See gruda in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "hrúda",
"word": "гру́да"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "grúda",
"word": "гру́да"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "hrúda",
"word": "гру́да"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "hrudá",
"word": "груда́"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "grudka",
"word": "грудка"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "grutka",
"word": "грутка"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "гру̏да"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "grȕda"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "rouda"
},
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "hruda"
}
],
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "hrouda"
}
],
"lang": "Old Czech",
"lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
"word": "hrúda"
},
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "grëda"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "gruda"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"word": "grąd"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "hruda"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰréwdos",
"t": "crude, great"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰer-",
"4": "",
"5": "to grind, to rub"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "graûds",
"3": "",
"4": "grain"
},
"expansion": "Latvian graûds (“grain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grūdai",
"3": "",
"4": "grain"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grautaz",
"3": "",
"4": "big, great"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely a collective form of Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”). Cognates include Latvian graûds (“grain”), Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”), Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grùda",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "grùda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdamъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdojǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdamī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdaxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grùda",
"ap": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gruda",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "to lump, to pile",
"translation": "to lump, to pile",
"word": "gruditi"
},
{
"english": "to clump together",
"translation": "to clump together",
"word": "grudati"
},
{
"english": "tuber (of plants)",
"translation": "tuber (of plants)",
"word": "grudъka"
},
{
"english": "heinous, lousy; November, late autumn",
"translation": "heinous, lousy; November, late autumn",
"word": "grudьnъ"
},
{
"english": "bush, shrub",
"translation": "bush, shrub",
"word": "grumę"
}
],
"glosses": [
"heap, lump"
],
"id": "en-gruda-sla-pro-noun-Xc8XJh8d",
"links": [
[
"heap",
"heap"
],
[
"lump",
"lump"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "gruda"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"english": "to lump, to pile",
"translation": "to lump, to pile",
"word": "gruditi"
},
{
"english": "to clump together",
"translation": "to clump together",
"word": "grudati"
},
{
"english": "tuber (of plants)",
"translation": "tuber (of plants)",
"word": "grudъka"
},
{
"english": "heinous, lousy; November, late autumn",
"translation": "heinous, lousy; November, late autumn",
"word": "grudьnъ"
},
{
"english": "bush, shrub",
"translation": "bush, shrub",
"word": "grumę"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "hrúda",
"word": "гру́да"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "grúda",
"word": "гру́да"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "hrúda",
"word": "гру́да"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "hrudá",
"word": "груда́"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "grudka",
"word": "грудка"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "grutka",
"word": "грутка"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "гру̏да"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "grȕda"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "rouda"
},
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "hruda"
}
],
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "hrouda"
}
],
"lang": "Old Czech",
"lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
"word": "hrúda"
},
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "grëda"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "gruda"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"word": "grąd"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "hruda"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰréwdos",
"t": "crude, great"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰer-",
"4": "",
"5": "to grind, to rub"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "graûds",
"3": "",
"4": "grain"
},
"expansion": "Latvian graûds (“grain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grūdai",
"3": "",
"4": "grain"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grautaz",
"3": "",
"4": "big, great"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely a collective form of Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”). Cognates include Latvian graûds (“grain”), Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”), Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grùda",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "grùda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdamъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdojǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdamī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdaxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grùdy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grùda",
"ap": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gruda",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"glosses": [
"heap, lump"
],
"links": [
[
"heap",
"heap"
],
[
"lump",
"lump"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "gruda"
}
Download raw JSONL data for gruda meaning in Proto-Slavic (5.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-09-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (20da82b and a97feda). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.