abrade in English

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{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "abradable"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "abradant"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "abrader"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "abradingly"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "microabrade"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "reabrade"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "unabraded"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "abrādō",
        "4": "",
        "5": "scrape off"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin abrādō (“scrape off”)",
      "name": "uder"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Latin abrādō (“scrape off”), from ab (“from, away from”) + rādō (“scrape”). First attested in 1677.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "abrades",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abrading",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abraded",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abraded",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "abrade (third-person singular simple present abrades, present participle abrading, simple past and past participle abraded)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "2022 September 15, “NASA’s Perseverance Rover Investigates Geologically Rich Mars Terrain”, in Sean Potter, editor, NASA.gov, archived from the original on 2022-09-15:",
          "text": "“Wildcat Ridge” is the name given to a rock about 3 feet (1 meter) wide that likely formed billions of years ago as mud and fine sand settled in an evaporating saltwater lake. On July 20, the rover abraded some of the surface of Wildcat Ridge so it could analyze the area with the instrument called Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals, or SHERLOC.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To rub or wear off; erode."
      ],
      "id": "en-abrade-en-verb-~2NAqY4e",
      "links": [
        [
          "rub",
          "rub off"
        ],
        [
          "wear off",
          "wear off"
        ],
        [
          "erode",
          "erode"
        ],
        [
          "The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles",
          "w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary"
        ],
        [
          "Oxford University Press",
          "w:Oxford University Press"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To rub or wear off; erode."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "kašaṭa",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "كَشَطَ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "qašaṭa",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "قَشَطَ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "acw",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "kašaṭ",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "tags": [
            "Hijazi-Arabic"
          ],
          "word": "كَشَط"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "acw",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "gašaṭ",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "tags": [
            "Hijazi-Arabic"
          ],
          "word": "قَشَط"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "iztǎrkvam",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "изтърквам"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "iztrivam",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "изтривам"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "iznosvam",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "износвам"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "ožulvam",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "ожулвам"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "alt": "кожа",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "протривам"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "obrousit"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "odřít"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "afskrabe"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "schuren"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "afschuren"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "uitschuren"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "hiertää"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "abraser"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "abschleifen"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "abschürfen"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "izh",
          "lang": "Ingrian",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "heertää"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "la",
          "lang": "Latin",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "abrādō"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "kauhoro"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "kauoro"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "kauoroi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "okoi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "pākanikani"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "note": "by water action in streams",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "weku"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "skure"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "slipe"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "avskrape"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "nn",
          "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "skure"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "nn",
          "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "slipe"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "tags": [
            "imperfective"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "geology",
            "geography",
            "natural-sciences"
          ],
          "word": "abradować"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "desgastar"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "abraza"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "obdirátʹ",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "tags": [
            "imperfective"
          ],
          "word": "обдира́ть"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "obodrátʹ",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "tags": [
            "perfective"
          ],
          "word": "ободра́ть"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "istirátʹ",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "tags": [
            "imperfective"
          ],
          "word": "истира́ть"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "isterétʹ",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "tags": [
            "perfective"
          ],
          "word": "истере́ть"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "stirátʹ",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "tags": [
            "imperfective"
          ],
          "word": "стира́ть"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "sterétʹ",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "tags": [
            "perfective"
          ],
          "word": "стере́ть"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "protirátʹ",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "tags": [
            "imperfective"
          ],
          "word": "протира́ть"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "proterétʹ",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "tags": [
            "perfective"
          ],
          "word": "протере́ть"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "escoriar"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "raspar"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "71 16 6 5 2",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
          "word": "nöta"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "15 28 7 13 14 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "17 48 8 14 12",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English undefined derivations",
          "parents": [
            "Undefined derivations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 37 12 19 12",
          "kind": "other",
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        {
          "_dis": "16 39 10 15 10 11",
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
          "_dis": "11 67 6 10 6",
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        {
          "_dis": "14 59 7 12 8",
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To wear down or exhaust, as a person; irritate."
      ],
      "id": "en-abrade-en-verb-Dke90W89",
      "links": [
        [
          "irritate",
          "irritate"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To wear down or exhaust, as a person; irritate."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "20 71 3 4 2",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "iznosvam",
          "sense": "to wear down",
          "word": "износвам"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "20 71 3 4 2",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "to wear down",
          "word": "afmatten uitputten"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "To irritate by rubbing; chafe."
      ],
      "id": "en-abrade-en-verb-NEBZ5vcJ",
      "links": [
        [
          "chafe",
          "chafe"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To irritate by rubbing; chafe."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "To cause the surface to become more rough."
      ],
      "id": "en-abrade-en-verb-nfCL5lIk",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To cause the surface to become more rough."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "To undergo abrasion."
      ],
      "id": "en-abrade-en-verb-ZNO7vQUL",
      "links": [
        [
          "abrasion",
          "abrasion"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To undergo abrasion."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/əˈbɹeɪd/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abrade.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-eɪd"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Perseverance (rover)"
  ],
  "word": "abrade"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "abraiden"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English abraiden",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English abraiden. See abraid.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "abrades",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abrading",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abraded",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abraded",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "abrade (third-person singular simple present abrades, present participle abrading, simple past and past participle abraded)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "abraid"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "Obsolete spelling of abraid."
      ],
      "id": "en-abrade-en-verb-9SWVVbr9",
      "links": [
        [
          "abraid",
          "abraid#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) Obsolete spelling of abraid."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "obsolete",
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/əˈbɹeɪd/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abrade.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-eɪd"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Perseverance (rover)"
  ],
  "word": "abrade"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "categories": [
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English undefined derivations",
    "English verbs",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Requests for review of Vietnamese translations",
    "Rhymes:English/eɪd",
    "Rhymes:English/eɪd/2 syllables",
    "Terms with Arabic translations",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Danish translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Hijazi Arabic translations",
    "Terms with Ingrian translations",
    "Terms with Latin translations",
    "Terms with Maori translations",
    "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
    "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
    "Terms with Polish translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Romanian translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Vietnamese translations"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "abradable"
    },
    {
      "word": "abradant"
    },
    {
      "word": "abrader"
    },
    {
      "word": "abradingly"
    },
    {
      "word": "microabrade"
    },
    {
      "word": "reabrade"
    },
    {
      "word": "unabraded"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "abrādō",
        "4": "",
        "5": "scrape off"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin abrādō (“scrape off”)",
      "name": "uder"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Latin abrādō (“scrape off”), from ab (“from, away from”) + rādō (“scrape”). First attested in 1677.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "abrades",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abrading",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abraded",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abraded",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "abrade (third-person singular simple present abrades, present participle abrading, simple past and past participle abraded)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "2022 September 15, “NASA’s Perseverance Rover Investigates Geologically Rich Mars Terrain”, in Sean Potter, editor, NASA.gov, archived from the original on 2022-09-15:",
          "text": "“Wildcat Ridge” is the name given to a rock about 3 feet (1 meter) wide that likely formed billions of years ago as mud and fine sand settled in an evaporating saltwater lake. On July 20, the rover abraded some of the surface of Wildcat Ridge so it could analyze the area with the instrument called Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals, or SHERLOC.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To rub or wear off; erode."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "rub",
          "rub off"
        ],
        [
          "wear off",
          "wear off"
        ],
        [
          "erode",
          "erode"
        ],
        [
          "The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles",
          "w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary"
        ],
        [
          "Oxford University Press",
          "w:Oxford University Press"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To rub or wear off; erode."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To wear down or exhaust, as a person; irritate."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "irritate",
          "irritate"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To wear down or exhaust, as a person; irritate."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To irritate by rubbing; chafe."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "chafe",
          "chafe"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To irritate by rubbing; chafe."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To cause the surface to become more rough."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To cause the surface to become more rough."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To undergo abrasion."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "abrasion",
          "abrasion"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To undergo abrasion."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/əˈbɹeɪd/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abrade.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-eɪd"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "kašaṭa",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "كَشَطَ"
    },
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "qašaṭa",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "قَشَطَ"
    },
    {
      "code": "acw",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "kašaṭ",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "tags": [
        "Hijazi-Arabic"
      ],
      "word": "كَشَط"
    },
    {
      "code": "acw",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "gašaṭ",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "tags": [
        "Hijazi-Arabic"
      ],
      "word": "قَشَط"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "iztǎrkvam",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "изтърквам"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "iztrivam",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "изтривам"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "iznosvam",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "износвам"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "ožulvam",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "ожулвам"
    },
    {
      "alt": "кожа",
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "протривам"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "obrousit"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "odřít"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "afskrabe"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "schuren"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "afschuren"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "uitschuren"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "hiertää"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "abraser"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "abschleifen"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "abschürfen"
    },
    {
      "code": "izh",
      "lang": "Ingrian",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "heertää"
    },
    {
      "code": "la",
      "lang": "Latin",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "abrādō"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "kauhoro"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "kauoro"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "kauoroi"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "okoi"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "pākanikani"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "note": "by water action in streams",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "weku"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "skure"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "slipe"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "avskrape"
    },
    {
      "code": "nn",
      "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "skure"
    },
    {
      "code": "nn",
      "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "slipe"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "geology",
        "geography",
        "natural-sciences"
      ],
      "word": "abradować"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "desgastar"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "abraza"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "obdirátʹ",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "word": "обдира́ть"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "obodrátʹ",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "ободра́ть"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "istirátʹ",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "word": "истира́ть"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "isterétʹ",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "истере́ть"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "stirátʹ",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "word": "стира́ть"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "sterétʹ",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "стере́ть"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "protirátʹ",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "word": "протира́ть"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "proterétʹ",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "протере́ть"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "escoriar"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "raspar"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction",
      "word": "nöta"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "iznosvam",
      "sense": "to wear down",
      "word": "износвам"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "to wear down",
      "word": "afmatten uitputten"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Perseverance (rover)"
  ],
  "word": "abrade"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English verbs",
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:English/eɪd",
    "Rhymes:English/eɪd/2 syllables"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "abraiden"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English abraiden",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English abraiden. See abraid.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "abrades",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abrading",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abraded",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abraded",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "abrade (third-person singular simple present abrades, present participle abrading, simple past and past participle abraded)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "abraid"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "English obsolete forms",
        "English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Obsolete spelling of abraid."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "abraid",
          "abraid#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) Obsolete spelling of abraid."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "obsolete",
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/əˈbɹeɪd/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abrade.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-eɪd"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Perseverance (rover)"
  ],
  "word": "abrade"
}

[Show JSON error data ▼] [Hide JSON error data ▲]

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/2028",
  "msg": "more than one value in \"alt\": protrivam (koža) vs. кожа",
  "path": [
    "abrade"
  ],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "abrade",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
  "msg": "abrade/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English terms derived from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English undefined derivations\", \"English verbs\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Pages with 3 entries\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Requests for review of Vietnamese translations\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪd\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪd/2 syllables\", \"Terms with Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Hijazi Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Ingrian translations\", \"Terms with Latin translations\", \"Terms with Maori translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Vietnamese translations\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"abradable\"}, {\"word\": \"abradant\"}, {\"word\": \"abrader\"}, {\"word\": \"abradingly\"}, {\"word\": \"microabrade\"}, {\"word\": \"reabrade\"}, {\"word\": \"unabraded\"}], \"etymology_number\": 1, \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abrādō\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"scrape off\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abrādō (“scrape off”)\", \"name\": \"uder\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Latin abrādō (“scrape off”), from ab (“from, away from”) + rādō (“scrape”). First attested in 1677.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abrades\", \"tags\": [\"present\", \"singular\", \"third-person\"]}, {\"form\": \"abrading\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"present\"]}, {\"form\": \"abraded\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"abraded\", \"tags\": [\"past\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"abrade (third-person singular simple present abrades, present participle abrading, simple past and past participle abraded)\", \"name\": \"en-verb\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"verb\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English terms with quotations\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"2022 September 15, “NASA’s Perseverance Rover Investigates Geologically Rich Mars Terrain”, in Sean Potter, editor, NASA.gov, archived from the original on 2022-09-15:\", \"text\": \"“Wildcat Ridge” is the name given to a rock about 3 feet (1 meter) wide that likely formed billions of years ago as mud and fine sand settled in an evaporating saltwater lake. On July 20, the rover abraded some of the surface of Wildcat Ridge so it could analyze the area with the instrument called Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals, or SHERLOC.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"To rub or wear off; erode.\"], \"links\": [[\"rub\", \"rub off\"], [\"wear off\", \"wear off\"], [\"erode\", \"erode\"], [\"The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles\", \"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary\"], [\"Oxford University Press\", \"w:Oxford University Press\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To rub or wear off; erode.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To wear down or exhaust, as a person; irritate.\"], \"links\": [[\"irritate\", \"irritate\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To wear down or exhaust, as a person; irritate.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To irritate by rubbing; chafe.\"], \"links\": [[\"chafe\", \"chafe\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To irritate by rubbing; chafe.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To cause the surface to become more rough.\"], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To cause the surface to become more rough.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To undergo abrasion.\"], \"links\": [[\"abrasion\", \"abrasion\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) To undergo abrasion.\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/əˈbɹeɪd/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\", \"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abrade.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.ogg\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-eɪd\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"kašaṭa\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"كَشَطَ\"}, {\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"qašaṭa\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"قَشَطَ\"}, {\"code\": \"acw\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"kašaṭ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"Hijazi-Arabic\"], \"word\": \"كَشَط\"}, {\"code\": \"acw\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"gašaṭ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"Hijazi-Arabic\"], \"word\": \"قَشَط\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iztǎrkvam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"изтърквам\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iztrivam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"изтривам\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iznosvam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"износвам\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"ožulvam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"ожулвам\"}, {\"alt\": \"кожа\", \"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"протривам\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"obrousit\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"odřít\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"afskrabe\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"schuren\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"afschuren\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"uitschuren\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"hiertää\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abraser\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abschleifen\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abschürfen\"}, {\"code\": \"izh\", \"lang\": \"Ingrian\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"heertää\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abrādō\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"kauhoro\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"kauoro\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"kauoroi\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"okoi\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"pākanikani\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"note\": \"by water action in streams\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"weku\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"skure\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"slipe\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"avskrape\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"skure\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"slipe\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"topics\": [\"geology\", \"geography\", \"natural-sciences\"], \"word\": \"abradować\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"desgastar\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abraza\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"obdirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"обдира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"obodrátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"ободра́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"istirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"истира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"isterétʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"истере́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"stirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"стира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"sterétʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"стере́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"protirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"протира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"proterétʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"протере́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"escoriar\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"raspar\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"nöta\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iznosvam\", \"sense\": \"to wear down\", \"word\": \"износвам\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"to wear down\", \"word\": \"afmatten uitputten\"}], \"wikipedia\": [\"Perseverance (rover)\"], \"word\": \"abrade\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "abrade",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
  "msg": "abrade/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English terms derived from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English undefined derivations\", \"English verbs\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Pages with 3 entries\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Requests for review of Vietnamese translations\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪd\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪd/2 syllables\", \"Terms with Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Hijazi Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Ingrian translations\", \"Terms with Latin translations\", \"Terms with Maori translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Vietnamese translations\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"abradable\"}, {\"word\": \"abradant\"}, {\"word\": \"abrader\"}, {\"word\": \"abradingly\"}, {\"word\": \"microabrade\"}, {\"word\": \"reabrade\"}, {\"word\": \"unabraded\"}], \"etymology_number\": 1, \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abrādō\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"scrape off\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abrādō (“scrape off”)\", \"name\": \"uder\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Latin abrādō (“scrape off”), from ab (“from, away from”) + rādō (“scrape”). First attested in 1677.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abrades\", \"tags\": [\"present\", \"singular\", \"third-person\"]}, {\"form\": \"abrading\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"present\"]}, {\"form\": \"abraded\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"abraded\", \"tags\": [\"past\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"abrade (third-person singular simple present abrades, present participle abrading, simple past and past participle abraded)\", \"name\": \"en-verb\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"verb\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English terms with quotations\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"2022 September 15, “NASA’s Perseverance Rover Investigates Geologically Rich Mars Terrain”, in Sean Potter, editor, NASA.gov, archived from the original on 2022-09-15:\", \"text\": \"“Wildcat Ridge” is the name given to a rock about 3 feet (1 meter) wide that likely formed billions of years ago as mud and fine sand settled in an evaporating saltwater lake. On July 20, the rover abraded some of the surface of Wildcat Ridge so it could analyze the area with the instrument called Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals, or SHERLOC.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"To rub or wear off; erode.\"], \"links\": [[\"rub\", \"rub off\"], [\"wear off\", \"wear off\"], [\"erode\", \"erode\"], [\"The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles\", \"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary\"], [\"Oxford University Press\", \"w:Oxford University Press\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To rub or wear off; erode.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To wear down or exhaust, as a person; irritate.\"], \"links\": [[\"irritate\", \"irritate\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To wear down or exhaust, as a person; irritate.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To irritate by rubbing; chafe.\"], \"links\": [[\"chafe\", \"chafe\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To irritate by rubbing; chafe.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To cause the surface to become more rough.\"], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To cause the surface to become more rough.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To undergo abrasion.\"], \"links\": [[\"abrasion\", \"abrasion\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) To undergo abrasion.\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/əˈbɹeɪd/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\", \"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abrade.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.ogg\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-eɪd\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"kašaṭa\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"كَشَطَ\"}, {\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"qašaṭa\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"قَشَطَ\"}, {\"code\": \"acw\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"kašaṭ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"Hijazi-Arabic\"], \"word\": \"كَشَط\"}, {\"code\": \"acw\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"gašaṭ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"Hijazi-Arabic\"], \"word\": \"قَشَط\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iztǎrkvam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"изтърквам\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iztrivam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"изтривам\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iznosvam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"износвам\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"ožulvam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"ожулвам\"}, {\"alt\": \"кожа\", \"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"протривам\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"obrousit\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"odřít\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"afskrabe\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"schuren\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"afschuren\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"uitschuren\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"hiertää\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abraser\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abschleifen\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abschürfen\"}, {\"code\": \"izh\", \"lang\": \"Ingrian\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"heertää\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abrādō\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"kauhoro\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"kauoro\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"kauoroi\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"okoi\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"pākanikani\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"note\": \"by water action in streams\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"weku\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"skure\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"slipe\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"avskrape\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"skure\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"slipe\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"topics\": [\"geology\", \"geography\", \"natural-sciences\"], \"word\": \"abradować\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"desgastar\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abraza\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"obdirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"обдира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"obodrátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"ободра́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"istirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"истира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"isterétʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"истере́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"stirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"стира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"sterétʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"стере́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"protirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"протира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"proterétʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"протере́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"escoriar\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"raspar\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"nöta\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iznosvam\", \"sense\": \"to wear down\", \"word\": \"износвам\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"to wear down\", \"word\": \"afmatten uitputten\"}], \"wikipedia\": [\"Perseverance (rover)\"], \"word\": \"abrade\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "abrade",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
  "msg": "abrade/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Hijazi-Arabic not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English terms derived from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English undefined derivations\", \"English verbs\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Pages with 3 entries\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Requests for review of Vietnamese translations\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪd\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪd/2 syllables\", \"Terms with Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Hijazi Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Ingrian translations\", \"Terms with Latin translations\", \"Terms with Maori translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Vietnamese translations\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"abradable\"}, {\"word\": \"abradant\"}, {\"word\": \"abrader\"}, {\"word\": \"abradingly\"}, {\"word\": \"microabrade\"}, {\"word\": \"reabrade\"}, {\"word\": \"unabraded\"}], \"etymology_number\": 1, \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abrādō\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"scrape off\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abrādō (“scrape off”)\", \"name\": \"uder\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Latin abrādō (“scrape off”), from ab (“from, away from”) + rādō (“scrape”). First attested in 1677.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abrades\", \"tags\": [\"present\", \"singular\", \"third-person\"]}, {\"form\": \"abrading\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"present\"]}, {\"form\": \"abraded\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"abraded\", \"tags\": [\"past\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"abrade (third-person singular simple present abrades, present participle abrading, simple past and past participle abraded)\", \"name\": \"en-verb\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"verb\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English terms with quotations\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"2022 September 15, “NASA’s Perseverance Rover Investigates Geologically Rich Mars Terrain”, in Sean Potter, editor, NASA.gov, archived from the original on 2022-09-15:\", \"text\": \"“Wildcat Ridge” is the name given to a rock about 3 feet (1 meter) wide that likely formed billions of years ago as mud and fine sand settled in an evaporating saltwater lake. On July 20, the rover abraded some of the surface of Wildcat Ridge so it could analyze the area with the instrument called Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals, or SHERLOC.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"To rub or wear off; erode.\"], \"links\": [[\"rub\", \"rub off\"], [\"wear off\", \"wear off\"], [\"erode\", \"erode\"], [\"The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles\", \"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary\"], [\"Oxford University Press\", \"w:Oxford University Press\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To rub or wear off; erode.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To wear down or exhaust, as a person; irritate.\"], \"links\": [[\"irritate\", \"irritate\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To wear down or exhaust, as a person; irritate.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To irritate by rubbing; chafe.\"], \"links\": [[\"chafe\", \"chafe\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To irritate by rubbing; chafe.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To cause the surface to become more rough.\"], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To cause the surface to become more rough.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To undergo abrasion.\"], \"links\": [[\"abrasion\", \"abrasion\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) To undergo abrasion.\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/əˈbɹeɪd/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\", \"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abrade.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.ogg\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-eɪd\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"kašaṭa\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"كَشَطَ\"}, {\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"qašaṭa\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"قَشَطَ\"}, {\"code\": \"acw\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"kašaṭ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"Hijazi-Arabic\"], \"word\": \"كَشَط\"}, {\"code\": \"acw\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"gašaṭ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"Hijazi-Arabic\"], \"word\": \"قَشَط\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iztǎrkvam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"изтърквам\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iztrivam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"изтривам\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iznosvam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"износвам\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"ožulvam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"ожулвам\"}, {\"alt\": \"кожа\", \"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"протривам\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"obrousit\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"odřít\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"afskrabe\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"schuren\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"afschuren\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"uitschuren\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"hiertää\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abraser\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abschleifen\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abschürfen\"}, {\"code\": \"izh\", \"lang\": \"Ingrian\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"heertää\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abrādō\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"kauhoro\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"kauoro\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"kauoroi\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"okoi\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"pākanikani\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"note\": \"by water action in streams\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"weku\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"skure\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"slipe\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"avskrape\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"skure\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"slipe\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"topics\": [\"geology\", \"geography\", \"natural-sciences\"], \"word\": \"abradować\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"desgastar\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abraza\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"obdirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"обдира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"obodrátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"ободра́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"istirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"истира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"isterétʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"истере́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"stirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"стира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"sterétʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"стере́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"protirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"протира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"proterétʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"протере́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"escoriar\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"raspar\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"nöta\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iznosvam\", \"sense\": \"to wear down\", \"word\": \"износвам\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"to wear down\", \"word\": \"afmatten uitputten\"}], \"wikipedia\": [\"Perseverance (rover)\"], \"word\": \"abrade\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "abrade",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
  "msg": "abrade/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Hijazi-Arabic not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English terms derived from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English undefined derivations\", \"English verbs\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Pages with 3 entries\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Requests for review of Vietnamese translations\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪd\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪd/2 syllables\", \"Terms with Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Hijazi Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Ingrian translations\", \"Terms with Latin translations\", \"Terms with Maori translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Vietnamese translations\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"abradable\"}, {\"word\": \"abradant\"}, {\"word\": \"abrader\"}, {\"word\": \"abradingly\"}, {\"word\": \"microabrade\"}, {\"word\": \"reabrade\"}, {\"word\": \"unabraded\"}], \"etymology_number\": 1, \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abrādō\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"scrape off\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abrādō (“scrape off”)\", \"name\": \"uder\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Latin abrādō (“scrape off”), from ab (“from, away from”) + rādō (“scrape”). First attested in 1677.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abrades\", \"tags\": [\"present\", \"singular\", \"third-person\"]}, {\"form\": \"abrading\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"present\"]}, {\"form\": \"abraded\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"abraded\", \"tags\": [\"past\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"abrade (third-person singular simple present abrades, present participle abrading, simple past and past participle abraded)\", \"name\": \"en-verb\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"verb\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English terms with quotations\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"2022 September 15, “NASA’s Perseverance Rover Investigates Geologically Rich Mars Terrain”, in Sean Potter, editor, NASA.gov, archived from the original on 2022-09-15:\", \"text\": \"“Wildcat Ridge” is the name given to a rock about 3 feet (1 meter) wide that likely formed billions of years ago as mud and fine sand settled in an evaporating saltwater lake. On July 20, the rover abraded some of the surface of Wildcat Ridge so it could analyze the area with the instrument called Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals, or SHERLOC.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"To rub or wear off; erode.\"], \"links\": [[\"rub\", \"rub off\"], [\"wear off\", \"wear off\"], [\"erode\", \"erode\"], [\"The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles\", \"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary\"], [\"Oxford University Press\", \"w:Oxford University Press\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To rub or wear off; erode.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To wear down or exhaust, as a person; irritate.\"], \"links\": [[\"irritate\", \"irritate\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To wear down or exhaust, as a person; irritate.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To irritate by rubbing; chafe.\"], \"links\": [[\"chafe\", \"chafe\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To irritate by rubbing; chafe.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To cause the surface to become more rough.\"], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To cause the surface to become more rough.\"], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"To undergo abrasion.\"], \"links\": [[\"abrasion\", \"abrasion\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) To undergo abrasion.\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/əˈbɹeɪd/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\", \"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abrade.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.ogg\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-eɪd\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"kašaṭa\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"كَشَطَ\"}, {\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"qašaṭa\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"قَشَطَ\"}, {\"code\": \"acw\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"kašaṭ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"Hijazi-Arabic\"], \"word\": \"كَشَط\"}, {\"code\": \"acw\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"gašaṭ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"Hijazi-Arabic\"], \"word\": \"قَشَط\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iztǎrkvam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"изтърквам\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iztrivam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"изтривам\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iznosvam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"износвам\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"ožulvam\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"ожулвам\"}, {\"alt\": \"кожа\", \"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"протривам\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"obrousit\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"odřít\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"afskrabe\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"schuren\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"afschuren\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"uitschuren\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"hiertää\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abraser\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abschleifen\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abschürfen\"}, {\"code\": \"izh\", \"lang\": \"Ingrian\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"heertää\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abrādō\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"kauhoro\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"kauoro\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"kauoroi\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"okoi\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"pākanikani\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"note\": \"by water action in streams\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"weku\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"skure\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"slipe\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"avskrape\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"skure\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"slipe\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"topics\": [\"geology\", \"geography\", \"natural-sciences\"], \"word\": \"abradować\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"desgastar\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"abraza\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"obdirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"обдира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"obodrátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"ободра́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"istirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"истира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"isterétʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"истере́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"stirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"стира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"sterétʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"стере́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"protirátʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"протира́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"proterétʹ\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"протере́ть\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"escoriar\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"raspar\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"(transitive) to rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction\", \"word\": \"nöta\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"iznosvam\", \"sense\": \"to wear down\", \"word\": \"износвам\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"to wear down\", \"word\": \"afmatten uitputten\"}], \"wikipedia\": [\"Perseverance (rover)\"], \"word\": \"abrade\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "abrade",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
  "msg": "abrade/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English verbs\", \"Pages with 3 entries\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪd\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪd/2 syllables\"], \"etymology_number\": 2, \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"abraiden\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English abraiden\", \"name\": \"inh\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Middle English abraiden. See abraid.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abrades\", \"tags\": [\"present\", \"singular\", \"third-person\"]}, {\"form\": \"abrading\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"present\"]}, {\"form\": \"abraded\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"abraded\", \"tags\": [\"past\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"abrade (third-person singular simple present abrades, present participle abrading, simple past and past participle abraded)\", \"name\": \"en-verb\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"verb\", \"senses\": [{\"alt_of\": [{\"word\": \"abraid\"}], \"categories\": [\"English obsolete forms\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"Obsolete spelling of abraid.\"], \"links\": [[\"abraid\", \"abraid#English\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) Obsolete spelling of abraid.\"], \"tags\": [\"alt-of\", \"obsolete\", \"transitive\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/əˈbɹeɪd/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\", \"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abrade.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.ogg\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-eɪd\"}], \"wikipedia\": [\"Perseverance (rover)\"], \"word\": \"abrade\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "abrade",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
  "msg": "abrade/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English verbs\", \"Pages with 3 entries\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪd\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪd/2 syllables\"], \"etymology_number\": 2, \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"abraiden\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English abraiden\", \"name\": \"inh\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Middle English abraiden. See abraid.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abrades\", \"tags\": [\"present\", \"singular\", \"third-person\"]}, {\"form\": \"abrading\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"present\"]}, {\"form\": \"abraded\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"abraded\", \"tags\": [\"past\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"abrade (third-person singular simple present abrades, present participle abrading, simple past and past participle abraded)\", \"name\": \"en-verb\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"verb\", \"senses\": [{\"alt_of\": [{\"word\": \"abraid\"}], \"categories\": [\"English obsolete forms\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"Obsolete spelling of abraid.\"], \"links\": [[\"abraid\", \"abraid#English\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) Obsolete spelling of abraid.\"], \"tags\": [\"alt-of\", \"obsolete\", \"transitive\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/əˈbɹeɪd/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\", \"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abrade.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abrade.wav.ogg\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-eɪd\"}], \"wikipedia\": [\"Perseverance (rover)\"], \"word\": \"abrade\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "abrade",
  "trace": ""
}

"abrade" meaning in English

Verb

Verb

Inflected forms