See gruda in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "гру́да"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: гру́да (hrúda)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: гру́да (hrúda)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "гру́да"
},
"expansion": "Russian: гру́да (grúda)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: гру́да (grúda)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "гру́да",
"3": "груда́"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: гру́да (hrúda), груда́ (hrudá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: гру́да (hrúda), груда́ (hrudá)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "грудка",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Bulgarian: грудка (grudka)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Bulgarian: грудка (grudka)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "грутка",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Macedonian: грутка (grutka)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Macedonian: грутка (grutka)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "гру̏да",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: гру̏да",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: гру̏да"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "grȕda",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: grȕda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: grȕda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "grúda",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: grúda",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grúda"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: grúda (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: grúda (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "hrúda"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: hrúda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: hrúda"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "hrouda"
},
"expansion": "Czech: hrouda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: hrouda"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "Chod dialect"
},
"expansion": "(Chod dialect)",
"name": "a"
}
],
"text": "Bohemian (Chod dialect): rouda"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "Mistřice"
},
"expansion": "(Mistřice)",
"name": "a"
}
],
"text": "Moravian (Mistřice): hruda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "grëda"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: grëda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: grëda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "grąd"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: grąd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: grąd"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "gruda"
},
"expansion": "Polish: gruda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: gruda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "hruda"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: hruda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: hruda"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰréwdos",
"t": "crude, great"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰer-",
"4": "",
"5": "to grind, to rub"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "graûds",
"3": "",
"4": "grain"
},
"expansion": "Latvian graûds (“grain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grūdai",
"3": "",
"4": "grain"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grautaz",
"3": "",
"4": "big, great"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely a collective form of Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”). Cognates include Latvian graûds (“grain”), Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”), Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grùda",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "grùda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdamъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdojǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdamī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdaxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grùda",
"ap": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gruda",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "to lump, to pile",
"word": "gruditi"
},
{
"english": "to clump together",
"word": "grudati"
},
{
"english": "tuber (of plants)",
"word": "grudъka"
},
{
"english": "heinous, lousy; November, late autumn",
"word": "grudьnъ"
},
{
"english": "bush, shrub",
"word": "grumę"
}
],
"glosses": [
"heap, lump"
],
"id": "en-gruda-sla-pro-noun-Xc8XJh8d",
"links": [
[
"heap",
"heap"
],
[
"lump",
"lump"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "gruda"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"english": "to lump, to pile",
"word": "gruditi"
},
{
"english": "to clump together",
"word": "grudati"
},
{
"english": "tuber (of plants)",
"word": "grudъka"
},
{
"english": "heinous, lousy; November, late autumn",
"word": "grudьnъ"
},
{
"english": "bush, shrub",
"word": "grumę"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "гру́да"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: гру́да (hrúda)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: гру́да (hrúda)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "гру́да"
},
"expansion": "Russian: гру́да (grúda)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: гру́да (grúda)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "гру́да",
"3": "груда́"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: гру́да (hrúda), груда́ (hrudá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: гру́да (hrúda), груда́ (hrudá)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "грудка",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Bulgarian: грудка (grudka)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Bulgarian: грудка (grudka)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "грутка",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Macedonian: грутка (grutka)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Macedonian: грутка (grutka)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "гру̏да",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: гру̏да",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: гру̏да"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "grȕda",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: grȕda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: grȕda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "grúda",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: grúda",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grúda"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: grúda (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: grúda (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "hrúda"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: hrúda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: hrúda"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "hrouda"
},
"expansion": "Czech: hrouda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: hrouda"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "Chod dialect"
},
"expansion": "(Chod dialect)",
"name": "a"
}
],
"text": "Bohemian (Chod dialect): rouda"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "Mistřice"
},
"expansion": "(Mistřice)",
"name": "a"
}
],
"text": "Moravian (Mistřice): hruda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "grëda"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: grëda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: grëda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "grąd"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: grąd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: grąd"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "gruda"
},
"expansion": "Polish: gruda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: gruda"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "hruda"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: hruda",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: hruda"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰréwdos",
"t": "crude, great"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰer-",
"4": "",
"5": "to grind, to rub"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "graûds",
"3": "",
"4": "grain"
},
"expansion": "Latvian graûds (“grain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grūdai",
"3": "",
"4": "grain"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grautaz",
"3": "",
"4": "big, great"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely a collective form of Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”). Cognates include Latvian graûds (“grain”), Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”), Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grùda",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "grùda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdamъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdojǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdamī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdaxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grùda",
"ap": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gruda",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"glosses": [
"heap, lump"
],
"links": [
[
"heap",
"heap"
],
[
"lump",
"lump"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "gruda"
}
Download raw JSONL data for gruda meaning in Proto-Slavic (7.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (95d2be1 and 64224ec). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.