"stumt" meaning in All languages combined

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "prefixed verbs:"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "aizstumt"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "atstumt"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "iestumt"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "izstumt"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "nostumt"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "pastumt"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "pārstumt"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "sastumt"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "uzstumt"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "stumties"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-bsl-pro",
        "2": "*stum-"
      },
      "expansion": "*stum-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*stm̥-"
      },
      "expansion": "*stm̥-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*stem-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to push; to stutter"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *stem- (“to push; to stutter”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "stemma",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to press, to hinder"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse stemma (“to press, to hinder”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmh",
        "2": "stemmen",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to halt; to make stiff"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German stemmen (“to halt; to make stiff”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "stemmen",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to lift, to press, to hinder"
      },
      "expansion": "German stemmen (“to lift, to press, to hinder”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*tew-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *tew-",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*tu-"
      },
      "expansion": "*tu-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*stew-"
      },
      "expansion": "*stew-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*stu-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to push, to hit"
      },
      "expansion": "*stu- (“to push, to hit”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (stautan)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "stōzan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German stōzan",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "stoßen",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to push, to shove"
      },
      "expansion": "German stoßen (“to push, to shove”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "*стумать",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to push"
      },
      "expansion": "*стумать (*stumatʹ, “to push”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "зату́мный",
        "3": "",
        "4": "dark; far (e.g., region)"
      },
      "expansion": "зату́мный (zatúmnyj, “dark; far (e.g., region)”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "засту́ма"
      },
      "expansion": "засту́ма (zastúma)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "uk",
        "2": "за́стум",
        "3": "",
        "4": "remote area"
      },
      "expansion": "Ukrainian за́стум (zástum, “remote area”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "stùmti"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian stùmti",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "There are different theories about this word. Some derive it from Proto-Baltic *stum-, from the zero grade *stm̥- of Proto-Indo-European *stem- (“to push; to stutter”), whence also Old Norse stemma (“to press, to hinder”), Middle High German stemmen (“to halt; to make stiff”), German stemmen (“to lift, to press, to hinder”); but note that the “push” meaning is attested only in Baltic languages. Others claim that it comes from Proto-Indo-European *tew-, *tu-, *stew-, *stu- (“to push, to hit”), whence also Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (stautan), Old High German stōzan, German stoßen (“to push, to shove”), and, with an extra m, also the Baltic terms and Russian unattested *стумать (*stumatʹ, “to push”), from which dialectal зату́мный (zatúmnyj, “dark; far (e.g., region)”), засту́ма (zastúma) “sad person” (< “repulsed, pushed away by something”), Ukrainian за́стум (zástum, “remote area”). It is also possible that both sources have contributed to the formation of this word. Cognates include Lithuanian stùmti.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumju",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stum",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumj",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūmu",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lv-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumju",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūmu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumšu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stum",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūmi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumsi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stum",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūma",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stums",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lai stumj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumjam",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūmām",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumsim",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumsim",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumjat",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūmāt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumsiet",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumsit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumiet",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūma",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stums",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lai stumj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumjot",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "renarrative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumjošs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "participle",
        "participle-1",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "esot stūmis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "renarrative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumdams",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adverbial",
        "participle",
        "participle-2",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumšot",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "renarrative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumjot",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adverbial",
        "participle",
        "participle-3",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lai stumjot",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumjam",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "participle-4",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūmis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumtu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumjams",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "būtu stūmis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumts",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jāstumj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "debitive",
        "indicative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "būt jāstumj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "debitive",
        "indicative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "esot jāstumj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive",
        "conjunctive-1",
        "debitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nestumt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jāstumjot",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive",
        "conjunctive-2",
        "debitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumšana",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "10": "",
        "11": "present",
        "12": "stumju, stum, stumj",
        "13": "past",
        "14": "stūmu",
        "2": "verb",
        "3": "transitive",
        "4": "",
        "5": "1st conjugation",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "9": "",
        "head": "stumt"
      },
      "expansion": "stumt (transitive, 1st conjugation, present stumju, stum, stumj, past stūmu)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tr",
        "2": "1st",
        "3": "stumj",
        "4": "stum",
        "5": "",
        "6": "stūm"
      },
      "expansion": "stumt (transitive, 1st conjugation, present stumju, stum, stumj, past stūmu)",
      "name": "lv-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "stum",
        "2": "stumj",
        "3": "1st",
        "4": "stum",
        "5": "",
        "6": "stūm",
        "7": "",
        "8": "spall"
      },
      "name": "lv-conj"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "stum",
        "2": "stumj",
        "3": "stum",
        "4": "",
        "5": "stūm",
        "6": "",
        "7": "spall",
        "inf": "",
        "kc": "",
        "pass": "",
        "pol": "",
        "prespart": "",
        "refl": "",
        "stem2": "",
        "sz": "",
        "width": "100%",
        "zstd": ""
      },
      "name": "lv-conj-1"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "stumju",
        "10": "stūmāt",
        "11": "stumšu",
        "12": "stumsi",
        "13": "stums",
        "14": "stumsim",
        "15": "stumsiet,\nstumsit",
        "16": "stum",
        "17": "stumiet",
        "18": "stumjot",
        "19": "stumšot",
        "2": "stum",
        "20": "stumtu",
        "21": "jāstumj",
        "22": "jāstumjot",
        "23": "stumjošs",
        "24": "stumdams",
        "25": "stumjot",
        "26": "stumjam",
        "27": "stūmis",
        "28": "stumjams",
        "29": "stumts",
        "3": "stumj",
        "30": "stumšana",
        "4": "stumjam",
        "5": "stumjat",
        "6": "stūmu",
        "7": "stūmi",
        "8": "stūma",
        "9": "stūmām",
        "inf": "",
        "pass": "",
        "pol": "",
        "prespart": "",
        "refl": "",
        "width": "100%"
      },
      "name": "lv-conj-table"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "stumdīt"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "stūmiens"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "44 11 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "59 18 23",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "34 42 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian first conjugation verbs in -t",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to push the cart",
          "text": "stumt ratiņus",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to push the table (close to) the wall",
          "text": "stumt galdu pie sienas",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "the locomotive pulls the wagon, train car",
          "text": "lokomotīve stumj vagonu",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "the road is potholed, and I had to get off the bike; further I carried (lit. pulled) the bike by hand",
          "text": "ceļš ir izdangāts, un man jānokāpj no velosipēda; tālāk stumju velosipēdu pie rokas",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "the morning sun pulled a long, dark shadow in front of the passers-by",
          "text": "(figuratively) rīta saule stūma gājējiem pa priekšu garu, tumšu enu"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to push, to pull (to apply force to the front of something in order to make it move)"
      ],
      "id": "en-stumt-lv-verb-j~no~OxS",
      "links": [
        [
          "push",
          "push"
        ],
        [
          "pull",
          "pull"
        ],
        [
          "apply",
          "apply#English"
        ],
        [
          "force",
          "force#English"
        ],
        [
          "front",
          "front#English"
        ],
        [
          "in order to",
          "in order to#English"
        ],
        [
          "make",
          "make#English"
        ],
        [
          "move",
          "move#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "44 11 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "34 42 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian first conjugation verbs in -t",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "23 52 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian words with falling intonation",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "23 52 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian words with level intonation",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Toms angrily grabbed (his) brother and pulled him forward",
          "text": "Toms nikni sakampa brāli un stūma uz priekšu",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "himself (he) goes up to heaven, the others (he) pushes into hell",
          "text": "pats kāpj debesīs, citus stumj ellē",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "you don't know anything, you go where life pulls, pushes you",
          "text": "neko tu nezini, tu ej, kur dzīvi tevi stumj",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to push, to pull (to make a person or animal move by force)"
      ],
      "id": "en-stumt-lv-verb-ksqaEUsk",
      "links": [
        [
          "push",
          "push"
        ],
        [
          "pull",
          "pull"
        ],
        [
          "make",
          "make#English"
        ],
        [
          "person",
          "person#English"
        ],
        [
          "animal",
          "animal#English"
        ],
        [
          "move",
          "move#English"
        ],
        [
          "force",
          "force#English"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "44 56 0",
          "sense": "of \"make move\"",
          "word": "dzīt"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "44 11 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "34 42 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian first conjugation verbs in -t",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to shove (one's) hand into (one's) pocket",
          "text": "stumt roku kabatā",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to shove (one's) foot into (one's) boot",
          "text": "stumt kāju zābakā",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to push into (something), to shove (usually with difficulty)"
      ],
      "id": "en-stumt-lv-verb-Z1OJ-NfO",
      "links": [
        [
          "push",
          "push"
        ],
        [
          "shove",
          "shove"
        ],
        [
          "usually",
          "usually"
        ],
        [
          "difficulty",
          "difficulty"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "15 11 74",
          "sense": "of \"shove\"",
          "word": "bāzt"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[stùmt]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[stūmt]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "36 38 26",
      "sense": "of \"push\"",
      "word": "bīdīt"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "36 38 26",
      "sense": "of \"push\"",
      "word": "grūst"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "50 50 0",
      "sense": "of \"pull\"",
      "word": "vilkt"
    }
  ],
  "word": "stumt"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
    "Latvian first conjugation verbs",
    "Latvian first conjugation verbs in -t",
    "Latvian lemmas",
    "Latvian semi-palatalizing (with lengthening) first conjugation verbs",
    "Latvian terms derived from Proto-Baltic",
    "Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Latvian terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Latvian terms with redundant head parameter",
    "Latvian transitive verbs",
    "Latvian verbs",
    "Latvian words with falling intonation",
    "Latvian words with level intonation"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "prefixed verbs:"
    },
    {
      "word": "aizstumt"
    },
    {
      "word": "atstumt"
    },
    {
      "word": "iestumt"
    },
    {
      "word": "izstumt"
    },
    {
      "word": "nostumt"
    },
    {
      "word": "pastumt"
    },
    {
      "word": "pārstumt"
    },
    {
      "word": "sastumt"
    },
    {
      "word": "uzstumt"
    },
    {
      "word": "stumties"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-bsl-pro",
        "2": "*stum-"
      },
      "expansion": "*stum-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*stm̥-"
      },
      "expansion": "*stm̥-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*stem-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to push; to stutter"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *stem- (“to push; to stutter”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "stemma",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to press, to hinder"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse stemma (“to press, to hinder”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmh",
        "2": "stemmen",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to halt; to make stiff"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German stemmen (“to halt; to make stiff”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "stemmen",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to lift, to press, to hinder"
      },
      "expansion": "German stemmen (“to lift, to press, to hinder”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*tew-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *tew-",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*tu-"
      },
      "expansion": "*tu-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*stew-"
      },
      "expansion": "*stew-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*stu-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to push, to hit"
      },
      "expansion": "*stu- (“to push, to hit”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (stautan)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "stōzan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German stōzan",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "stoßen",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to push, to shove"
      },
      "expansion": "German stoßen (“to push, to shove”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "*стумать",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to push"
      },
      "expansion": "*стумать (*stumatʹ, “to push”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "зату́мный",
        "3": "",
        "4": "dark; far (e.g., region)"
      },
      "expansion": "зату́мный (zatúmnyj, “dark; far (e.g., region)”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "засту́ма"
      },
      "expansion": "засту́ма (zastúma)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "uk",
        "2": "за́стум",
        "3": "",
        "4": "remote area"
      },
      "expansion": "Ukrainian за́стум (zástum, “remote area”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "stùmti"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian stùmti",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "There are different theories about this word. Some derive it from Proto-Baltic *stum-, from the zero grade *stm̥- of Proto-Indo-European *stem- (“to push; to stutter”), whence also Old Norse stemma (“to press, to hinder”), Middle High German stemmen (“to halt; to make stiff”), German stemmen (“to lift, to press, to hinder”); but note that the “push” meaning is attested only in Baltic languages. Others claim that it comes from Proto-Indo-European *tew-, *tu-, *stew-, *stu- (“to push, to hit”), whence also Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (stautan), Old High German stōzan, German stoßen (“to push, to shove”), and, with an extra m, also the Baltic terms and Russian unattested *стумать (*stumatʹ, “to push”), from which dialectal зату́мный (zatúmnyj, “dark; far (e.g., region)”), засту́ма (zastúma) “sad person” (< “repulsed, pushed away by something”), Ukrainian за́стум (zástum, “remote area”). It is also possible that both sources have contributed to the formation of this word. Cognates include Lithuanian stùmti.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumju",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stum",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumj",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūmu",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lv-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumju",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūmu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumšu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stum",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūmi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumsi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stum",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūma",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stums",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lai stumj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumjam",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūmām",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumsim",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumsim",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumjat",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūmāt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumsiet",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumsit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumiet",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūma",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stums",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lai stumj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumjot",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "renarrative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumjošs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "participle",
        "participle-1",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "esot stūmis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "renarrative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumdams",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adverbial",
        "participle",
        "participle-2",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumšot",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "renarrative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumjot",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adverbial",
        "participle",
        "participle-3",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lai stumjot",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumjam",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "participle-4",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stūmis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumtu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumjams",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "būtu stūmis",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumts",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jāstumj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "debitive",
        "indicative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "būt jāstumj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "debitive",
        "indicative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "esot jāstumj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive",
        "conjunctive-1",
        "debitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nestumt",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "negative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jāstumjot",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conjunctive",
        "conjunctive-2",
        "debitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "stumšana",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "10": "",
        "11": "present",
        "12": "stumju, stum, stumj",
        "13": "past",
        "14": "stūmu",
        "2": "verb",
        "3": "transitive",
        "4": "",
        "5": "1st conjugation",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "9": "",
        "head": "stumt"
      },
      "expansion": "stumt (transitive, 1st conjugation, present stumju, stum, stumj, past stūmu)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tr",
        "2": "1st",
        "3": "stumj",
        "4": "stum",
        "5": "",
        "6": "stūm"
      },
      "expansion": "stumt (transitive, 1st conjugation, present stumju, stum, stumj, past stūmu)",
      "name": "lv-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "stum",
        "2": "stumj",
        "3": "1st",
        "4": "stum",
        "5": "",
        "6": "stūm",
        "7": "",
        "8": "spall"
      },
      "name": "lv-conj"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "stum",
        "2": "stumj",
        "3": "stum",
        "4": "",
        "5": "stūm",
        "6": "",
        "7": "spall",
        "inf": "",
        "kc": "",
        "pass": "",
        "pol": "",
        "prespart": "",
        "refl": "",
        "stem2": "",
        "sz": "",
        "width": "100%",
        "zstd": ""
      },
      "name": "lv-conj-1"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "stumju",
        "10": "stūmāt",
        "11": "stumšu",
        "12": "stumsi",
        "13": "stums",
        "14": "stumsim",
        "15": "stumsiet,\nstumsit",
        "16": "stum",
        "17": "stumiet",
        "18": "stumjot",
        "19": "stumšot",
        "2": "stum",
        "20": "stumtu",
        "21": "jāstumj",
        "22": "jāstumjot",
        "23": "stumjošs",
        "24": "stumdams",
        "25": "stumjot",
        "26": "stumjam",
        "27": "stūmis",
        "28": "stumjams",
        "29": "stumts",
        "3": "stumj",
        "30": "stumšana",
        "4": "stumjam",
        "5": "stumjat",
        "6": "stūmu",
        "7": "stūmi",
        "8": "stūma",
        "9": "stūmām",
        "inf": "",
        "pass": "",
        "pol": "",
        "prespart": "",
        "refl": "",
        "width": "100%"
      },
      "name": "lv-conj-table"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "stumdīt"
    },
    {
      "word": "stūmiens"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latvian terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to push the cart",
          "text": "stumt ratiņus",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to push the table (close to) the wall",
          "text": "stumt galdu pie sienas",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "the locomotive pulls the wagon, train car",
          "text": "lokomotīve stumj vagonu",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "the road is potholed, and I had to get off the bike; further I carried (lit. pulled) the bike by hand",
          "text": "ceļš ir izdangāts, un man jānokāpj no velosipēda; tālāk stumju velosipēdu pie rokas",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "the morning sun pulled a long, dark shadow in front of the passers-by",
          "text": "(figuratively) rīta saule stūma gājējiem pa priekšu garu, tumšu enu"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to push, to pull (to apply force to the front of something in order to make it move)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "push",
          "push"
        ],
        [
          "pull",
          "pull"
        ],
        [
          "apply",
          "apply#English"
        ],
        [
          "force",
          "force#English"
        ],
        [
          "front",
          "front#English"
        ],
        [
          "in order to",
          "in order to#English"
        ],
        [
          "make",
          "make#English"
        ],
        [
          "move",
          "move#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latvian terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Toms angrily grabbed (his) brother and pulled him forward",
          "text": "Toms nikni sakampa brāli un stūma uz priekšu",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "himself (he) goes up to heaven, the others (he) pushes into hell",
          "text": "pats kāpj debesīs, citus stumj ellē",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "you don't know anything, you go where life pulls, pushes you",
          "text": "neko tu nezini, tu ej, kur dzīvi tevi stumj",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to push, to pull (to make a person or animal move by force)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "push",
          "push"
        ],
        [
          "pull",
          "pull"
        ],
        [
          "make",
          "make#English"
        ],
        [
          "person",
          "person#English"
        ],
        [
          "animal",
          "animal#English"
        ],
        [
          "move",
          "move#English"
        ],
        [
          "force",
          "force#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latvian terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to shove (one's) hand into (one's) pocket",
          "text": "stumt roku kabatā",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to shove (one's) foot into (one's) boot",
          "text": "stumt kāju zābakā",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to push into (something), to shove (usually with difficulty)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "push",
          "push"
        ],
        [
          "shove",
          "shove"
        ],
        [
          "usually",
          "usually"
        ],
        [
          "difficulty",
          "difficulty"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[stùmt]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[stūmt]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "of \"push\"",
      "word": "bīdīt"
    },
    {
      "sense": "of \"push\"",
      "word": "grūst"
    },
    {
      "sense": "of \"pull\"",
      "word": "vilkt"
    },
    {
      "sense": "of \"make move\"",
      "word": "dzīt"
    },
    {
      "sense": "of \"shove\"",
      "word": "bāzt"
    }
  ],
  "word": "stumt"
}