dis1": "12 7 82", "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "自由論者的" }, { "_dis1": "12 7 82", "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìyóu lùnzhě de", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "自由论者的" }, { "_dis1": "12 7 82", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "libertaari" }, { "_dis1": "12 7 82", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "libertaarinen" }, { "_dis1": "12 7 82", "code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "libertaire" }, { "_dis1": "12 7 82", "code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "liberṭarianuli", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "ლიბერტარიანული" }, { "_dis1": "12 7 82", "code": "kk", "lang": "Kazakh", "roman": "libertariandyq", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "либертариандық" }, { "_dis1": "12 7 82", "code": "kk", "lang": "Kazakh", "roman": "libertarianşyl", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "либертарианшыл" } ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əˈtɛə.ɹɪ.ən/", "tags": [ "Received-Pronunciation" ] }, { "ipa": "/-ɹj-/", "tags": [ "Received-Pronunciation" ] }, { "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Rho9998-libertarian.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.ogg" }, { "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.ogg" }, { "ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əɹˈtɛ.ɹi.ən/", "tags": [ "General-American" ] }, { "ipa": "/ˌlɪb.ɪˈteː.ɹɪ.ən/", "tags": [ "General-Australian" ] }, { "ipa": "/-ɹj-/", "tags": [ "General-Australian" ] } ], "wikipedia": [ "Foundation for Economic Education", "Joseph Déjacque", "Leonard Read", "Pierre-Joseph Proudhon", "William Belsham", "lois scélérates" ], "word": "libertarian" }
{ "categories": [ "English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁lewdʰ-", "English terms suffixed with -arian", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Kazakh translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "en:Anarchism", "en:Libertarianism", "en:People", "en:Politics" ], "derived": [ { "word": "anarcho-libertarian" }, { "word": "antilibertarian" }, { "word": "civil libertarian" }, { "word": "conservatarian" }, { "word": "cyberlibertarian" }, { "word": "geolibertarian" }, { "word": "glibertarian" }, { "word": "left-libertarian" }, { "word": "liberaltarian" }, { "word": "libertard" }, { "word": "libertardian" }, { "word": "libertarianish" }, { "word": "libertarianism" }, { "word": "libertarianize" }, { "word": "libertoon" }, { "word": "libertopia" }, { "word": "libertopian" }, { "word": "libertopic" }, { "word": "libertopist" }, { "word": "libtard" }, { "word": "lolbertarian" }, { "word": "loonytarian" }, { "word": "nonlibertarian" }, { "word": "right-libertarian" }, { "word": "small l libertarian" }, { "word": "small-l libertarian" }, { "english": "l", "word": "small libertarian" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*h₁lewdʰ-" }, "expansion": "", "name": "root" }, { "args": { "1": "noun" }, "expansion": "noun", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "suffix" }, "expansion": "suffix", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "liberty", "3": "-arian", "alt1": "liber(ty)", "pos2": "suffix denoting an advocate of or believer in something" }, "expansion": "liber(ty) + -arian (suffix denoting an advocate of or believer in something)", "name": "affix" }, { "args": { "1": "adjective" }, "expansion": "adjective", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "fr", "2": "libertaire", "t": "person with extreme left-wing beliefs, anarchist" }, "expansion": "French libertaire (“person with extreme left-wing beliefs, anarchist”)", "name": "cog" }, { "args": { "1": "la", "2": "libertas" }, "expansion": "Latin libertas", "name": "cog" }, { "args": {}, "expansion": "[…]", "name": "nb..." } ], "etymology_text": "The noun is derived from liber(ty) + -arian (suffix denoting an advocate of or believer in something). The adjective is derived from the noun.\nsense development\nThe word was first attested in English in 1789 in William Belsham’s Essays: see the quotation. This was contrasted with necessitarian, in the context of free will, and was not used in the more frequently encountered modern sense.\nCompare French libertaire (“person with extreme left-wing beliefs, anarchist”), from liberté (“freedom”) + -aire (suffix forming nouns). Libertaire is derived from Latin libertas. The French word was first attested in a May 1857 letter by the French anarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque (1821–1865) to the anarchist philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865), reading: “Anarchiste juste-milieu, libéral et non LIBERTAIRE [A centrist anarchist, liberal and not LIBERTARIAN] […]”. It was popularized as a euphemism for anarchiste in the 1890s, following the French lois scélérates (literally “villainous laws”) under which anarchist publications were banned.\nSense 3.2 (“believer in right-libertarianism”) developed in the United States in the 1940s and was popularized in the 1950s. In the 1940s, Leonard Read (1898–1983), the founder of the Foundation for Economic Education, a free-market think tank, began calling himself “libertarian” in contrast with a “classical liberal”. In 1955, Dean Russell also promoted the use of the word, writing: “Let those of us who love liberty trade-mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word ‘libertarian’.”", "forms": [ { "form": "libertarians", "tags": [ "plural" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "libertarian (plural libertarians)", "name": "en-noun" } ], "hyphenation": [ "li‧ber‧ta‧ri‧an" ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "antonyms": [ { "word": "antilibertarian" }, { "word": "nonlibertarian" } ], "categories": [ "English terms with usage examples" ], "examples": [ { "text": "civil libertarian ― one who favours civil liberties", "type": "example" }, { "text": "cultural libertarian ― one who favours cultural freedom", "type": "example" } ], "glosses": [ "One who advocates liberty, either generally or in relation to a specific issue." ], "hyponyms": [ { "word": "anarchist" } ], "links": [ [ "advocates", "advocate#Verb" ], [ "liberty", "liberty" ], [ "generally", "generally" ], [ "relation", "relation" ], [ "specific", "specific#Adjective" ], [ "issue", "issue#Noun" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "eleutheromaniac" } ] }, { "categories": [ "English terms with quotations", "en:Philosophy" ], "examples": [ { "ref": "1789, [William Belsham], “Essay I. On Liberty and Necessity.”, in Essays, Philosophical, Historical, and Literary, London: […] C[harles] Dilly, […], →OCLC, page 11:", "text": "[W]here is the difference betvveen the Libertarian, vvho ſays that the mind chuſes the motive; and the Neceſſarian, vvho aſſerts that the motive determines the mind; if the volition be the neceſſary reſult of all the previous circumſtances?", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "A believer in the freedom of thinking beings to choose their own destiny (the doctrine of free will) as opposed to those who believe the future is predetermined (the doctrine of necessity)." ], "links": [ [ "philosophy", "philosophy" ], [ "believer", "believer" ], [ "freedom", "freedom" ], [ "thinking", "think#Verb" ], [ "beings", "being#Noun" ], [ "choose", "choose#Verb" ], [ "destiny", "destiny" ], [ "doctrine", "doctrine" ], [ "free will", "free will" ], [ "as opposed to", "as opposed to" ], [ "believe", "believe" ], [ "future", "future#Noun" ], [ "predetermined", "predetermined#Adjective" ], [ "necessity", "necessity" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(philosophy) A believer in the freedom of thinking beings to choose their own destiny (the doctrine of free will) as opposed to those who believe the future is predetermined (the doctrine of necessity)." ], "topics": [ "human-sciences", "philosophy", "sciences" ] }, { "antonyms": [ { "word": "antilibertarian" }, { "word": "nonlibertarian" } ], "categories": [ "British English", "English terms with quotations", "Irish English", "en:Politics" ], "examples": [ { "ref": "1973, Eugene Lunn, “The Romantic as Socialist”, in Prophet of Community: The Romantic Socialism of Gustav Landauer, Berkeley; Los Angeles, Calif.; London: University of California Press, →ISBN, page 200:", "text": "[Gustav] Landauer's reorientation of anarchist theory and practice in the direction of idealist and völkisch thought was often incomprehensible to the more traditional libertarians, and in the period of the second Sozialist Landauer no longer felt entirely comfortable with the simple \"anarchist\" label. For Landauer anarchism and socialism had always been different expressions of the same view; now he regarded anarchism as \"merely the negative side of what is positively called socialism.\"", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "2012, Jennifer D. Carlson, “Libertarianism”, in edited by Wilbur R. Miller, The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, →ISBN, page 1008, column 1:", "text": "While anarchism and socialist libertarians have a rich history of revolutionary thinkers ranging from Emma Goldman to George Orwell, the best-known socialist libertarian thinker of today is probably Noam Chomsky.", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "One who advocates libertarianism (“a political philosophy maintaining that all persons are the absolute owners of their own lives, and should be free to do whatever they wish with their persons or property, provided they allow others that same liberty”); also, a member of a political party supporting libertarianism.", "An antiauthoritarian believer in left-libertarianism, a political doctrine that stresses both individual freedom and social equality, and advocates shared ownership of natural resources." ], "links": [ [ "politics", "politics" ], [ "libertarianism", "libertarianism#English" ], [ "political", "political#Adjective" ], [ "philosophy", "philosophy" ], [ "maintain", "maintain" ], [ "persons", "person#Noun" ], [ "absolute", "absolute#Adjective" ], [ "owner", "owner" ], [ "lives", "life#Noun" ], [ "free", "free#Adjective" ], [ "wish", "wish#Verb" ], [ "property", "property#Noun" ], [ "provide", "provide" ], [ "allow", "allow" ], [ "member", "member#Adjective" ], [ "political party", "political party" ], [ "supporting", "support#Verb" ], [ "antiauthoritarian", "antiauthoritarian#Adjective" ], [ "left-libertarianism", "left-libertarianism" ], [ "doctrine", "doctrine" ], [ "stresses", "stress#Verb" ], [ "individual", "individual#Adjective" ], [ "social", "social#Adjective" ], [ "equality", "equality" ], [ "shared", "shared#Adjective" ], [ "ownership", "ownership" ], [ "natural resource", "natural resource" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(politics) One who advocates libertarianism (“a political philosophy maintaining that all persons are the absolute owners of their own lives, and should be free to do whatever they wish with their persons or property, provided they allow others that same liberty”); also, a member of a political party supporting libertarianism.", "(chiefly Ireland, UK) An antiauthoritarian believer in left-libertarianism, a political doctrine that stresses both individual freedom and social equality, and advocates shared ownership of natural resources." ], "tags": [ "Ireland", "UK" ], "topics": [ "government", "politics" ] }, { "antonyms": [ { "word": "antilibertarian" }, { "word": "nonlibertarian" } ], "categories": [ "American English", "en:Politics" ], "glosses": [ "One who advocates libertarianism (“a political philosophy maintaining that all persons are the absolute owners of their own lives, and should be free to do whatever they wish with their persons or property, provided they allow others that same liberty”); also, a member of a political party supporting libertarianism.", "A believer in right-libertarianism, a political doctrine that emphasizes individual liberty and a lack of governmental intervention, oversight, and regulation, both in economic matters (that is, a belief in the free market) and in personal behaviour provided that no one's rights are threatened or violated." ], "links": [ [ "politics", "politics" ], [ "libertarianism", "libertarianism#English" ], [ "political", "political#Adjective" ], [ "philosophy", "philosophy" ], [ "maintain", "maintain" ], [ "persons", "person#Noun" ], [ "absolute", "absolute#Adjective" ], [ "owner", "owner" ], [ "lives", "life#Noun" ], [ "free", "free#Adjective" ], [ "wish", "wish#Verb" ], [ "property", "property#Noun" ], [ "provide", "provide" ], [ "allow", "allow" ], [ "member", "member#Adjective" ], [ "political party", "political party" ], [ "supporting", "support#Verb" ], [ "right-libertarianism", "right-libertarianism" ], [ "emphasize", "emphasize" ], [ "lack", "lack#Noun" ], [ "governmental", "governmental" ], [ "intervention", "intervention" ], [ "oversight", "oversight#Noun" ], [ "regulation", "regulation" ], [ "economic", "economic" ], [ "matters", "matter#Noun" ], [ "free market", "free market" ], [ "personal", "personal#Adjective" ], [ "behaviour", "behavior" ], [ "provided that", "provided that" ], [ "rights", "right#Noun" ], [ "threaten", "threaten" ], [ "violate", "violate" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(politics) One who advocates libertarianism (“a political philosophy maintaining that all persons are the absolute owners of their own lives, and should be free to do whatever they wish with their persons or property, provided they allow others that same liberty”); also, a member of a political party supporting libertarianism.", "(chiefly US) A believer in right-libertarianism, a political doctrine that emphasizes individual liberty and a lack of governmental intervention, oversight, and regulation, both in economic matters (that is, a belief in the free market) and in personal behaviour provided that no one's rights are threatened or violated." ], "tags": [ "US" ], "topics": [ "government", "politics" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əˈtɛə.ɹɪ.ən/", "tags": [ "Received-Pronunciation" ] }, { "ipa": "/-ɹj-/", "tags": [ "Received-Pronunciation" ] }, { "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Rho9998-libertarian.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.ogg" }, { "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.ogg" }, { "ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əɹˈtɛ.ɹi.ən/", "tags": [ "General-American" ] }, { "ipa": "/ˌlɪb.ɪˈteː.ɹɪ.ən/", "tags": [ "General-Australian" ] }, { "ipa": "/-ɹj-/", "tags": [ "General-Australian" ] } ], "synonyms": [ { "sense": "member of a political party", "word": "Libertarian" } ], "translations": [ { "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "行動自由論者" }, { "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "xíngdòngzìyóulùnzhě", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "行动自由论者" }, { "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "自由意志主義者" }, { "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìyóuyìzhìzhǔyìzhě", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "自由意志主义者" }, { "code": "eo", "lang": "Esperanto", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "liberecano" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "libertaristi" }, { "code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "feminine", "masculine" ], "word": "libertaire" }, { "code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "libertario" }, { "code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "libertaria" }, { "code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "liberṭarianeli", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "ლიბერტარიანელი" }, { "code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "word": "libertárius" }, { "code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "libertario" }, { "code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "libertaria" }, { "code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "slobodar", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "слободар" }, { "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "libertário" }, { "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "libertária" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "libertario" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "one who advocates liberty", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "libertaria" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "believer in the freedom of thinking beings to choose their own destiny", "word": "libertarianisti" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "one who advocates libertarianism", "word": "libertaari" } ], "wikipedia": [ "Foundation for Economic Education", "Joseph Déjacque", "Leonard Read", "Pierre-Joseph Proudhon", "William Belsham", "lois scélérates" ], "word": "libertarian" } { "categories": [ "English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁lewdʰ-", "English terms suffixed with -arian", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Kazakh translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "en:Anarchism", "en:Libertarianism", "en:People", "en:Politics" ], "derived": [ { "word": "antilibertarian" }, { "word": "illibertarian" }, { "word": "liberaltarian" }, { "word": "libertarian communism" }, { "word": "libertarian communist" }, { "word": "libertarian Marxism" }, { "word": "libertarian Marxist" }, { "word": "libertarian parties" }, { "word": "libertarian party" }, { "word": "libertarian socialism" }, { "word": "libertarian socialist" }, { "word": "loonytarian" }, { "word": "nonlibertarian" }, { "word": "paleolibertarian" }, { "word": "unlibertarian" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*h₁lewdʰ-" }, "expansion": "", "name": "root" }, { "args": { "1": "noun" }, "expansion": "noun", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "suffix" }, "expansion": "suffix", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "liberty", "3": "-arian", "alt1": "liber(ty)", "pos2": "suffix denoting an advocate of or believer in something" }, "expansion": "liber(ty) + -arian (suffix denoting an advocate of or believer in something)", "name": "affix" }, { "args": { "1": "adjective" }, "expansion": "adjective", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "fr", "2": "libertaire", "t": "person with extreme left-wing beliefs, anarchist" }, "expansion": "French libertaire (“person with extreme left-wing beliefs, anarchist”)", "name": "cog" }, { "args": { "1": "la", "2": "libertas" }, "expansion": "Latin libertas", "name": "cog" }, { "args": {}, "expansion": "[…]", "name": "nb..." } ], "etymology_text": "The noun is derived from liber(ty) + -arian (suffix denoting an advocate of or believer in something). The adjective is derived from the noun.\nsense development\nThe word was first attested in English in 1789 in William Belsham’s Essays: see the quotation. This was contrasted with necessitarian, in the context of free will, and was not used in the more frequently encountered modern sense.\nCompare French libertaire (“person with extreme left-wing beliefs, anarchist”), from liberté (“freedom”) + -aire (suffix forming nouns). Libertaire is derived from Latin libertas. The French word was first attested in a May 1857 letter by the French anarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque (1821–1865) to the anarchist philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865), reading: “Anarchiste juste-milieu, libéral et non LIBERTAIRE [A centrist anarchist, liberal and not LIBERTARIAN] […]”. It was popularized as a euphemism for anarchiste in the 1890s, following the French lois scélérates (literally “villainous laws”) under which anarchist publications were banned.\nSense 3.2 (“believer in right-libertarianism”) developed in the United States in the 1940s and was popularized in the 1950s. In the 1940s, Leonard Read (1898–1983), the founder of the Foundation for Economic Education, a free-market think tank, began calling himself “libertarian” in contrast with a “classical liberal”. In 1955, Dean Russell also promoted the use of the word, writing: “Let those of us who love liberty trade-mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word ‘libertarian’.”", "forms": [ { "form": "more libertarian", "tags": [ "comparative" ] }, { "form": "most libertarian", "tags": [ "superlative" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "libertarian (comparative more libertarian, superlative most libertarian)", "name": "en-adj" } ], "hyphenation": [ "li‧ber‧ta‧ri‧an" ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "adj", "senses": [ { "antonyms": [ { "word": "antilibertarian" }, { "word": "nonlibertarian" } ], "categories": [ "English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples" ], "examples": [ { "text": "He has libertarian views.", "type": "example" }, { "ref": "2012 January, Steven Sloman, “The Battle Between Intuition and Deliberation [review of Thinking, Fast and Slow (2011) by Daniel Kahneman]”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, New Haven, Conn.: Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-06-12, page 74:", "text": "Libertarian paternalism is the view that, because the way options are presented to citizens affects what they choose, society should present options in a way that \"nudges\" our intuitive selves to make choices that are more consistent with what our more deliberative selves would have chosen if they were in control.", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "Advocating liberty; also, having a relative tendency towards liberty." ], "links": [ [ "Advocating", "advocate#Verb" ], [ "liberty", "liberty" ], [ "relative", "relative#Adjective" ], [ "tendency", "tendency" ] ] }, { "antonyms": [ { "word": "necessitarian" } ], "categories": [ "en:Philosophy" ], "glosses": [ "Relating to the doctrine of free will as opposed to the doctrine of necessity." ], "links": [ [ "philosophy", "philosophy" ], [ "Relating", "relate" ], [ "doctrine", "doctrine" ], [ "free will", "free will" ], [ "as opposed to", "as opposed to" ], [ "necessity", "necessity" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(philosophy) Relating to the doctrine of free will as opposed to the doctrine of necessity." ], "topics": [ "human-sciences", "philosophy", "sciences" ] }, { "antonyms": [ { "word": "antilibertarian" }, { "word": "nonlibertarian" } ], "categories": [ "American English", "English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples", "en:Politics" ], "examples": [ { "text": "a libertarian capitalist", "type": "example" }, { "ref": "1991, Peter H[ugh] Marshall, “The Relevance of Anarchism”, in Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism, London: Harper Perennial, published 2008, →ISBN, part 7 (The Legacy of Anarchism), page 641:", "text": "For a long time, libertarian was interchangeable in France with anarchist but in recent years, its meaning has become more ambivalent. Some anarchists like David Guérin will call themselves ‘libertarian socialists’, partly to avoid the negative overtones still associated with anarchism, and partly to stress the place of anarchism with the socialist tradition. Even Marxists of the New Left like E[dward] P[almer] Thompson call themselves ‘libertarian’ to distinguish themselves from those authoritarian socialists and communists who believe in revolutionary dictatorship and vanguard parties.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "2016 January 13, Ben Jacobs, “Ron Paul criticizes Cruz's absence from Fed vote in support of son's campaign”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-27:", "text": "Rand Paul's presidential campaign has drafted in his father, libertarian icon Ron Paul, to directly attack Republican rival Ted Cruz in a robocall in Iowa, the first time the former presidential candidate has gone on the offensive on his son’s behalf.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "2017, Angela Nagle, “The Leaderless Digital Counter-revolution”, in Kill All Normies: The Online Culture Wars from Tumblr and 4chan to the Alt-right and Trump, Alresford, Hampshire: Zero Books, John Hunt Publishing, →ISBN, page 13:", "text": "Anonymous activities have over the years leaned incoherently to the libertarian left and right, and everything in between, singling out everyone from Justin Bieber fans to feminists, fascists, cybersecurity specialists, and engaged in the kind of pervert-exposing vigilantism that blue-collar tabloid readers have long been mocked for.", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "Relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; also, relating to a political party supporting libertarianism." ], "links": [ [ "politics", "politics" ], [ "libertarianism", "libertarianism" ], [ "political party", "political party" ], [ "supporting", "support#Verb" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(originally US, politics) Relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; also, relating to a political party supporting libertarianism." ], "topics": [ "government", "politics" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əˈtɛə.ɹɪ.ən/", "tags": [ "Received-Pronunciation" ] }, { "ipa": "/-ɹj-/", "tags": [ "Received-Pronunciation" ] }, { "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Rho9998-libertarian.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Rho9998-libertarian.wav.ogg" }, { "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-libertarian.wav.ogg" }, { "ipa": "/ˌlɪb.əɹˈtɛ.ɹi.ən/", "tags": [ "General-American" ] }, { "ipa": "/ˌlɪb.ɪˈteː.ɹɪ.ən/", "tags": [ "General-Australian" ] }, { "ipa": "/-ɹj-/", "tags": [ "General-Australian" ] } ], "synonyms": [ { "sense": "relating to a political party", "word": "Libertarian" } ], "translations": [ { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "advocating liberty; having a relative tendency towards liberty", "word": "libertaristinen" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "relating to the doctrine of free will as opposed to the doctrine of necessity", "word": "libertarianistinen" }, { "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìyóu de", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "自由的" }, { "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "自由論者的" }, { "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìyóu lùnzhě de", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "自由论者的" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "libertaari" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "libertaarinen" }, { "code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "libertaire" }, { "code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "liberṭarianuli", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "ლიბერტარიანული" }, { "code": "kk", "lang": "Kazakh", "roman": "libertariandyq", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "либертариандық" }, { "code": "kk", "lang": "Kazakh", "roman": "libertarianşyl", "sense": "relating to, or advocating, libertarianism; relating to a political party supporting libertarianism", "word": "либертарианшыл" } ], "wikipedia": [ "Foundation for Economic Education", "Joseph Déjacque", "Leonard Read", "Pierre-Joseph Proudhon", "William Belsham", "lois scélérates" ], "word": "libertarian" }
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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
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