See rupjš on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for rupjš meaning in All languages combined (21.1kB)
{
"antonyms": [
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"of powder, grain, cloth\"",
"word": "smalks"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"of skin, surfaces\"",
"word": "gluds"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"of skin, surfaces\"",
"word": "mīksts"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"of skin, surfaces\"",
"word": "maigs"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rupjība"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rupjmaize"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rupja maize"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rupjums"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rupjvīle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rupja vīle"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "*rupus"
},
"expansion": "*rupus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "rupjš"
},
"expansion": "rupjš",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "rups"
},
"expansion": "rups",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*Hrewp-",
"4": "",
"5": "to pull, to tear, to break"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to pull, to tear, to break”)",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "raupjš",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "raupjš",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "rupùs"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian rupùs",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "rȕpa",
"3": "",
"4": "hole, pit"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian rȕpa (“hole, pit”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "rjúfa",
"3": "",
"4": "to break, to tear"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse rjúfa (“to break, to tear”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "rauf",
"3": "",
"4": "cracks, holes"
},
"expansion": "rauf (“cracks, holes”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "reyfi",
"3": "",
"4": "shorn wool; uneven, harsh skin"
},
"expansion": "reyfi (“shorn wool; uneven, harsh skin”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "rubbelig",
"3": "",
"4": "uneven, harsh, coarse"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German rubbelig (“uneven, harsh, coarse”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rumpere",
"3": "",
"4": "to break"
},
"expansion": "Latin rumpere (“to break”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From an earlier adjective *rupus (yielding two parallel forms, a yo-stem form that became standard rupjš and an o-stem form that yielded the dialectal variant rups), from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to pull, to tear, to break”) (whence also the adjective raupjš, q.v.). The semantic evolution was probably “to pluck, to tear (e.g., wool, feathers)” > (adj.) “uneven, harsh” (skin, after removing wool, feathers) > “coarse, harsh.” Cognates include Lithuanian rupùs, Serbo-Croatian rȕpa (“hole, pit”), Old Norse rjúfa (“to break, to tear”), rauf (“cracks, holes”), reyfi (“shorn wool; uneven, harsh skin”), Middle High German rubbelig (“uneven, harsh, coarse”), Latin rumpere (“to break”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rupjais",
"tags": [
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjāks",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "visrupjākais",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "rupji",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-adj",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupji",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupja",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupja",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjai",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"locative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"locative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"10": "visrupjākais",
"11": "adverb",
"12": "rupji",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "definite",
"6": "rupjais",
"7": "comparative",
"8": "rupjāks",
"9": "superlative",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": ""
},
"expansion": "rupjš (definite rupjais, comparative rupjāks, superlative visrupjākais, adverb rupji)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rupj"
},
"expansion": "rupjš (definite rupjais, comparative rupjāks, superlative visrupjākais, adverb rupji)",
"name": "lv-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rupj",
"2": "",
"3": "š",
"extrawidth": "-100"
},
"name": "lv-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 8 12 13 8 7 6 11 9 5 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 14 12 8 6 5 13 9 6 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 7 14 12 8 6 4 12 10 6 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian undefined derivations",
"parents": [
"Undefined derivations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 19 3 17 17 1 2 21 1 1 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "lv",
"name": "Touch",
"orig": "lv:Touch",
"parents": [
"Senses",
"Perception",
"Body",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "coarse sand, gravel",
"text": "rupja smilts, grants",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse grits, flour",
"text": "rupji putraimi, milti",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse salt",
"text": "rupjais sāls",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "rough raspberries",
"text": "rupjas aveņu ogas",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse (fish) scales",
"text": "rupjas zvīņas",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "rye bread, brown bread (lit. coarse bread)",
"text": "rupja maize, rupjmaize",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"coarse, rough (with elements having a relatively large cross section)"
],
"id": "en-rupjš-lv-adj-UFIyF1Li",
"links": [
[
"mixture",
"mixture"
],
[
"powder",
"powder"
],
[
"substance",
"substance"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"element",
"element#English"
],
[
"relative",
"relative#English"
],
[
"large",
"large#English"
],
[
"cross section",
"cross section#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "powder-like substances",
"raw_glosses": [
"(of mixtures, powder-like substances) coarse, rough (with elements having a relatively large cross section)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of mixtures",
"of mixtures"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 19 3 17 17 1 2 21 1 1 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "lv",
"name": "Touch",
"orig": "lv:Touch",
"parents": [
"Senses",
"Perception",
"Body",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "coarse sieve, net",
"text": "rupjš siets, tīkls",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"coarse (having relatively large holes)"
],
"id": "en-rupjš-lv-adj-zeti77gF",
"links": [
[
"net",
"net"
],
[
"mesh",
"mesh"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
],
[
"relative",
"relative#English"
],
[
"large",
"large#English"
],
[
"hole",
"hole#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of nets, meshes) coarse (having relatively large holes)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of nets",
"of nets"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 8 10 11 8 7 9 10 12 7 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian adjectives in -š",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 5 20 16 7 4 4 8 12 8 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 12 13 8 7 6 11 9 5 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 5 14 13 6 4 7 8 10 15 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 14 12 8 6 5 13 9 6 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 7 14 12 8 6 4 12 10 6 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian undefined derivations",
"parents": [
"Undefined derivations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "rough file",
"text": "rupja vīle, rupjvīle",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"rough (having on its surface relatively wide, deep grooves)"
],
"id": "en-rupjš-lv-adj-mQJk8B3P",
"links": [
[
"file",
"file"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"surface",
"surface#English"
],
[
"relative",
"relative#English"
],
[
"wide",
"wide#English"
],
[
"deep",
"deep#English"
],
[
"groove",
"groove#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of files) rough (having on its surface relatively wide, deep grooves)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of files",
"of files"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 8 10 11 8 7 9 10 12 7 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian adjectives in -š",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 12 13 8 7 6 11 9 5 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 5 14 13 6 4 7 8 10 15 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 14 12 8 6 5 13 9 6 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 7 14 12 8 6 4 12 10 6 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian undefined derivations",
"parents": [
"Undefined derivations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 19 3 17 17 1 2 21 1 1 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "lv",
"name": "Touch",
"orig": "lv:Touch",
"parents": [
"Senses",
"Perception",
"Body",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "coarse, thick thread",
"text": "rupjš diegs",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse, thick yarn",
"text": "rupja dzija",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse wool",
"text": "rupja vilna",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse needle",
"text": "rupja adata",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "scrim (lit. coarse linen) cloth",
"text": "rupjš linu audums",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse bag, shirt, tablecloth",
"text": "rupjš maiss, krekls, galdauts",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse socks",
"text": "rupjas zeķes",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to dry oneself with (lit. in) a coarse towel",
"text": "noslaucīties rupjā dvielī",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "an elk's body is covered with thick, coarse hair",
"text": "aļņa ķermenis klāts ar biezu, rupju apmatojumu",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"coarse, thick (having a relatively large cross-section; made of thread, yarn having a relatively large cross-section)"
],
"id": "en-rupjš-lv-adj-IX8sraEn",
"links": [
[
"thread",
"thread"
],
[
"yarn",
"yarn"
],
[
"hair",
"hair"
],
[
"fur",
"fur"
],
[
"cloth",
"cloth"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
],
[
"thick",
"thick"
],
[
"relative",
"relative#English"
],
[
"large",
"large#English"
],
[
"cross-section",
"cross-section#English"
],
[
"thread",
"thread#English"
],
[
"yarn",
"yarn#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "yarn; hair; fur; also cloth; yarn; hair; fur; also cloth",
"raw_glosses": [
"(of thread, yarn, hair, fur, also cloth) coarse, thick (having a relatively large cross-section; made of thread, yarn having a relatively large cross-section)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of thread",
"of thread"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 19 3 17 17 1 2 21 1 1 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "lv",
"name": "Touch",
"orig": "lv:Touch",
"parents": [
"Senses",
"Perception",
"Body",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "rough, coarse grist flour (i.e., flour which contains chaff)",
"text": "rupja maluma milti",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"coarse, rough (composed of elements having a relatively large cross-section)"
],
"id": "en-rupjš-lv-adj-iOfMxPEJ",
"links": [
[
"grain",
"grain"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"compose",
"compose#English"
],
[
"elements",
"elements#English"
],
[
"relative",
"relative#English"
],
[
"large",
"large#English"
],
[
"cross-section",
"cross-section#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of grains) coarse, rough (composed of elements having a relatively large cross-section)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of grains",
"of grains"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "my hands are harsh from work",
"text": "rokas man rupjas no darba",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "harsh, gray paper",
"text": "rupjš, pelēks papīrs",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse, harsh plaster",
"text": "rupjais apmetums",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the alligator is covered by a harsh, rugged skin",
"text": "aligators klāts ar rupju, grumbuļainu ādu",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"rough, harsh, unpolished; having bumps and dents on its surface"
],
"id": "en-rupjš-lv-adj-jvHEAbvy",
"links": [
[
"skin",
"skin"
],
[
"surface",
"surface"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"unpolished",
"unpolished"
],
[
"bump",
"bump"
],
[
"dent",
"dent"
]
],
"qualifier": "surfaces",
"raw_glosses": [
"(of skin, surfaces) rough, harsh, unpolished; having bumps and dents on its surface"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of skin",
"of skin"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "that rough, coarse wooden chest",
"text": "šis rupjais dēļu šķirsts",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "rough cutting, roughly cut surface",
"text": "rupjais cirtums",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"rough, not refined, not well designed, not completed, of low quality"
],
"id": "en-rupjš-lv-adj-y~XuHAgP",
"links": [
[
"object",
"object"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"refine",
"refine"
],
[
"design",
"design"
],
[
"complete",
"complete"
],
[
"low",
"low"
],
[
"quality",
"quality"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of objects) rough, not refined, not well designed, not completed, of low quality"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of objects",
"of objects"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 8 12 13 8 7 6 11 9 5 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 14 12 8 6 5 13 9 6 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 7 14 12 8 6 4 12 10 6 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian undefined derivations",
"parents": [
"Undefined derivations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 19 3 17 17 1 2 21 1 1 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "lv",
"name": "Touch",
"orig": "lv:Touch",
"parents": [
"Senses",
"Perception",
"Body",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "coarse laughter",
"text": "rupji smiekli",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse, hollow, low voice",
"text": "rupja balss",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse, barking cough",
"text": "rupjš, rejošs klepus",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"coarse, hollow, low"
],
"id": "en-rupjš-lv-adj-8JL2yDSf",
"links": [
[
"sound",
"sound"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
],
[
"hollow",
"hollow"
],
[
"low",
"low"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of sounds) coarse, hollow, low"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of sounds",
"of sounds"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 8 10 11 8 7 9 10 12 7 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian adjectives in -š",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 5 14 13 6 4 7 8 10 15 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Grīslis bija rupjš, nesaticīgs vīrs ― Grīslis was a rude, irritable man",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "rude joke",
"text": "rupjš joks",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "harsh language",
"text": "rupjš izteiciens",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "harsh, rude mouth",
"text": "rupja mute",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "harsh, rude words",
"text": "rupji vārdi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "tough, violent fighting technique",
"text": "rupjš cīņas paņēmiens",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "rude, tactless behavior",
"text": "rupja, netaktiska izturēšanās",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"rude, offensive, tactless, tough, violent; expressing such features"
],
"id": "en-rupjš-lv-adj-mZkF6EEz",
"links": [
[
"people",
"people"
],
[
"behavior",
"behavior"
],
[
"rude",
"rude"
],
[
"offensive",
"offensive"
],
[
"tactless",
"tactless"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
],
[
"violent",
"violent"
],
[
"express",
"express"
],
[
"feature",
"feature"
]
],
"qualifier": "their behavior",
"raw_glosses": [
"(of people, their behavior) rude, offensive, tactless, tough, violent; expressing such features"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of people",
"of people"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 5 14 13 6 4 7 8 10 15 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "gross, big mistake, blunder",
"text": "rupja kļūda",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "big breach of discipline",
"text": "rupjš disciplīnas pārkāpums",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "rupjš apmelojums ― gross, shameless calumny, slander",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to believe gross, big lies",
"text": "ticēt rupjiem meliem",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"gross, big (which deviates strongly from the truth, from accepted norms, etc.)"
],
"id": "en-rupjš-lv-adj-Zdcz8tg0",
"links": [
[
"error",
"error"
],
[
"irregularities",
"irregularity"
],
[
"gross",
"gross"
],
[
"big",
"big"
],
[
"deviate",
"deviate#English"
],
[
"strong",
"strong#English"
],
[
"truth",
"truth#English"
],
[
"accept",
"accept#English"
],
[
"norm",
"norm#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "irregularities",
"raw_glosses": [
"(of errors, irregularities, etc.) gross, big (which deviates strongly from the truth, from accepted norms, etc.)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of errors",
"of errors"
],
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 8 10 11 8 7 9 10 12 7 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian adjectives in -š",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "harsh, tough work",
"text": "rupjais darbs",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"harsh, tough (physical, heavy and repetitive)"
],
"id": "en-rupjš-lv-adj-gv5spuEG",
"links": [
[
"work",
"work"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
],
[
"physical",
"physical#English"
],
[
"heavy",
"heavy#English"
],
[
"repetitive",
"repetitive#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of work) harsh, tough (physical, heavy and repetitive)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of work",
"of work"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[rupʲʃ]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "of skin, surface",
"word": "negluds"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "of skin, surface",
"word": "raupjš"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "of skin, surface",
"word": "ass"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 7 15 12 6 8 9 11 8 6 10",
"sense": "of sounds",
"word": "skarbs"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 7 15 12 6 8 9 11 8 6 10",
"sense": "of sounds",
"word": "zems"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 7 15 12 6 8 9 11 8 6 10",
"sense": "of sounds",
"word": "dobjš"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "rups"
}
],
"word": "rupjš"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"of powder, grain, cloth\"",
"word": "smalks"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"of skin, surfaces\"",
"word": "gluds"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"of skin, surfaces\"",
"word": "mīksts"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of \"of skin, surfaces\"",
"word": "maigs"
}
],
"categories": [
"Latvian adjectives",
"Latvian adjectives in -š",
"Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"Latvian entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"Latvian lemmas",
"Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latvian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Latvian undefined derivations",
"lv:Touch"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "rupjība"
},
{
"word": "rupjmaize"
},
{
"word": "rupja maize"
},
{
"word": "rupjums"
},
{
"word": "rupjvīle"
},
{
"word": "rupja vīle"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "*rupus"
},
"expansion": "*rupus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "rupjš"
},
"expansion": "rupjš",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "rups"
},
"expansion": "rups",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*Hrewp-",
"4": "",
"5": "to pull, to tear, to break"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to pull, to tear, to break”)",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "raupjš",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "raupjš",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "rupùs"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian rupùs",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "rȕpa",
"3": "",
"4": "hole, pit"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian rȕpa (“hole, pit”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "rjúfa",
"3": "",
"4": "to break, to tear"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse rjúfa (“to break, to tear”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "rauf",
"3": "",
"4": "cracks, holes"
},
"expansion": "rauf (“cracks, holes”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "reyfi",
"3": "",
"4": "shorn wool; uneven, harsh skin"
},
"expansion": "reyfi (“shorn wool; uneven, harsh skin”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "rubbelig",
"3": "",
"4": "uneven, harsh, coarse"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German rubbelig (“uneven, harsh, coarse”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rumpere",
"3": "",
"4": "to break"
},
"expansion": "Latin rumpere (“to break”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From an earlier adjective *rupus (yielding two parallel forms, a yo-stem form that became standard rupjš and an o-stem form that yielded the dialectal variant rups), from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to pull, to tear, to break”) (whence also the adjective raupjš, q.v.). The semantic evolution was probably “to pluck, to tear (e.g., wool, feathers)” > (adj.) “uneven, harsh” (skin, after removing wool, feathers) > “coarse, harsh.” Cognates include Lithuanian rupùs, Serbo-Croatian rȕpa (“hole, pit”), Old Norse rjúfa (“to break, to tear”), rauf (“cracks, holes”), reyfi (“shorn wool; uneven, harsh skin”), Middle High German rubbelig (“uneven, harsh, coarse”), Latin rumpere (“to break”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rupjais",
"tags": [
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjāks",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "visrupjākais",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "rupji",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-adj",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupji",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupja",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupja",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjai",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupju",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"locative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"locative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rupjās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"10": "visrupjākais",
"11": "adverb",
"12": "rupji",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "definite",
"6": "rupjais",
"7": "comparative",
"8": "rupjāks",
"9": "superlative",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": ""
},
"expansion": "rupjš (definite rupjais, comparative rupjāks, superlative visrupjākais, adverb rupji)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rupj"
},
"expansion": "rupjš (definite rupjais, comparative rupjāks, superlative visrupjākais, adverb rupji)",
"name": "lv-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rupj",
"2": "",
"3": "š",
"extrawidth": "-100"
},
"name": "lv-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "coarse sand, gravel",
"text": "rupja smilts, grants",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse grits, flour",
"text": "rupji putraimi, milti",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse salt",
"text": "rupjais sāls",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "rough raspberries",
"text": "rupjas aveņu ogas",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse (fish) scales",
"text": "rupjas zvīņas",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "rye bread, brown bread (lit. coarse bread)",
"text": "rupja maize, rupjmaize",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"coarse, rough (with elements having a relatively large cross section)"
],
"links": [
[
"mixture",
"mixture"
],
[
"powder",
"powder"
],
[
"substance",
"substance"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"element",
"element#English"
],
[
"relative",
"relative#English"
],
[
"large",
"large#English"
],
[
"cross section",
"cross section#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "powder-like substances",
"raw_glosses": [
"(of mixtures, powder-like substances) coarse, rough (with elements having a relatively large cross section)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of mixtures",
"of mixtures"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "coarse sieve, net",
"text": "rupjš siets, tīkls",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"coarse (having relatively large holes)"
],
"links": [
[
"net",
"net"
],
[
"mesh",
"mesh"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
],
[
"relative",
"relative#English"
],
[
"large",
"large#English"
],
[
"hole",
"hole#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of nets, meshes) coarse (having relatively large holes)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of nets",
"of nets"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "rough file",
"text": "rupja vīle, rupjvīle",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"rough (having on its surface relatively wide, deep grooves)"
],
"links": [
[
"file",
"file"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"surface",
"surface#English"
],
[
"relative",
"relative#English"
],
[
"wide",
"wide#English"
],
[
"deep",
"deep#English"
],
[
"groove",
"groove#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of files) rough (having on its surface relatively wide, deep grooves)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of files",
"of files"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "coarse, thick thread",
"text": "rupjš diegs",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse, thick yarn",
"text": "rupja dzija",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse wool",
"text": "rupja vilna",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse needle",
"text": "rupja adata",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "scrim (lit. coarse linen) cloth",
"text": "rupjš linu audums",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse bag, shirt, tablecloth",
"text": "rupjš maiss, krekls, galdauts",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse socks",
"text": "rupjas zeķes",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to dry oneself with (lit. in) a coarse towel",
"text": "noslaucīties rupjā dvielī",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "an elk's body is covered with thick, coarse hair",
"text": "aļņa ķermenis klāts ar biezu, rupju apmatojumu",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"coarse, thick (having a relatively large cross-section; made of thread, yarn having a relatively large cross-section)"
],
"links": [
[
"thread",
"thread"
],
[
"yarn",
"yarn"
],
[
"hair",
"hair"
],
[
"fur",
"fur"
],
[
"cloth",
"cloth"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
],
[
"thick",
"thick"
],
[
"relative",
"relative#English"
],
[
"large",
"large#English"
],
[
"cross-section",
"cross-section#English"
],
[
"thread",
"thread#English"
],
[
"yarn",
"yarn#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "yarn; hair; fur; also cloth; yarn; hair; fur; also cloth",
"raw_glosses": [
"(of thread, yarn, hair, fur, also cloth) coarse, thick (having a relatively large cross-section; made of thread, yarn having a relatively large cross-section)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of thread",
"of thread"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "rough, coarse grist flour (i.e., flour which contains chaff)",
"text": "rupja maluma milti",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"coarse, rough (composed of elements having a relatively large cross-section)"
],
"links": [
[
"grain",
"grain"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"compose",
"compose#English"
],
[
"elements",
"elements#English"
],
[
"relative",
"relative#English"
],
[
"large",
"large#English"
],
[
"cross-section",
"cross-section#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of grains) coarse, rough (composed of elements having a relatively large cross-section)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of grains",
"of grains"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "my hands are harsh from work",
"text": "rokas man rupjas no darba",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "harsh, gray paper",
"text": "rupjš, pelēks papīrs",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse, harsh plaster",
"text": "rupjais apmetums",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the alligator is covered by a harsh, rugged skin",
"text": "aligators klāts ar rupju, grumbuļainu ādu",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"rough, harsh, unpolished; having bumps and dents on its surface"
],
"links": [
[
"skin",
"skin"
],
[
"surface",
"surface"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"unpolished",
"unpolished"
],
[
"bump",
"bump"
],
[
"dent",
"dent"
]
],
"qualifier": "surfaces",
"raw_glosses": [
"(of skin, surfaces) rough, harsh, unpolished; having bumps and dents on its surface"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of skin",
"of skin"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "that rough, coarse wooden chest",
"text": "šis rupjais dēļu šķirsts",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "rough cutting, roughly cut surface",
"text": "rupjais cirtums",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"rough, not refined, not well designed, not completed, of low quality"
],
"links": [
[
"object",
"object"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"refine",
"refine"
],
[
"design",
"design"
],
[
"complete",
"complete"
],
[
"low",
"low"
],
[
"quality",
"quality"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of objects) rough, not refined, not well designed, not completed, of low quality"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of objects",
"of objects"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "coarse laughter",
"text": "rupji smiekli",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse, hollow, low voice",
"text": "rupja balss",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "coarse, barking cough",
"text": "rupjš, rejošs klepus",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"coarse, hollow, low"
],
"links": [
[
"sound",
"sound"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
],
[
"hollow",
"hollow"
],
[
"low",
"low"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of sounds) coarse, hollow, low"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of sounds",
"of sounds"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Grīslis bija rupjš, nesaticīgs vīrs ― Grīslis was a rude, irritable man",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "rude joke",
"text": "rupjš joks",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "harsh language",
"text": "rupjš izteiciens",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "harsh, rude mouth",
"text": "rupja mute",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "harsh, rude words",
"text": "rupji vārdi",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "tough, violent fighting technique",
"text": "rupjš cīņas paņēmiens",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "rude, tactless behavior",
"text": "rupja, netaktiska izturēšanās",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"rude, offensive, tactless, tough, violent; expressing such features"
],
"links": [
[
"people",
"people"
],
[
"behavior",
"behavior"
],
[
"rude",
"rude"
],
[
"offensive",
"offensive"
],
[
"tactless",
"tactless"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
],
[
"violent",
"violent"
],
[
"express",
"express"
],
[
"feature",
"feature"
]
],
"qualifier": "their behavior",
"raw_glosses": [
"(of people, their behavior) rude, offensive, tactless, tough, violent; expressing such features"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of people",
"of people"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "gross, big mistake, blunder",
"text": "rupja kļūda",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "big breach of discipline",
"text": "rupjš disciplīnas pārkāpums",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "rupjš apmelojums ― gross, shameless calumny, slander",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to believe gross, big lies",
"text": "ticēt rupjiem meliem",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"gross, big (which deviates strongly from the truth, from accepted norms, etc.)"
],
"links": [
[
"error",
"error"
],
[
"irregularities",
"irregularity"
],
[
"gross",
"gross"
],
[
"big",
"big"
],
[
"deviate",
"deviate#English"
],
[
"strong",
"strong#English"
],
[
"truth",
"truth#English"
],
[
"accept",
"accept#English"
],
[
"norm",
"norm#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "irregularities",
"raw_glosses": [
"(of errors, irregularities, etc.) gross, big (which deviates strongly from the truth, from accepted norms, etc.)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of errors",
"of errors"
],
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "harsh, tough work",
"text": "rupjais darbs",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"harsh, tough (physical, heavy and repetitive)"
],
"links": [
[
"work",
"work"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
],
[
"physical",
"physical#English"
],
[
"heavy",
"heavy#English"
],
[
"repetitive",
"repetitive#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of work) harsh, tough (physical, heavy and repetitive)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of work",
"of work"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[rupʲʃ]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "of skin, surface",
"word": "negluds"
},
{
"sense": "of skin, surface",
"word": "raupjš"
},
{
"sense": "of skin, surface",
"word": "ass"
},
{
"sense": "of sounds",
"word": "skarbs"
},
{
"sense": "of sounds",
"word": "zems"
},
{
"sense": "of sounds",
"word": "dobjš"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "rups"
}
],
"word": "rupjš"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (fc4f0c7 and c937495). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.