"rubah" meaning in All languages combined

See rubah on Wiktionary

Noun [Indonesian]

IPA: [ˈru.bah] Forms: rubahku [first-person, possessive], rubahmu [possessive, second-person], rubahnya [possessive, third-person]
Etymology: From Malay rubah. Etymology templates: {{inh|id|ms|rubah}} Malay rubah, {{dercat|id|fa|pal|iir-pro|ine-pro}} Head templates: {{id-noun}} rubah (first-person possessive rubahku, second-person possessive rubahmu, third-person possessive rubahnya)
  1. fox (Vulpes vulpes).
    Sense id: en-rubah-id-noun-REq-j6mu Categories (other): Indonesian entries with incorrect language header, Indonesian rebracketings, Indonesian terms with redundant script codes, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Indonesian entries with incorrect language header: 80 20 Disambiguation of Indonesian rebracketings: 82 18 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 42 8 45 5 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 45 4 48 3
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Verb [Indonesian]

IPA: [ˈru.bah] Forms: rubah [imperative, root], merubah [active, transitive], berubah [active, intransitive]
Etymology: Rebracketing of forms like berubah (ber- + ubah) as (be- + rubah). Originally from Sanskrit उभा (ubhā, “to erect”). Probably inherited from Malay. Occurred in some Malay dialects. Etymology templates: {{rebracketing|id}} Rebracketing, {{prefix|id|ber|ubah|nocat=1}} ber- + ubah, {{prefix|id|be|rubah|nocat=1}} be- + rubah, {{der|id|sa|उभा||to erect}} Sanskrit उभा (ubhā, “to erect”) Head templates: {{head|id|verb|root imperative|rubah|active transitive|merubah|active intransitive|berubah|ordinary passive|dirubah|adversative passive|terubah|head2=}} rubah (root imperative rubah, active transitive merubah, active intransitive berubah, ordinary passive dirubah, adversative passive terubah)
  1. Nonstandard spelling of ubah (“to change”). Tags: alt-of, nonstandard Alternative form of: ubah (extra: to change)
    Sense id: en-rubah-id-verb-YgiEgeYG
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2

Noun [Malay]

IPA: /rubah/ Forms: روبه [Jawi], rubah-rubah [plural], rubahku [first-person, informal, possessive], rubahmu [possessive, second-person], rubahnya [possessive, third-person]
Rhymes: -ubah, -bah, -ah Etymology: From Persian روباه (rubâh), from Middle Persian lwpʾh (rōbāh, “fox”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *laupāća, diminutive of *laupi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wl(o)p- ~ *h₂ulp- (“(red) fox”). Etymology templates: {{bor|ms|fa|روباه|tr=rubâh}} Persian روباه (rubâh), {{der|ms|pal|lwpʾh||fox|tr=rōbāh}} Middle Persian lwpʾh (rōbāh, “fox”), {{der|ms|iir-pro|*laupāća}} Proto-Indo-Iranian *laupāća, {{der|ms|ine-pro|*h₂wl(o)p-}} Proto-Indo-European *h₂wl(o)p- Head templates: {{ms-noun|j=روبه}} rubah (Jawi spelling روبه, plural rubah-rubah, informal 1st possessive rubahku, 2nd possessive rubahmu, 3rd possessive rubahnya)
  1. fox (Vulpes vulpes) Categories (lifeform): Foxes Synonyms: musang
    Sense id: en-rubah-ms-noun-tFTwJoRW Disambiguation of Foxes: 92 8 Categories (other): Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries, Malay entries with incorrect language header, Malay rebracketings, Malay verbs without transitivity Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 42 8 45 5 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 45 4 48 3 Disambiguation of Malay entries with incorrect language header: 94 6 Disambiguation of Malay rebracketings: 100 0 Disambiguation of Malay verbs without transitivity: 49 51
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Verb [Malay]

IPA: /rubah/ Forms: روبه [Jawi]
Rhymes: -ubah, -bah, -ah Etymology: Rebracketing of berubah (ber- + ubah) as (be- + rubah ). Originally from Sanskrit उभा (ubhā, “to erect”). Etymology templates: {{rebracketing|ms}} Rebracketing, {{prefix|ms|ber|ubah|nocat=1}} ber- + ubah, {{prefix|ms|be|rubah|nocat=1}} be- + rubah, {{der|ms|sa|उभा||to erect}} Sanskrit उभा (ubhā, “to erect”) Head templates: {{ms-verb|j=روبه}} rubah (Jawi spelling روبه)
  1. (archaic) to change Tags: archaic Synonyms: tukar, ubah Derived forms: dirubah, merubah, perubahan
    Sense id: en-rubah-ms-verb-WB4OyXXt Categories (other): Malay verbs without transitivity Disambiguation of Malay verbs without transitivity: 49 51
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2
{
  "etymology_number": 1,
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    {
      "args": {
        "1": "id",
        "2": "ms",
        "3": "rubah"
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    },
    {
      "args": {
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        "4": "iir-pro",
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      "expansion": "",
      "name": "dercat"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Malay rubah.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rubahku",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "possessive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rubahmu",
      "tags": [
        "possessive",
        "second-person"
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    {
      "form": "rubahnya",
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        "possessive",
        "third-person"
      ]
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  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "ru‧bah"
  ],
  "lang": "Indonesian",
  "lang_code": "id",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "80 20",
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          "name": "Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
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      "glosses": [
        "fox (Vulpes vulpes)."
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          "fox",
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    {
      "ipa": "[ˈru.bah]"
    }
  ],
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}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
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    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Rebracketing of forms like berubah (ber- + ubah) as (be- + rubah). Originally from Sanskrit उभा (ubhā, “to erect”). Probably inherited from Malay. Occurred in some Malay dialects.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rubah",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "root"
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    },
    {
      "form": "merubah",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "berubah",
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        "active",
        "intransitive"
      ]
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  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "id",
        "10": "dirubah",
        "11": "adversative passive",
        "12": "terubah",
        "2": "verb",
        "3": "root imperative",
        "4": "rubah",
        "5": "active transitive",
        "6": "merubah",
        "7": "active intransitive",
        "8": "berubah",
        "9": "ordinary passive",
        "head2": ""
      },
      "expansion": "rubah (root imperative rubah, active transitive merubah, active intransitive berubah, ordinary passive dirubah, adversative passive terubah)",
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  "pos": "verb",
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          "extra": "to change",
          "word": "ubah"
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        "Nonstandard spelling of ubah (“to change”)."
      ],
      "id": "en-rubah-id-verb-YgiEgeYG",
      "links": [
        [
          "ubah",
          "ubah#Indonesian"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "nonstandard"
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  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈru.bah]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "id:rubah"
  ],
  "word": "rubah"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "id",
            "2": "rubah"
          },
          "expansion": "Indonesian: rubah",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Indonesian: rubah"
    }
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  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
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      "expansion": "Persian روباه (rubâh)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "pal",
        "3": "lwpʾh",
        "4": "",
        "5": "fox",
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      "expansion": "Middle Persian lwpʾh (rōbāh, “fox”)",
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    },
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      "args": {
        "1": "ms",
        "2": "iir-pro",
        "3": "*laupāća"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *laupāća",
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    },
    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂wl(o)p-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂wl(o)p-",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Persian روباه (rubâh), from Middle Persian lwpʾh (rōbāh, “fox”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *laupāća, diminutive of *laupi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wl(o)p- ~ *h₂ulp- (“(red) fox”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "روبه",
      "tags": [
        "Jawi"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rubah-rubah",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rubahku",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "informal",
        "possessive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rubahmu",
      "tags": [
        "possessive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
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      "form": "rubahnya",
      "tags": [
        "possessive",
        "third-person"
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      "expansion": "rubah (Jawi spelling روبه, plural rubah-rubah, informal 1st possessive rubahku, 2nd possessive rubahmu, 3rd possessive rubahnya)",
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  ],
  "lang": "Malay",
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  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "42 8 45 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
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          "_dis": "45 4 48 3",
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          "_dis": "94 6",
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          "_dis": "100 0",
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          "_dis": "49 51",
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          "parents": [],
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        },
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          "_dis": "92 8",
          "kind": "lifeform",
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          "orig": "ms:Foxes",
          "parents": [
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            "Carnivores",
            "Mammals",
            "Vertebrates",
            "Chordates",
            "Animals",
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            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature"
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          "source": "w+disamb"
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        "fox (Vulpes vulpes)"
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      "id": "en-rubah-ms-noun-tFTwJoRW",
      "links": [
        [
          "fox",
          "fox"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "musang"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/rubah/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ubah"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-bah"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ah"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rubah"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
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      },
      "expansion": "Rebracketing",
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  ],
  "etymology_text": "Rebracketing of berubah (ber- + ubah) as (be- + rubah ). Originally from Sanskrit उभा (ubhā, “to erect”).",
  "forms": [
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      "tags": [
        "Jawi"
      ]
    }
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  "head_templates": [
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  ],
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  "lang_code": "ms",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "49 51",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Malay verbs without transitivity",
          "parents": [],
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        }
      ],
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        {
          "word": "dirubah"
        },
        {
          "word": "merubah"
        },
        {
          "word": "perubahan"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "This book has changed my life.",
          "text": "Buku ini telah merubah hidupku.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to change"
      ],
      "id": "en-rubah-ms-verb-WB4OyXXt",
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        [
          "change",
          "change"
        ]
      ],
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        "(archaic) to change"
      ],
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          "word": "tukar"
        },
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          "word": "ubah"
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    {
      "ipa": "/rubah/"
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      "rhymes": "-bah"
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    {
      "rhymes": "-ah"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rubah"
}
{
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    "Indonesian terms derived from Persian",
    "Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
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      "expansion": "",
      "name": "dercat"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Malay rubah.",
  "forms": [
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      "form": "rubahku",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "possessive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rubahmu",
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        "possessive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
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      "form": "rubahnya",
      "tags": [
        "possessive",
        "third-person"
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      "expansion": "rubah (first-person possessive rubahku, second-person possessive rubahmu, third-person possessive rubahnya)",
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  "lang_code": "id",
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  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "fox (Vulpes vulpes)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "fox",
          "fox#English"
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    }
  ],
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    {
      "ipa": "[ˈru.bah]"
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{
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    },
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      "args": {
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        "2": "sa",
        "3": "उभा",
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        "5": "to erect"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit उभा (ubhā, “to erect”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Rebracketing of forms like berubah (ber- + ubah) as (be- + rubah). Originally from Sanskrit उभा (ubhā, “to erect”). Probably inherited from Malay. Occurred in some Malay dialects.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rubah",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "root"
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    },
    {
      "form": "merubah",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "berubah",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "id",
        "10": "dirubah",
        "11": "adversative passive",
        "12": "terubah",
        "2": "verb",
        "3": "root imperative",
        "4": "rubah",
        "5": "active transitive",
        "6": "merubah",
        "7": "active intransitive",
        "8": "berubah",
        "9": "ordinary passive",
        "head2": ""
      },
      "expansion": "rubah (root imperative rubah, active transitive merubah, active intransitive berubah, ordinary passive dirubah, adversative passive terubah)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "ru‧bah"
  ],
  "lang": "Indonesian",
  "lang_code": "id",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "to change",
          "word": "ubah"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Indonesian nonstandard forms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Nonstandard spelling of ubah (“to change”)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ubah",
          "ubah#Indonesian"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "nonstandard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈru.bah]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "id:rubah"
  ],
  "word": "rubah"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Malay entries with incorrect language header",
    "Malay lemmas",
    "Malay nouns",
    "Malay rebracketings",
    "Malay terms borrowed from Persian",
    "Malay terms derived from Middle Persian",
    "Malay terms derived from Persian",
    "Malay terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Malay terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian",
    "Malay terms derived from Sanskrit",
    "Malay verbs",
    "Malay verbs without transitivity",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:Malay/ah",
    "Rhymes:Malay/ah/2 syllables",
    "Rhymes:Malay/bah",
    "Rhymes:Malay/bah/2 syllables",
    "Rhymes:Malay/ubah",
    "ms:Foxes"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "id",
            "2": "rubah"
          },
          "expansion": "Indonesian: rubah",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Indonesian: rubah"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ms",
        "2": "fa",
        "3": "روباه",
        "tr": "rubâh"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian روباه (rubâh)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ms",
        "2": "pal",
        "3": "lwpʾh",
        "4": "",
        "5": "fox",
        "tr": "rōbāh"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Persian lwpʾh (rōbāh, “fox”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ms",
        "2": "iir-pro",
        "3": "*laupāća"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *laupāća",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ms",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂wl(o)p-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂wl(o)p-",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Persian روباه (rubâh), from Middle Persian lwpʾh (rōbāh, “fox”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *laupāća, diminutive of *laupi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wl(o)p- ~ *h₂ulp- (“(red) fox”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "روبه",
      "tags": [
        "Jawi"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rubah-rubah",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rubahku",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "informal",
        "possessive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rubahmu",
      "tags": [
        "possessive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rubahnya",
      "tags": [
        "possessive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "j": "روبه"
      },
      "expansion": "rubah (Jawi spelling روبه, plural rubah-rubah, informal 1st possessive rubahku, 2nd possessive rubahmu, 3rd possessive rubahnya)",
      "name": "ms-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Malay",
  "lang_code": "ms",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "fox (Vulpes vulpes)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "fox",
          "fox"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "musang"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/rubah/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ubah"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-bah"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ah"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rubah"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Malay entries with incorrect language header",
    "Malay lemmas",
    "Malay rebracketings",
    "Malay terms derived from Sanskrit",
    "Malay verbs",
    "Malay verbs without transitivity",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:Malay/ah",
    "Rhymes:Malay/ah/2 syllables",
    "Rhymes:Malay/bah",
    "Rhymes:Malay/bah/2 syllables",
    "Rhymes:Malay/ubah",
    "ms:Foxes"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "dirubah"
    },
    {
      "word": "merubah"
    },
    {
      "word": "perubahan"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ms"
      },
      "expansion": "Rebracketing",
      "name": "rebracketing"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ms",
        "2": "ber",
        "3": "ubah",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "ber- + ubah",
      "name": "prefix"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ms",
        "2": "be",
        "3": "rubah",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "be- + rubah",
      "name": "prefix"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ms",
        "2": "sa",
        "3": "उभा",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to erect"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit उभा (ubhā, “to erect”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Rebracketing of berubah (ber- + ubah) as (be- + rubah ). Originally from Sanskrit उभा (ubhā, “to erect”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "روبه",
      "tags": [
        "Jawi"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "j": "روبه"
      },
      "expansion": "rubah (Jawi spelling روبه)",
      "name": "ms-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Malay",
  "lang_code": "ms",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Malay terms with archaic senses",
        "Malay terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "This book has changed my life.",
          "text": "Buku ini telah merubah hidupku.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to change"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "change",
          "change"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) to change"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "tukar"
        },
        {
          "word": "ubah"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/rubah/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ubah"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-bah"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ah"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rubah"
}

Download raw JSONL data for rubah meaning in All languages combined (7.5kB)

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
  "msg": "unrecognized head form: ordinary passive dirubah",
  "path": [
    "rubah"
  ],
  "section": "Indonesian",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "rubah",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
  "msg": "unrecognized head form: adversative passive terubah",
  "path": [
    "rubah"
  ],
  "section": "Indonesian",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "rubah",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.