See perula on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "pērula"
},
"expansion": "Latin pērula",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πήρα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πήρα (pḗra)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "pérule"
},
"expansion": "French pérule",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin pērula, diminutive of pera (“wallet”), from Ancient Greek πήρα (pḗra). Compare French pérule.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "perulae",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perulae"
},
"expansion": "perula (plural perulae)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Botany",
"orig": "en:Botany",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 16 8 8 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 16 5 5 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One of the scales of a leaf bud."
],
"id": "en-perula-en-noun-tr0~z1K9",
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"scale",
"scale"
],
[
"leaf",
"leaf"
],
[
"bud",
"bud"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany) One of the scales of a leaf bud."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Botany",
"orig": "en:Botany",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A pouchlike portion of the perianth in certain orchids."
],
"id": "en-perula-en-noun-IZQcNVmL",
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"pouchlike",
"pouchlike"
],
[
"perianth",
"perianth"
],
[
"orchid",
"orchid"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany) A pouchlike portion of the perianth in certain orchids."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"word": "perula"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pēra",
"3": "ulus",
"alt2": "ula"
},
"expansion": "pēra + -ula",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The diminutive form of pēra (“a bag”, “a wallet”), formed as pēra + -ula (suffix forming feminine diminutives).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pērula",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pērula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pērula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pērula<1>"
},
"expansion": "pērula f (genitive pērulae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pērula<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "44 17 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin terms suffixed with -ulus",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a little wallet, a pocket",
"in literal use"
],
"id": "en-perula-la-noun-NAT4SNi8",
"links": [
[
"wallet",
"wallet#English"
],
[
"pocket",
"pocket#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "44 17 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin terms suffixed with -ulus",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a little wallet, a pocket",
"a tumescent womb or paunch"
],
"id": "en-perula-la-noun-TQD-xfEn",
"links": [
[
"wallet",
"wallet#English"
],
[
"pocket",
"pocket#English"
],
[
"tumescent",
"tumescent#English"
],
[
"womb",
"womb#English"
],
[
"paunch",
"paunch#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "transferred sense",
"raw_glosses": [
"a little wallet, a pocket",
"(transferred sense, comical) a tumescent womb or paunch"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpeː.ru.la/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpeːrʊɫ̪ä]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.ru.la/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛːrulä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "perula"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Italic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "pèrla"
},
"expansion": "Lombard: pèrla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lombard: pèrla"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: perla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Dalmatian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Corsican: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Corsican: perla"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Italian: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: perla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "perle"
},
"expansion": "Old French: perle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: perle"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wa",
"2": "pièle"
},
"expansion": "Walloon: pièle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Walloon: pièle"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "perle"
},
"expansion": "French: perle",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "French: perle (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "perle",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: perle, peerl, peerle, perel, perill, perl, peryll\nEnglish: pearl\nScots: pairl, purl",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: perle, peerl, peerle, perel, perill, perl, peryll\nEnglish: pearl\nScots: pairl, purl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "perle",
"3": "peerle",
"4": "paerle",
"5": "parle",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle Dutch: perle, peerle, paerle, parle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle Dutch: perle, peerle, paerle, parle"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "parel"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: parel\nAfrikaans: pêrel\nNegerhollands: perl, peerl",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: parel\nAfrikaans: pêrel\nNegerhollands: perl, peerl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "paerel"
},
"expansion": "Limburgish: paerel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Limburgish: paerel"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Occitano-Romance"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: perla"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "pèrla",
"3": "perlo"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: pèrla, perlo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: pèrla, perlo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Rhaeto-Romance"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "perle"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: perle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: perle"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: perla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "perèla",
"3": "perèlla"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: perèla, perèlla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: perèla, perèlla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Iberian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "an",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Aragonese: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aragonese: perla"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ole"
},
"expansion": "Old Leonese:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Leonese:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "perlla"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: perlla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: perlla"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mwl",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Mirandese: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mirandese: perla"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: perla"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "pérola"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: pérola",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: pérola"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Galician: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: perla"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: perla\nChavacano: perla, perlas\n→ Basque: perla\n→ Ilocano: perlas",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: perla\nChavacano: perla, perlas\n→ Basque: perla\n→ Ilocano: perlas"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "perula"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: perula",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: perula"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "perle"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: perle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: perle"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pdt",
"2": "Parl"
},
"expansion": "Plautdietsch: Parl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Plautdietsch: Parl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "perla",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Norse: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Norse: perla"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "perle"
},
"expansion": "Danish: perle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: perle"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: perla"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: perla"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "perle"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: perle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Bokmål: perle"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "perle"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: perle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: perle"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "pärla"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: pärla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: pärla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "perla",
"3": "perala"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: perla, perala",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: perla, perala"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "berle",
"3": "perle"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: berle, perle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: berle, perle"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gsw",
"2": "Pärla"
},
"expansion": "Alemannic German: Pärla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Alemannic German: Pärla"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Perle"
},
"expansion": "German: Perle",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Perle (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "Pärel"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish: Pärel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luxembourgish: Pärel"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hrx",
"2": "Perl"
},
"expansion": "Hunsrik: Perl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hunsrik: Perl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wym",
"2": "pela"
},
"expansion": "Vilamovian: pela",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Vilamovian: pela"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "פּערל"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish: פּערל (perl)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yiddish: פּערל (perl)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "перла"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: перла (perla)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: перла (perla)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "perl"
},
"expansion": "Cornish: perl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cornish: perl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "péarla"
},
"expansion": "Irish: péarla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: péarla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pērle"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: pērle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: pērle"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "perlas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: perlas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: perlas"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "pǟrlõz"
},
"expansion": "Livonian: pǟrlõz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livonian: pǟrlõz"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "parla"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: parla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: parla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sm",
"2": "penina"
},
"expansion": "Samoan: penina",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Samoan: penina"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: perla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: perla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "st",
"2": "pêrêla"
},
"expansion": "Sotho: pêrêla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sotho: pêrêla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "перла"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: перла (perla)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: перла (perla)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "parla"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: parla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: parla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "pärli"
},
"expansion": "Võro: pärli",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: pärli"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "pearel"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: pearel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: pearel"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "From pirum (“a pear”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "perulae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "perula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "perulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "perulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "perulārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "perulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "perulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "perulam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "perulās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "perulā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "perulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "perula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "perulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perula<1>"
},
"expansion": "perula f (genitive perulae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perula<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Medieval Latin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "30 30 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "44 17 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "A pearl in the manner of a cameo.",
"roman": "Una Perla ad modum camahuti.",
"text": "1272, an unknown source in The Natural History of Precious Stones and of the Precious Metals (1867), viii, page 269",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pearl (shelly concretion, usually found in oysters, and often valued in a manner akin to semi-precious gems)"
],
"id": "en-perula-la-noun-Au0BQp-v",
"links": [
[
"pearl",
"pearl#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Medieval Latin) pearl (shelly concretion, usually found in oysters, and often valued in a manner akin to semi-precious gems)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "pearl",
"tags": [
"Classical"
],
"word": "margarīta"
},
{
"word": "perla"
},
{
"word": "perna"
},
{
"word": "pella"
}
],
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin",
"declension-1",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.ru.la/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛrʊɫ̪ä]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.ru.la/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛːrulä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "perula"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "pērula"
},
"expansion": "Latin pērula",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πήρα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πήρα (pḗra)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "pérule"
},
"expansion": "French pérule",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin pērula, diminutive of pera (“wallet”), from Ancient Greek πήρα (pḗra). Compare French pérule.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "perulae",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perulae"
},
"expansion": "perula (plural perulae)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"en:Botany"
],
"glosses": [
"One of the scales of a leaf bud."
],
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"scale",
"scale"
],
[
"leaf",
"leaf"
],
[
"bud",
"bud"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany) One of the scales of a leaf bud."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Botany"
],
"glosses": [
"A pouchlike portion of the perianth in certain orchids."
],
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"pouchlike",
"pouchlike"
],
[
"perianth",
"perianth"
],
[
"orchid",
"orchid"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany) A pouchlike portion of the perianth in certain orchids."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"word": "perula"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin first declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms suffixed with -ulus",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pēra",
"3": "ulus",
"alt2": "ula"
},
"expansion": "pēra + -ula",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The diminutive form of pēra (“a bag”, “a wallet”), formed as pēra + -ula (suffix forming feminine diminutives).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pērula",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pērula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pērula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pērulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pērula<1>"
},
"expansion": "pērula f (genitive pērulae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pērula<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a little wallet, a pocket",
"in literal use"
],
"links": [
[
"wallet",
"wallet#English"
],
[
"pocket",
"pocket#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with transferred senses"
],
"glosses": [
"a little wallet, a pocket",
"a tumescent womb or paunch"
],
"links": [
[
"wallet",
"wallet#English"
],
[
"pocket",
"pocket#English"
],
[
"tumescent",
"tumescent#English"
],
[
"womb",
"womb#English"
],
[
"paunch",
"paunch#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "transferred sense",
"raw_glosses": [
"a little wallet, a pocket",
"(transferred sense, comical) a tumescent womb or paunch"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpeː.ru.la/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpeːrʊɫ̪ä]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.ru.la/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛːrulä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "perula"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin first declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Italic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "pèrla"
},
"expansion": "Lombard: pèrla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lombard: pèrla"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: perla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Dalmatian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Corsican: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Corsican: perla"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Italian: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: perla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "perle"
},
"expansion": "Old French: perle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: perle"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wa",
"2": "pièle"
},
"expansion": "Walloon: pièle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Walloon: pièle"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "perle"
},
"expansion": "French: perle",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "French: perle (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "perle",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: perle, peerl, peerle, perel, perill, perl, peryll\nEnglish: pearl\nScots: pairl, purl",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: perle, peerl, peerle, perel, perill, perl, peryll\nEnglish: pearl\nScots: pairl, purl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "perle",
"3": "peerle",
"4": "paerle",
"5": "parle",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle Dutch: perle, peerle, paerle, parle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle Dutch: perle, peerle, paerle, parle"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "parel"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: parel\nAfrikaans: pêrel\nNegerhollands: perl, peerl",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: parel\nAfrikaans: pêrel\nNegerhollands: perl, peerl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "paerel"
},
"expansion": "Limburgish: paerel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Limburgish: paerel"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Occitano-Romance"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: perla"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "pèrla",
"3": "perlo"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: pèrla, perlo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: pèrla, perlo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Rhaeto-Romance"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "perle"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: perle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: perle"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: perla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "perèla",
"3": "perèlla"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: perèla, perèlla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: perèla, perèlla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Iberian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "an",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Aragonese: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aragonese: perla"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ole"
},
"expansion": "Old Leonese:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Leonese:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "perlla"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: perlla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: perlla"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mwl",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Mirandese: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mirandese: perla"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: perla"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "pérola"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: pérola",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: pérola"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Galician: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: perla"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: perla\nChavacano: perla, perlas\n→ Basque: perla\n→ Ilocano: perlas",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: perla\nChavacano: perla, perlas\n→ Basque: perla\n→ Ilocano: perlas"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "perula"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: perula",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: perula"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "perle"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: perle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: perle"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pdt",
"2": "Parl"
},
"expansion": "Plautdietsch: Parl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Plautdietsch: Parl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "perla",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Norse: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Norse: perla"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "perle"
},
"expansion": "Danish: perle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: perle"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: perla"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: perla"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "perle"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: perle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Bokmål: perle"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "perle"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: perle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: perle"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "pärla"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: pärla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: pärla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "perla",
"3": "perala"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: perla, perala",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: perla, perala"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "berle",
"3": "perle"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: berle, perle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: berle, perle"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gsw",
"2": "Pärla"
},
"expansion": "Alemannic German: Pärla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Alemannic German: Pärla"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Perle"
},
"expansion": "German: Perle",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Perle (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "Pärel"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish: Pärel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luxembourgish: Pärel"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hrx",
"2": "Perl"
},
"expansion": "Hunsrik: Perl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hunsrik: Perl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wym",
"2": "pela"
},
"expansion": "Vilamovian: pela",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Vilamovian: pela"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "פּערל"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish: פּערל (perl)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yiddish: פּערל (perl)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "перла"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: перла (perla)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: перла (perla)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "perl"
},
"expansion": "Cornish: perl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cornish: perl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "péarla"
},
"expansion": "Irish: péarla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: péarla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pērle"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: pērle",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: pērle"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "perlas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: perlas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: perlas"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "pǟrlõz"
},
"expansion": "Livonian: pǟrlõz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livonian: pǟrlõz"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "parla"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: parla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: parla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sm",
"2": "penina"
},
"expansion": "Samoan: penina",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Samoan: penina"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: perla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "perla"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: perla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: perla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "st",
"2": "pêrêla"
},
"expansion": "Sotho: pêrêla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sotho: pêrêla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "перла"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: перла (perla)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: перла (perla)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "parla"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: parla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: parla"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "pärli"
},
"expansion": "Võro: pärli",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: pärli"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "pearel"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: pearel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: pearel"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "From pirum (“a pear”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "perulae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "perula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "perulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "perulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "perulārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "perulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "perulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "perulam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "perulās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "perulā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "perulīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "perula",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "perulae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perula<1>"
},
"expansion": "perula f (genitive perulae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perula<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Medieval Latin"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "A pearl in the manner of a cameo.",
"roman": "Una Perla ad modum camahuti.",
"text": "1272, an unknown source in The Natural History of Precious Stones and of the Precious Metals (1867), viii, page 269",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pearl (shelly concretion, usually found in oysters, and often valued in a manner akin to semi-precious gems)"
],
"links": [
[
"pearl",
"pearl#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Medieval Latin) pearl (shelly concretion, usually found in oysters, and often valued in a manner akin to semi-precious gems)"
],
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin",
"declension-1",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.ru.la/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛrʊɫ̪ä]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.ru.la/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛːrulä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "pearl",
"tags": [
"Classical"
],
"word": "margarīta"
},
{
"word": "perla"
},
{
"word": "perna"
},
{
"word": "pella"
}
],
"word": "perula"
}
Download raw JSONL data for perula meaning in All languages combined (16.8kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: transferred sense, comical",
"path": [
"perula"
],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "perula",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: transferred sense, comical",
"path": [
"perula"
],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "perula",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.