See parfum on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "parfum"
},
"expansion": "French parfum",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "perfume"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of perfume",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French parfum. Doublet of perfume.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "parfums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-",
"2": "+"
},
"expansion": "parfum (usually uncountable, plural parfums)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "parfumier"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "eau de parfum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "parfum de toilette"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Cosmetics",
"orig": "en:Cosmetics",
"parents": [
"Fashion",
"Toiletries",
"Clothing",
"Culture",
"Hygiene",
"Human",
"Society",
"Health",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1926, The Magazine of The Women’s City Club of Detroit, page 42:",
"text": "Did you ever dream of a Beauty Shop De Luxe? A charming place of sweet parfums, crystal mirrors, flowered chintzes and soft pastel tints—a lovely salon of beauty, where fresh colors and smart furniture make beauty rites an occasion of pleasure and inspiration?",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1930, The New Yorker, volume 6, page 111:",
"text": "For Christmas, give a jewel-like flacon of this most exclusive and personal of parfums.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1944 April, Jewelers’ Circular-Keystone, page 232:",
"text": "WANTED 10 top flight salesmen in different sections to introduce fine line of parfums made expressly to sell in jewelry stores, also lighters and other exclusive imports.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Fragrance; perfume."
],
"id": "en-parfum-en-noun-RbE8WGlg",
"links": [
[
"cosmetics",
"cosmetics"
],
[
"Fragrance",
"fragrance"
],
[
"perfume",
"perfume"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(cosmetics) Fragrance; perfume."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"usually"
],
"topics": [
"cosmetics",
"lifestyle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 90",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 7 34 4 8 6 15 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 4 42 3 5 4 18 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A solvent containing around 15% to 40% aromatic compounds."
],
"id": "en-parfum-en-noun-aIMigS6e",
"qualifier": "perfumery",
"raw_glosses": [
"(perfumery) A solvent containing around 15% to 40% aromatic compounds."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɑɹˈfum/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"word": "parfum"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "geparfumeerd"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "parfumeren"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "parfuum"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: parfuum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: parfuum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hns",
"2": "pampaiyá",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Caribbean Hindustani: pampaiyá",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Caribbean Hindustani: pampaiyá"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "parfum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Indonesian: parfum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Indonesian: parfum"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "frm",
"3": "parfum"
},
"expansion": "Middle French parfum",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Middle French parfum, from parfumer.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "parfums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumpje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "parfuum",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-s",
"3": "+"
},
"expansion": "parfum n (plural parfums, diminutive parfumpje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"par‧fum"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "parfumee"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "parfumeerder"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "parfumerie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "parfumeur"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "nl",
"name": "Smell",
"orig": "nl:Smell",
"parents": [
"Senses",
"Perception",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Essence of roses and various others flowers is in high demand for natural perfumes.",
"text": "Essence van rozen en diverse andere bloemen is zeer gegeerd voor natuurlijke parfums.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a perfume, a luxury product providing a fragrant scent"
],
"id": "en-parfum-nl-noun-ySzVEEaH",
"links": [
[
"perfume",
"perfume"
],
[
"luxury",
"luxury"
],
[
"fragrant",
"fragrant"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "reukwerk"
},
{
"word": "parfument"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "44 56",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "nl",
"name": "Smell",
"orig": "nl:Smell",
"parents": [
"Senses",
"Perception",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The rose Friesia gives out a heavenly scent.",
"text": "De roos Friesia verspreidt een hemels parfum.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a perfume, a pleasant scent"
],
"id": "en-parfum-nl-noun-UWmcugzU",
"links": [
[
"perfume",
"perfume"
],
[
"scent",
"scent"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɑrˈfʏm/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɑr.fʏm/",
"tags": [
"nonstandard",
"uncommon"
]
},
{
"audio": "nl-parfum.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Nl-parfum.ogg/Nl-parfum.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Nl-parfum.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʏm"
}
],
"word": "parfum"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "au parfum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "eau de parfum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "esprit de parfum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "parfum de toilette"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "parfumerie"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "parfume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: parfume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: parfume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "parfum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Dutch: parfum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Dutch: parfum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Parfüm",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Parfüm",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Parfüm (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "parfum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Romanian: parfum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Romanian: parfum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "parfüm",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Turkish: parfüm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Turkish: parfüm"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "parfumer",
"4": "",
"5": "to scent"
},
"expansion": "Middle French parfumer (“to scent”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "pro",
"3": "perfumar"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan perfumar",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "profumare"
},
"expansion": "Italian profumare",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "per-",
"4": "",
"5": "through, thoroughly"
},
"expansion": "Latin per- (“through, thoroughly”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French parfumer (“to scent”), borrowed from Old Occitan perfumar or another language around the Mediterranean coast, cf. Italian profumare, themselves from Latin per- (“through, thoroughly”) + fumāre (“to smoke”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "parfums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "parfum m (plural parfums)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "parfumer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "parfumeur"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "parfumeuse"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"perfume (scented toiletry)"
],
"id": "en-parfum-fr-noun-XxZQkBZ5",
"links": [
[
"perfume",
"perfume"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 48 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 46 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French terms with irregularly silent consonant",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 64 14",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "fr",
"name": "Smell",
"orig": "fr:Smell",
"parents": [
"Senses",
"Perception",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"scent, desirable smell"
],
"id": "en-parfum-fr-noun-YRuQgyMo",
"links": [
[
"scent",
"scent"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Raspberry flavor is rarely natural",
"text": "Le parfum des framboises est rarement naturel.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"flavour, aroma, taste (e.g., of ice cream)"
],
"id": "en-parfum-fr-noun-UaDI5Cwy",
"links": [
[
"flavour",
"flavour"
],
[
"aroma",
"aroma"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/paʁ.fœ̃/"
},
{
"ipa": "/paʁ.fɛ̃/",
"note": "with merger of un with in"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-parfum.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/Fr-parfum.ogg/Fr-parfum.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Fr-parfum.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-œ̃"
}
],
"word": "parfum"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "berparfum"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "nl",
"3": "parfum"
},
"expansion": "Dutch parfum",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "frm",
"3": "parfum"
},
"expansion": "Middle French parfum",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "la",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latin",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "per-",
"3": "fumāre",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "through, thoroughly",
"t2": "to smoke"
},
"expansion": "per- (“through, thoroughly”) + fumāre (“to smoke”)",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Dutch parfum, from Middle French parfum, from Latin per- (“through, thoroughly”) + fumāre (“to smoke”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "parfum-parfum",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "parfum (plural parfum-parfum)",
"name": "id-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"par‧fum"
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "54 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indonesian terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"perfume,",
"a pleasant smell; the scent, odor, or odoriferous particles emitted from a sweet-smelling substance; a pleasant odor"
],
"id": "en-parfum-id-noun-rEcpyfSk",
"links": [
[
"perfume",
"perfume#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "minyak wangi"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "54 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indonesian terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"perfume,",
"a substance created to provide a pleasant smell or one which emits an agreeable odor."
],
"id": "en-parfum-id-noun-bEor8EBh",
"links": [
[
"perfume",
"perfume#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "minyak wangi"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈparfʊm]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-fʊm"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʊm"
},
{
"rhymes": "-m"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"id:parfum"
],
"word": "parfum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "fr",
"3": "parfum"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from French parfum",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "perfumāre"
},
"expansion": "Latin perfumāre",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French parfum, from Latin perfumāre.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "parfumuri",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n-uri",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "parfum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumuri",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumurile",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumuri",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumurilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumurilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "parfumuri"
},
"expansion": "parfum n (plural parfumuri)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "n",
"gpd": "parfumurilor",
"gpi": "parfumuri",
"gsd": "parfumului",
"gsi": "parfum",
"n": "",
"npd": "parfumurile",
"npi": "parfumuri",
"nsd": "parfumul",
"nsi": "parfum",
"vp": "parfumurilor",
"vs": "parfumule",
"vs2": ""
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "ro",
"name": "Smell",
"orig": "ro:Smell",
"parents": [
"Senses",
"Perception",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"perfume"
],
"id": "en-parfum-ro-noun-N-z1Icj0",
"links": [
[
"perfume",
"perfume"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "miros"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q7913 (ron)-Andreea Teodoraa-parfum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-parfum.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-parfum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-parfum.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-parfum.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "parfum"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "parfȗm",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sl-decl-noun-m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker",
"source": "inflection"
},
{
"form": "please help by adding the tonal marks.",
"source": "inflection"
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sl-decl-noun-m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "hard o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmov",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmov",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmoma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmih",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmih",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmoma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "parfȗm",
"2": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "parfȗm m inan",
"name": "sl-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "parfúm"
},
"name": "sl-decl-noun-m"
}
],
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Slovene entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "sl",
"name": "Smell",
"orig": "sl:Smell",
"parents": [
"Senses",
"Perception",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"perfume (substance providing a pleasant smell)"
],
"id": "en-parfum-sl-noun-DeKNFfCw",
"links": [
[
"perfume",
"perfume"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/parfúːm/"
}
],
"word": "parfum"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch neuter nouns",
"Dutch nouns",
"Dutch nouns with plural in -s",
"Dutch terms borrowed from Middle French",
"Dutch terms derived from Middle French",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Dutch/ʏm",
"nl:Smell"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "geparfumeerd"
},
{
"word": "parfumeren"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "parfuum"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: parfuum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: parfuum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hns",
"2": "pampaiyá",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Caribbean Hindustani: pampaiyá",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Caribbean Hindustani: pampaiyá"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "parfum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Indonesian: parfum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Indonesian: parfum"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "frm",
"3": "parfum"
},
"expansion": "Middle French parfum",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Middle French parfum, from parfumer.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "parfums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumpje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "parfuum",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-s",
"3": "+"
},
"expansion": "parfum n (plural parfums, diminutive parfumpje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"par‧fum"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "parfumee"
},
{
"word": "parfumeerder"
},
{
"word": "parfumerie"
},
{
"word": "parfumeur"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Dutch terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Essence of roses and various others flowers is in high demand for natural perfumes.",
"text": "Essence van rozen en diverse andere bloemen is zeer gegeerd voor natuurlijke parfums.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a perfume, a luxury product providing a fragrant scent"
],
"links": [
[
"perfume",
"perfume"
],
[
"luxury",
"luxury"
],
[
"fragrant",
"fragrant"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "reukwerk"
},
{
"word": "parfument"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Dutch terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The rose Friesia gives out a heavenly scent.",
"text": "De roos Friesia verspreidt een hemels parfum.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a perfume, a pleasant scent"
],
"links": [
[
"perfume",
"perfume"
],
[
"scent",
"scent"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɑrˈfʏm/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɑr.fʏm/",
"tags": [
"nonstandard",
"uncommon"
]
},
{
"audio": "nl-parfum.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Nl-parfum.ogg/Nl-parfum.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Nl-parfum.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʏm"
}
],
"word": "parfum"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from French",
"English terms derived from French",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "parfum"
},
"expansion": "French parfum",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "perfume"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of perfume",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French parfum. Doublet of perfume.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "parfums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-",
"2": "+"
},
"expansion": "parfum (usually uncountable, plural parfums)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "parfumier"
},
{
"word": "eau de parfum"
},
{
"word": "parfum de toilette"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Cosmetics"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1926, The Magazine of The Women’s City Club of Detroit, page 42:",
"text": "Did you ever dream of a Beauty Shop De Luxe? A charming place of sweet parfums, crystal mirrors, flowered chintzes and soft pastel tints—a lovely salon of beauty, where fresh colors and smart furniture make beauty rites an occasion of pleasure and inspiration?",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1930, The New Yorker, volume 6, page 111:",
"text": "For Christmas, give a jewel-like flacon of this most exclusive and personal of parfums.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1944 April, Jewelers’ Circular-Keystone, page 232:",
"text": "WANTED 10 top flight salesmen in different sections to introduce fine line of parfums made expressly to sell in jewelry stores, also lighters and other exclusive imports.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Fragrance; perfume."
],
"links": [
[
"cosmetics",
"cosmetics"
],
[
"Fragrance",
"fragrance"
],
[
"perfume",
"perfume"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(cosmetics) Fragrance; perfume."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"usually"
],
"topics": [
"cosmetics",
"lifestyle"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A solvent containing around 15% to 40% aromatic compounds."
],
"qualifier": "perfumery",
"raw_glosses": [
"(perfumery) A solvent containing around 15% to 40% aromatic compounds."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɑɹˈfum/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"word": "parfum"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 2-syllable words",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine nouns",
"French nouns",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old Occitan",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"French terms with irregularly silent consonant",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:French/œ̃",
"Rhymes:French/œ̃/2 syllables",
"fr:Smell"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "au parfum"
},
{
"word": "eau de parfum"
},
{
"word": "esprit de parfum"
},
{
"word": "parfum de toilette"
},
{
"word": "parfumerie"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "parfume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: parfume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: parfume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "parfum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Dutch: parfum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Dutch: parfum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Parfüm",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Parfüm",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Parfüm (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "parfum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Romanian: parfum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Romanian: parfum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "parfüm",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Turkish: parfüm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Turkish: parfüm"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "parfumer",
"4": "",
"5": "to scent"
},
"expansion": "Middle French parfumer (“to scent”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "pro",
"3": "perfumar"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan perfumar",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "profumare"
},
"expansion": "Italian profumare",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "per-",
"4": "",
"5": "through, thoroughly"
},
"expansion": "Latin per- (“through, thoroughly”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French parfumer (“to scent”), borrowed from Old Occitan perfumar or another language around the Mediterranean coast, cf. Italian profumare, themselves from Latin per- (“through, thoroughly”) + fumāre (“to smoke”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "parfums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "parfum m (plural parfums)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "parfumer"
},
{
"word": "parfumeur"
},
{
"word": "parfumeuse"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"perfume (scented toiletry)"
],
"links": [
[
"perfume",
"perfume"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"scent, desirable smell"
],
"links": [
[
"scent",
"scent"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"French terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Raspberry flavor is rarely natural",
"text": "Le parfum des framboises est rarement naturel.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"flavour, aroma, taste (e.g., of ice cream)"
],
"links": [
[
"flavour",
"flavour"
],
[
"aroma",
"aroma"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/paʁ.fœ̃/"
},
{
"ipa": "/paʁ.fɛ̃/",
"note": "with merger of un with in"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-parfum.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/Fr-parfum.ogg/Fr-parfum.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Fr-parfum.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-œ̃"
}
],
"word": "parfum"
}
{
"categories": [
"Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"Indonesian lemmas",
"Indonesian nouns",
"Indonesian terms borrowed from Dutch",
"Indonesian terms derived from Dutch",
"Indonesian terms derived from Latin",
"Indonesian terms derived from Middle French",
"Indonesian terms with redundant script codes",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/fʊm",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/fʊm/2 syllables",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/m",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/m/2 syllables",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/ʊm",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/ʊm/2 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "berparfum"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "nl",
"3": "parfum"
},
"expansion": "Dutch parfum",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "frm",
"3": "parfum"
},
"expansion": "Middle French parfum",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "la",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latin",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "per-",
"3": "fumāre",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "through, thoroughly",
"t2": "to smoke"
},
"expansion": "per- (“through, thoroughly”) + fumāre (“to smoke”)",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Dutch parfum, from Middle French parfum, from Latin per- (“through, thoroughly”) + fumāre (“to smoke”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "parfum-parfum",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "parfum (plural parfum-parfum)",
"name": "id-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"par‧fum"
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"perfume,",
"a pleasant smell; the scent, odor, or odoriferous particles emitted from a sweet-smelling substance; a pleasant odor"
],
"links": [
[
"perfume",
"perfume#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "minyak wangi"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"perfume,",
"a substance created to provide a pleasant smell or one which emits an agreeable odor."
],
"links": [
[
"perfume",
"perfume#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "minyak wangi"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈparfʊm]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-fʊm"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʊm"
},
{
"rhymes": "-m"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"id:parfum"
],
"word": "parfum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "fr",
"3": "parfum"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from French parfum",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "perfumāre"
},
"expansion": "Latin perfumāre",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French parfum, from Latin perfumāre.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "parfumuri",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n-uri",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "parfum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumuri",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumurile",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumuri",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumurilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "parfumurilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "parfumuri"
},
"expansion": "parfum n (plural parfumuri)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "n",
"gpd": "parfumurilor",
"gpi": "parfumuri",
"gsd": "parfumului",
"gsi": "parfum",
"n": "",
"npd": "parfumurile",
"npi": "parfumuri",
"nsd": "parfumul",
"nsi": "parfum",
"vp": "parfumurilor",
"vs": "parfumule",
"vs2": ""
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "miros"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Romanian countable nouns",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian neuter nouns",
"Romanian nouns",
"Romanian nouns with red links in their headword lines",
"Romanian terms borrowed from French",
"Romanian terms derived from French",
"Romanian terms derived from Latin",
"ro:Smell"
],
"glosses": [
"perfume"
],
"links": [
[
"perfume",
"perfume"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q7913 (ron)-Andreea Teodoraa-parfum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-parfum.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-parfum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-parfum.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-parfum.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "parfum"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "parfȗm",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sl-decl-noun-m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker",
"source": "inflection"
},
{
"form": "please help by adding the tonal marks.",
"source": "inflection"
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sl-decl-noun-m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "hard o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmov",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmov",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmoma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmih",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmih",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmoma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "parfúmi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "parfȗm",
"2": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "parfȗm m inan",
"name": "sl-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "parfúm"
},
"name": "sl-decl-noun-m"
}
],
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for tone in Slovene entries",
"Slovene 2-syllable words",
"Slovene entries with incorrect language header",
"Slovene inanimate nouns",
"Slovene lemmas",
"Slovene masculine hard o-stem nouns",
"Slovene masculine inanimate nouns",
"Slovene masculine nouns",
"Slovene nouns",
"Slovene terms with IPA pronunciation",
"sl:Smell"
],
"glosses": [
"perfume (substance providing a pleasant smell)"
],
"links": [
[
"perfume",
"perfume"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/parfúːm/"
}
],
"word": "parfum"
}
Download raw JSONL data for parfum meaning in All languages combined (16.4kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'genitive-dative'",
"path": [
"parfum"
],
"section": "Romanian",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "parfum",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/1826",
"msg": "inflection table: empty tags for The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker",
"path": [
"parfum"
],
"section": "Slovene",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "parfum",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/1826",
"msg": "inflection table: empty tags for please help by adding the tonal marks.",
"path": [
"parfum"
],
"section": "Slovene",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "parfum",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (9e2b7d3 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.