See toun on Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Government",
"orig": "enm:Government",
"parents": [
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "town"
},
"expansion": "English: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda), toon (Geordie), toune, towne (obsolete)\n→ Chichewa: tawuni\n→ Jersey Dutch: tāun\n→ Pennsylvania German: Taun\n→ Japanese: タウン (taun)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "English: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda), toon (Geordie), toune, towne (obsolete)\n→ Chichewa: tawuni\n→ Jersey Dutch: tāun\n→ Pennsylvania German: Taun\n→ Japanese: タウン (taun)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en-geo",
"2": "toon"
},
"expansion": "Geordie English: toon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Geordie English: toon"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-msc",
"2": "toun",
"3": "town",
"4": "tone"
},
"expansion": "Middle Scots: toun, town, tone",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Scots: toun, town, tone"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "toun",
"3": "toon"
},
"expansion": "Scots: toun, toon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: toun, toon"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "teoune",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Yola: teoune, teoun",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yola: teoune, teoun"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "tūn"
},
"expansion": "Old English tūn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*tūn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *tūn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tūną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tūną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dūnom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English tūn, from Proto-West Germanic *tūn, from Proto-Germanic *tūną, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "touns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "town",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "towne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tune",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "toun",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "toun (plural touns)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "70 17 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A locally governed settlement, often fortified"
],
"id": "en-toun-enm-noun-SkTO5dXw",
"links": [
[
"locally governed",
"local government"
],
[
"settlement",
"settlement"
],
[
"fortified",
"fortified"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A town or village"
],
"id": "en-toun-enm-noun-2Vdzaspm",
"links": [
[
"town",
"town"
],
[
"village",
"village"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A farm settlement or farmstead"
],
"id": "en-toun-enm-noun-clNDKets",
"links": [
[
"farm",
"farm"
],
[
"farmstead",
"farmstead"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːn/"
}
],
"word": "toun"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "ton",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "pronoun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "toun m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mistralian Occitan",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Occitan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Occitan pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "22 2 2 69 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 2 2 65 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"your"
],
"id": "en-toun-oc-pron-TQQNP2Rm",
"links": [
[
"your",
"your#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Mistralian) your"
],
"tags": [
"Mistralian",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "toun"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "enm",
"3": "toun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English toun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ang",
"3": "tūn"
},
"expansion": "Old English tūn",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English toun, from Old English tūn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "touns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "toune",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "town",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"10": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "touns",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "toun (plural touns)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "toun (plural touns)",
"name": "sco-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
34,
38
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
31,
35
]
],
"english": "You are the light of the world. A town built on a hilltop can't be hidden […]",
"ref": "1983, William Lorimer, transl., The New Testament in Scots, Edinburgh: Canongate, published 2001, →ISBN, →OCLC, Matthew 5:14, page 9:",
"text": "Ye ar the licht o the warld. A toun biggit on a hill-tap canna be hoddit […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A town or village."
],
"id": "en-toun-sco-noun-bJ1DEo6t",
"links": [
[
"town",
"town"
],
[
"village",
"village"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A farm settlement or farmstead."
],
"id": "en-toun-sco-noun-GCmSHH-Q",
"links": [
[
"farm",
"farm"
],
[
"settlement",
"settlement"
],
[
"farmstead",
"farmstead"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tun/"
}
],
"word": "toun"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Government"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "town"
},
"expansion": "English: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda), toon (Geordie), toune, towne (obsolete)\n→ Chichewa: tawuni\n→ Jersey Dutch: tāun\n→ Pennsylvania German: Taun\n→ Japanese: タウン (taun)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "English: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda), toon (Geordie), toune, towne (obsolete)\n→ Chichewa: tawuni\n→ Jersey Dutch: tāun\n→ Pennsylvania German: Taun\n→ Japanese: タウン (taun)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en-geo",
"2": "toon"
},
"expansion": "Geordie English: toon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Geordie English: toon"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-msc",
"2": "toun",
"3": "town",
"4": "tone"
},
"expansion": "Middle Scots: toun, town, tone",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Scots: toun, town, tone"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "toun",
"3": "toon"
},
"expansion": "Scots: toun, toon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: toun, toon"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "teoune",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Yola: teoune, teoun",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yola: teoune, teoun"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "tūn"
},
"expansion": "Old English tūn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*tūn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *tūn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tūną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tūną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dūnom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewh₂-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English tūn, from Proto-West Germanic *tūn, from Proto-Germanic *tūną, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "touns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "town",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "towne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tune",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "toun",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "toun (plural touns)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A locally governed settlement, often fortified"
],
"links": [
[
"locally governed",
"local government"
],
[
"settlement",
"settlement"
],
[
"fortified",
"fortified"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A town or village"
],
"links": [
[
"town",
"town"
],
[
"village",
"village"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A farm settlement or farmstead"
],
"links": [
[
"farm",
"farm"
],
[
"farmstead",
"farmstead"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tuːn/"
}
],
"word": "toun"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "ton",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "pronoun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "toun m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mistralian Occitan",
"Occitan entries with incorrect language header",
"Occitan lemmas",
"Occitan pronouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"your"
],
"links": [
[
"your",
"your#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Mistralian) your"
],
"tags": [
"Mistralian",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "toun"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"Scots lemmas",
"Scots nouns",
"Scots terms derived from Middle English",
"Scots terms derived from Old English",
"Scots terms inherited from Middle English",
"Scots terms inherited from Old English"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "enm",
"3": "toun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English toun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ang",
"3": "tūn"
},
"expansion": "Old English tūn",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English toun, from Old English tūn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "touns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "toune",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "town",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"10": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "touns",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "toun (plural touns)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "toun (plural touns)",
"name": "sco-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Scots terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
34,
38
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
31,
35
]
],
"english": "You are the light of the world. A town built on a hilltop can't be hidden […]",
"ref": "1983, William Lorimer, transl., The New Testament in Scots, Edinburgh: Canongate, published 2001, →ISBN, →OCLC, Matthew 5:14, page 9:",
"text": "Ye ar the licht o the warld. A toun biggit on a hill-tap canna be hoddit […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A town or village."
],
"links": [
[
"town",
"town"
],
[
"village",
"village"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A farm settlement or farmstead."
],
"links": [
[
"farm",
"farm"
],
[
"settlement",
"settlement"
],
[
"farmstead",
"farmstead"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tun/"
}
],
"word": "toun"
}
Download raw JSONL data for toun meaning in All languages combined (5.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (74c5344 and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.