See vads on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for vads meaning in All languages combined (9.6kB)
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "noun form",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "vads n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Danish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "vad"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite genitive singular of vad"
],
"id": "en-vads-da-noun-9A0WEWGf",
"links": [
[
"vad",
"vad#Danish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Danish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "vad"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite genitive plural of vad"
],
"id": "en-vads-da-noun-F98EsCcU",
"links": [
[
"vad",
"vad#Danish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "vads"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "asinsvads"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "barības vads"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "elpvads"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ievads"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ūdensvads"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "vadīt"
},
"expansion": "vadīt",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "vest",
"3": "",
"4": "to drive, to lead"
},
"expansion": "vest (“to drive, to lead”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "про́вод"
},
"expansion": "Russian про́вод (próvod)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Leitung"
},
"expansion": "German Leitung",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "vãdas",
"3": "",
"4": "leader, commander"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian vãdas (“leader, commander”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Russian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "воево́да",
"3": "",
"4": "war leader"
},
"expansion": "воево́да (vojevóda, “war leader”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "vévoda",
"3": "",
"4": "duke"
},
"expansion": "Czech vévoda (“duke”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "wojewoda",
"3": "",
"4": "ruler of a region, district"
},
"expansion": "Polish wojewoda (“ruler of a region, district”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the same stem as the verbs vadīt, vest (“to drive, to lead”) (q.v.). The original meaning was thus “leader, one who leads”; the technical meaning of “duct, pipe, vessel” arose in the 1920s, under the influence of Russian про́вод (próvod), German Leitung. Cognates include Lithuanian vãdas (“leader, commander”), Slavic -voda in compounds such as Russian historical воево́да (vojevóda, “war leader”), Czech vévoda (“duke”), Polish wojewoda (“ruler of a region, district”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "declension-1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "1st declension",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "vads",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vadi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vadu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vadus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vada",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vadu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vadam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vadiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vadu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vadiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vadā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vados",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vad",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "vadi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "vads m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "1st"
},
"expansion": "vads m (1st declension)",
"name": "lv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vad",
"2": "s",
"3": "1st",
"extrawidth": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vad",
"2": "s",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"drop-v": "",
"keep-s": "",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-1"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vads",
"10": "vadiem",
"11": "vadā",
"12": "vados",
"13": "vad",
"14": "vadi",
"2": "vadi",
"3": "vadu",
"4": "vadus",
"5": "vada",
"6": "vadu",
"7": "vadam",
"8": "vadiem",
"9": "vadu",
"type": "1st declension",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "36 13 13 14 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 11 20 9 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "steam pipe",
"text": "tvaika vads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ūdensvads ― aqueduct",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "garbage chute",
"text": "atkritumu vads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "central heating pipe",
"text": "centrālapkures vads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "fuel, oil, gas pipeline",
"text": "degvielas, eļļas, gāzes vads",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pipe, tube, duct, chute (a cylindrical structure for transporting fluids)"
],
"id": "en-vads-lv-noun-7VdPCkOC",
"links": [
[
"pipe",
"pipe"
],
[
"tube",
"tube"
],
[
"duct",
"duct"
],
[
"chute",
"chute"
],
[
"cylindrical",
"cylindrical#English"
],
[
"structure",
"structure#English"
],
[
"transport",
"transport#English"
],
[
"fluid",
"fluid#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "lv",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "lv:Anatomy",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "blood vessel",
"text": "asinsvads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "oesophagus (lit. feeding tube)",
"text": "barības vads",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tube- or pipe-like organ in the body"
],
"id": "en-vads-lv-noun-lqSMiAIa",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"tube",
"tube"
],
[
"pipe",
"pipe"
],
[
"body",
"body"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) tube- or pipe-like organ in the body"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "high tension cable",
"text": "augstsprieguma vads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "insulated wire",
"text": "izolēts vads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "electrical, telephone wire",
"text": "elektrības, telefona vads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to pull a wire through a room",
"text": "izvilkt vadu cauri istabai",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cable, wire used for electrical power transmission"
],
"id": "en-vads-lv-noun-YeO265gy",
"links": [
[
"cable",
"cable"
],
[
"wire",
"wire"
],
[
"electrical",
"electrical"
],
[
"power",
"power"
],
[
"transmission",
"transmission"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to fish with a dragnet",
"text": "zvejot ar vadu",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to pull a dragnet",
"text": "vilkt vadu",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dragnet, seine"
],
"id": "en-vads-lv-noun-fI2NS2IX",
"links": [
[
"dragnet",
"dragnet"
],
[
"seine",
"seine"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "lv",
"name": "Military",
"orig": "lv:Military",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "infantry platoon",
"text": "kājnieku vads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "platoon commander",
"text": "vada komandieris",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"platoon (the lowest military tactical sub-unit)"
],
"id": "en-vads-lv-noun-AWFYT1vN",
"links": [
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"platoon",
"platoon"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(military) platoon (the lowest military tactical sub-unit)"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[vats]"
},
{
"audio": "Lv-vads.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Lv-vads.ogg/Lv-vads.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Lv-vads.ogg"
}
],
"word": "vads"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "vads",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "vad"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite genitive singular of vad"
],
"id": "en-vads-sv-noun-9A0WEWGf",
"links": [
[
"vad",
"vad#Swedish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "vad"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite genitive plural of vad"
],
"id": "en-vads-sv-noun-F98EsCcU",
"links": [
[
"vad",
"vad#Swedish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "vads"
}
{
"categories": [
"Danish entries with incorrect language header",
"Danish non-lemma forms",
"Danish noun forms"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "noun form",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "vads n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "vad"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite genitive singular of vad"
],
"links": [
[
"vad",
"vad#Danish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "vad"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite genitive plural of vad"
],
"links": [
[
"vad",
"vad#Danish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "vads"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"Latvian first declension nouns",
"Latvian lemmas",
"Latvian masculine nouns",
"Latvian nouns",
"Latvian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latvian terms with audio links"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "asinsvads"
},
{
"word": "barības vads"
},
{
"word": "elpvads"
},
{
"word": "ievads"
},
{
"word": "ūdensvads"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "vadīt"
},
"expansion": "vadīt",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "vest",
"3": "",
"4": "to drive, to lead"
},
"expansion": "vest (“to drive, to lead”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "про́вод"
},
"expansion": "Russian про́вод (próvod)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Leitung"
},
"expansion": "German Leitung",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "vãdas",
"3": "",
"4": "leader, commander"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian vãdas (“leader, commander”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Russian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "воево́да",
"3": "",
"4": "war leader"
},
"expansion": "воево́да (vojevóda, “war leader”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "vévoda",
"3": "",
"4": "duke"
},
"expansion": "Czech vévoda (“duke”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "wojewoda",
"3": "",
"4": "ruler of a region, district"
},
"expansion": "Polish wojewoda (“ruler of a region, district”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the same stem as the verbs vadīt, vest (“to drive, to lead”) (q.v.). The original meaning was thus “leader, one who leads”; the technical meaning of “duct, pipe, vessel” arose in the 1920s, under the influence of Russian про́вод (próvod), German Leitung. Cognates include Lithuanian vãdas (“leader, commander”), Slavic -voda in compounds such as Russian historical воево́да (vojevóda, “war leader”), Czech vévoda (“duke”), Polish wojewoda (“ruler of a region, district”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "declension-1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "1st declension",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "vads",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vadi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vadu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vadus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vada",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vadu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vadam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vadiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vadu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vadiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vadā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "vados",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vad",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "vadi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "vads m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "1st"
},
"expansion": "vads m (1st declension)",
"name": "lv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vad",
"2": "s",
"3": "1st",
"extrawidth": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vad",
"2": "s",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"drop-v": "",
"keep-s": "",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-1"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vads",
"10": "vadiem",
"11": "vadā",
"12": "vados",
"13": "vad",
"14": "vadi",
"2": "vadi",
"3": "vadu",
"4": "vadus",
"5": "vada",
"6": "vadu",
"7": "vadam",
"8": "vadiem",
"9": "vadu",
"type": "1st declension",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "steam pipe",
"text": "tvaika vads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ūdensvads ― aqueduct",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "garbage chute",
"text": "atkritumu vads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "central heating pipe",
"text": "centrālapkures vads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "fuel, oil, gas pipeline",
"text": "degvielas, eļļas, gāzes vads",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pipe, tube, duct, chute (a cylindrical structure for transporting fluids)"
],
"links": [
[
"pipe",
"pipe"
],
[
"tube",
"tube"
],
[
"duct",
"duct"
],
[
"chute",
"chute"
],
[
"cylindrical",
"cylindrical#English"
],
[
"structure",
"structure#English"
],
[
"transport",
"transport#English"
],
[
"fluid",
"fluid#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples",
"lv:Anatomy"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "blood vessel",
"text": "asinsvads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "oesophagus (lit. feeding tube)",
"text": "barības vads",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tube- or pipe-like organ in the body"
],
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"tube",
"tube"
],
[
"pipe",
"pipe"
],
[
"body",
"body"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) tube- or pipe-like organ in the body"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "high tension cable",
"text": "augstsprieguma vads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "insulated wire",
"text": "izolēts vads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "electrical, telephone wire",
"text": "elektrības, telefona vads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to pull a wire through a room",
"text": "izvilkt vadu cauri istabai",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cable, wire used for electrical power transmission"
],
"links": [
[
"cable",
"cable"
],
[
"wire",
"wire"
],
[
"electrical",
"electrical"
],
[
"power",
"power"
],
[
"transmission",
"transmission"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to fish with a dragnet",
"text": "zvejot ar vadu",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to pull a dragnet",
"text": "vilkt vadu",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dragnet, seine"
],
"links": [
[
"dragnet",
"dragnet"
],
[
"seine",
"seine"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples",
"lv:Military"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "infantry platoon",
"text": "kājnieku vads",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "platoon commander",
"text": "vada komandieris",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"platoon (the lowest military tactical sub-unit)"
],
"links": [
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"platoon",
"platoon"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(military) platoon (the lowest military tactical sub-unit)"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[vats]"
},
{
"audio": "Lv-vads.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Lv-vads.ogg/Lv-vads.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Lv-vads.ogg"
}
],
"word": "vads"
}
{
"categories": [
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish non-lemma forms",
"Swedish noun forms"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "vads",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "vad"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite genitive singular of vad"
],
"links": [
[
"vad",
"vad#Swedish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "vad"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite genitive plural of vad"
],
"links": [
[
"vad",
"vad#Swedish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "vads"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.