See gruda on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gruda",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *gruda",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gruda"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gruda",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gruda.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grudka",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "gruda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grud",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudzie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudzie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grudy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"dim": "grudka"
},
"expansion": "gruda f (diminutive grudka)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"gru‧da"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"lump, clod"
],
"id": "en-gruda-pl-noun-3FrCYHaT",
"links": [
[
"lump",
"lump"
],
[
"clod",
"clod"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"frozen ground"
],
"id": "en-gruda-pl-noun-9dQ1mrxO",
"links": [
[
"frozen",
"frozen"
],
[
"ground",
"ground"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) frozen ground"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Far Masovian Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"frozen ground",
"frozen mud on a road"
],
"id": "en-gruda-pl-noun-jMlGAd2V",
"links": [
[
"frozen",
"frozen"
],
[
"ground",
"ground"
],
[
"mud",
"mud"
],
[
"road",
"road"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) frozen ground",
"(Far Masovian) frozen mud on a road"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "29 15 15 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 11 11 59",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 10 10 62",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 10 10 62",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 10 10 68",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Veterinary medicine",
"orig": "pl:Veterinary medicine",
"parents": [
"Animals",
"Medicine",
"Lifeforms",
"Biology",
"Healthcare",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Sciences",
"Health",
"Fundamental",
"Nature",
"Body"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mud fever, scratches, pastern dermatitis"
],
"id": "en-gruda-pl-noun-TFJfAMuR",
"links": [
[
"scratches",
"scratches"
],
[
"pastern dermatitis",
"pastern dermatitis"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡru.da/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡru.da/",
"note": "Far Masovian"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uda"
},
{
"homophone": "Gruda"
}
],
"word": "gruda"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "gruda",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 4 4 6 61 9 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 3 4 74 6 3 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "grudar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of grudar:",
"third-person singular present indicative"
],
"id": "en-gruda-pt-verb-Nu-wm8Sf",
"links": [
[
"grudar",
"grudar#Portuguese"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "grudar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of grudar:",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"id": "en-gruda-pt-verb-8kLQAHP2",
"links": [
[
"grudar",
"grudar#Portuguese"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "gruda"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gruda",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *gruda",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gruda"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gruda",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gruda.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grȕda",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "гру̏да",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sh-decl-noun\n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "grȕda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grude",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grude",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grȗdā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grude",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grude",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grudi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "f",
"head": "grȕda"
},
"expansion": "grȕda f (Cyrillic spelling гру̏да)",
"name": "sh-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"gru‧da"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grȕda",
"10": "grude",
"11": "grudi",
"12": "grudama",
"13": "grudom",
"14": "grudama",
"2": "grude",
"3": "grude",
"4": "grȗdā",
"5": "grudi",
"6": "grudama",
"7": "grudu",
"8": "grude",
"9": "grudo"
},
"name": "sh-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Serbo-Croatian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lump, clod"
],
"id": "en-gruda-sh-noun-3FrCYHaT",
"links": [
[
"lump",
"lump"
],
[
"clod",
"clod"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Serbo-Croatian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"snowball"
],
"id": "en-gruda-sh-noun-cwVR9brU",
"links": [
[
"snowball",
"snowball"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡrûda/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "grudva"
}
],
"word": "gruda"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "гру́да"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: гру́да (hrúda)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: гру́да (hrúda)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "гру́да"
},
"expansion": "Russian: гру́да (grúda)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: гру́да (grúda)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "гру́да",
"3": "груда́"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: гру́да (hrúda), груда́ (hrudá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: гру́да (hrúda), груда́ (hrudá)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "грудка",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Bulgarian: грудка (grudka)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Bulgarian: грудка (grudka)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "грутка",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Macedonian: грутка (grutka)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Macedonian: грутка (grutka)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "гру̏да",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: гру̏да",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: гру̏да"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "grȕda",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: grȕda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: grȕda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "grúda",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: grúda",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grúda"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: grúda (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: grúda (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "hrúda"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: hrúda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: hrúda"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "hrouda"
},
"expansion": "Czech: hrouda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: hrouda"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "Chod dialect"
},
"expansion": "(Chod dialect)",
"name": "a"
}
],
"text": "Bohemian (Chod dialect): rouda"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "Mistřice"
},
"expansion": "(Mistřice)",
"name": "a"
}
],
"text": "Moravian (Mistřice): hruda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "grëda"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: grëda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: grëda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "grąd"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: grąd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: grąd"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "gruda"
},
"expansion": "Polish: gruda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: gruda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "hruda"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: hruda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: hruda"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰréwdos",
"t": "crude, great"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰer-",
"4": "",
"5": "to grind, to rub"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "graûds",
"3": "",
"4": "grain"
},
"expansion": "Latvian graûds (“grain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grūdai",
"3": "",
"4": "grain"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grautaz",
"3": "",
"4": "big, great"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely a collective form of Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”). Cognates include Latvian graûds (“grain”), Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”), Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grùda",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "grùda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdamъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdojǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdamī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdaxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grùda",
"ap": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gruda",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "to lump, to pile",
"word": "gruditi"
},
{
"english": "to clump together",
"word": "grudati"
},
{
"english": "tuber (of plants)",
"word": "grudъka"
},
{
"english": "heinous, lousy; November, late autumn",
"word": "grudьnъ"
},
{
"english": "bush, shrub",
"word": "grumę"
}
],
"glosses": [
"heap, lump"
],
"id": "en-gruda-sla-pro-noun-Xc8XJh8d",
"links": [
[
"heap",
"heap"
],
[
"lump",
"lump"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "gruda"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish feminine nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/uda",
"Rhymes:Polish/uda/2 syllables",
"pl:Veterinary medicine"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gruda",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *gruda",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gruda"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gruda",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gruda.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grudka",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "gruda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grud",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudzie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudzie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grudy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"dim": "grudka"
},
"expansion": "gruda f (diminutive grudka)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"gru‧da"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"lump, clod"
],
"links": [
[
"lump",
"lump"
],
[
"clod",
"clod"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish literary terms"
],
"glosses": [
"frozen ground"
],
"links": [
[
"frozen",
"frozen"
],
[
"ground",
"ground"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) frozen ground"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Far Masovian Polish",
"Polish literary terms"
],
"glosses": [
"frozen ground",
"frozen mud on a road"
],
"links": [
[
"frozen",
"frozen"
],
[
"ground",
"ground"
],
[
"mud",
"mud"
],
[
"road",
"road"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) frozen ground",
"(Far Masovian) frozen mud on a road"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"literary"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"mud fever, scratches, pastern dermatitis"
],
"links": [
[
"scratches",
"scratches"
],
[
"pastern dermatitis",
"pastern dermatitis"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡru.da/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡru.da/",
"note": "Far Masovian"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uda"
},
{
"homophone": "Gruda"
}
],
"word": "gruda"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese non-lemma forms",
"Portuguese verb forms"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "gruda",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "grudar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of grudar:",
"third-person singular present indicative"
],
"links": [
[
"grudar",
"grudar#Portuguese"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "grudar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of grudar:",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"grudar",
"grudar#Portuguese"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "gruda"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"english": "to lump, to pile",
"word": "gruditi"
},
{
"english": "to clump together",
"word": "grudati"
},
{
"english": "tuber (of plants)",
"word": "grudъka"
},
{
"english": "heinous, lousy; November, late autumn",
"word": "grudьnъ"
},
{
"english": "bush, shrub",
"word": "grumę"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "гру́да"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: гру́да (hrúda)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: гру́да (hrúda)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "гру́да"
},
"expansion": "Russian: гру́да (grúda)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: гру́да (grúda)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "гру́да",
"3": "груда́"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: гру́да (hrúda), груда́ (hrudá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: гру́да (hrúda), груда́ (hrudá)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "грудка",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Bulgarian: грудка (grudka)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Bulgarian: грудка (grudka)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "грутка",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Macedonian: грутка (grutka)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Macedonian: грутка (grutka)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "гру̏да",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: гру̏да",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: гру̏да"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "grȕda",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: grȕda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: grȕda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "grúda",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: grúda",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grúda"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: grúda (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: grúda (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "hrúda"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: hrúda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: hrúda"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "hrouda"
},
"expansion": "Czech: hrouda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: hrouda"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "Chod dialect"
},
"expansion": "(Chod dialect)",
"name": "a"
}
],
"text": "Bohemian (Chod dialect): rouda"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "Mistřice"
},
"expansion": "(Mistřice)",
"name": "a"
}
],
"text": "Moravian (Mistřice): hruda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "grëda"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: grëda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: grëda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "grąd"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: grąd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: grąd"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "gruda"
},
"expansion": "Polish: gruda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: gruda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "hruda"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: hruda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: hruda"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰréwdos",
"t": "crude, great"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰer-",
"4": "",
"5": "to grind, to rub"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "graûds",
"3": "",
"4": "grain"
},
"expansion": "Latvian graûds (“grain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grūdai",
"3": "",
"4": "grain"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grautaz",
"3": "",
"4": "big, great"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely a collective form of Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”). Cognates include Latvian graûds (“grain”), Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”), Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grùda",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "grùda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdamъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdojǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdamī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdaxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grùda",
"ap": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gruda",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"glosses": [
"heap, lump"
],
"links": [
[
"heap",
"heap"
],
[
"lump",
"lump"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "gruda"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Serbo-Croatian entries with incorrect language header",
"Serbo-Croatian feminine nouns",
"Serbo-Croatian lemmas",
"Serbo-Croatian nouns",
"Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Serbo-Croatian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gruda",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *gruda",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gruda"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gruda",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gruda.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grȕda",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "гру̏да",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sh-decl-noun\n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "grȕda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grude",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grude",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grȗdā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grude",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grude",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grudi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grudom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grudama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "f",
"head": "grȕda"
},
"expansion": "grȕda f (Cyrillic spelling гру̏да)",
"name": "sh-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"gru‧da"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grȕda",
"10": "grude",
"11": "grudi",
"12": "grudama",
"13": "grudom",
"14": "grudama",
"2": "grude",
"3": "grude",
"4": "grȗdā",
"5": "grudi",
"6": "grudama",
"7": "grudu",
"8": "grude",
"9": "grudo"
},
"name": "sh-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"lump, clod"
],
"links": [
[
"lump",
"lump"
],
[
"clod",
"clod"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"snowball"
],
"links": [
[
"snowball",
"snowball"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡrûda/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "grudva"
}
],
"word": "gruda"
}
Download raw JSONL data for gruda meaning in All languages combined (14.6kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Far Masovian",
"path": [
"gruda"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "gruda",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Far Masovian",
"path": [
"gruda"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "gruda",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (bcd5c38 and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.