See dwindle on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dwindlement"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dwindles"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dwindling"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "fall dwindle disease"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dwinen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dwinen",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "dwīnan",
"t": "to waste away"
},
"expansion": "Old English dwīnan (“to waste away”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dwīnaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dwīnaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dwine",
"3": "-le",
"id2": "verbal frequentative"
},
"expansion": "dwine + -le",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "dvena"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse dvena",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "verdwijnen",
"t": "to disappear, dwindle"
},
"expansion": "Dutch verdwijnen (“to disappear, dwindle”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Frequentative form of dwine, from Middle English dwinen, from Old English dwīnan (“to waste away”), itself from Proto-Germanic *dwīnaną. It is equivalent to dwine + -le, akin to Old Norse dvena, dvína, Dutch verdwijnen (“to disappear, dwindle”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dwindles",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dwindling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dwindled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "dwindled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dwindle (third-person singular simple present dwindles, present participle dwindling, simple past and past participle dwindled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "37 9 45 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 22 26 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1802, T. Paynell (translator), Erasmus, The Complaint of Peace\n[E]very thing that was improving gradually degenerates and dwindles away to nothing, […]"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To decrease, shrink, diminish, reduce in size or intensity."
],
"id": "en-dwindle-en-verb-4aIc9~vN",
"links": [
[
"decrease",
"decrease"
],
[
"shrink",
"shrink"
],
[
"diminish",
"diminish"
],
[
"reduce",
"reduce"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To decrease, shrink, diminish, reduce in size or intensity."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "peter out"
},
{
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "spin down"
},
{
"word": "trail off"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "smaljavam se",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "смалявам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "svivam se",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "свивам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "disminuir"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "afeblir-se"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "minvar"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "縮小"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "suōxiǎo",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "缩小"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "減少"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jiǎnshǎo",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "减少"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "ubývat"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "zmenšovat se"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "verdwijnen"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "smelten"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "krimpen"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "vähetä"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "huveta"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "haipua"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "diminuer"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "fondre"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "s'amenuiser"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "se tarir"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "se dessécher"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "disparaître"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "s’évanouir"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "décroître"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "minguar"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "diminuír"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "reducir"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "decrecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "iḳlebs",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "იკლებს"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "daiḳlebs",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "დაიკლებს"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "mcirdeba",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "მცირდება"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "šemcirdeba",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "შემცირდება"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ileva",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "ილევა"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gamoileva",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "გამოილევა"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "schwinden"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "abnehmen"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "fogy"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "apad"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "csökken"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "elenyészik"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "gyengül"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "kevesbedik"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "kisebbedik"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "megcsappan"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "sorvad"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "dvína"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "diminutar"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "restringersi"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "diminuire"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"alt": "げんしょうする",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "genshō suru",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "減少する"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "se svéde",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "се све́де"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "se smáli",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "се сма́ли"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "tāharahara"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "dwynen"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "áádįįł"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "umniejszać"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "diminuir"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "decrescer"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "umenʹšátʹsja",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "уменьша́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "uménʹšitʹsja",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "уме́ньшиться"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sokraščátʹsja",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "сокраща́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sokratítʹsja",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "сократи́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "crìon"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "сви̏снути"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "svȉsnuti"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "disminuir"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "agotarse"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "desaparecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "menguar"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "minska"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "krympa"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "förtvina"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zmenšuvatysja",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "зменшуватися"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "skoročuvatysja",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "скорочуватися"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "ubuvaty",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "убувати"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "suy yếu"
},
{
"_dis1": "69 12 15 4",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "tiêu giảm"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 22 26 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii], page 132, column 1:",
"text": "VVearie Seu'nights, nine times nine, / Shall he dvvindle, peake, and pine: […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1709, [Jonathan Swift], A Project for the Advancement of Religion, and the Reformation of Manners. […], London: […] Benj[amin] Tooke, […], →OCLC, page 44:",
"text": "Religious Societies, though begun with excellent Intention, and by Perſons of true Piety, have dwindled into factious Clubs; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1766, [Oliver Goldsmith], chapter III, in The Vicar of Wakefield: […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), Salisbury, Wiltshire: […] B. Collins, for F[rancis] Newbery, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "The flattery of his friends began to dwindle into simple approbation.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1919, Boris Sidis, The Source and Aim of Human Progress:",
"text": "The larger the empire, the more dwindles the mind of the citizen.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2014 September 26, Charles Quest-Ritson, “The Dutch garden where tulip bulbs live forever: Hortus Bulborum, a volunteer-run Dutch garden, is dedicated to conserving historic varieties before they vanish for good [print version: Inspired by a living bulb archive, 27 September 2014, p. G5]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening):",
"text": "[I]nfected tulips are weakened by the viruses that cause the very patterns and swirls that fascinated horticulturists and investors in the first place. Such bulbs tend to dwindle away instead of fattening up and producing offsets.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To fall away in quality; degenerate, sink."
],
"id": "en-dwindle-en-verb-va~ukGHf",
"links": [
[
"fall away",
"fall away"
],
[
"degenerate",
"degenerate"
],
[
"sink",
"sink"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, figuratively) To fall away in quality; degenerate, sink."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 10 56 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 19 46 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -le (verbal frequentative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 9 45 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 7 61 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 5 66 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 15 42 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 16 40 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 18 36 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 13 48 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 16 40 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 12 46 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 16 40 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 15 36 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 14 49 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 22 26 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 16 40 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 8 56 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ido translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 10 53 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 10 53 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 16 38 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 21 33 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 16 40 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 18 46 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Middle English translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 10 46 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Navajo translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 16 37 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 16 39 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 10 53 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 16 40 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 16 39 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 11 55 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 15 41 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 16 40 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 16 38 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "a. 1749 (date written), James Thomson, “Spring”, in The Seasons, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, and sold by Thomas Cadell, […], published 1768, →OCLC:",
"text": "Our drooping days are dwindled down to nought.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To lessen; to bring low."
],
"id": "en-dwindle-en-verb-bqkGuSnJ",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To lessen; to bring low."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 22 26 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1702–1704, Edward [Hyde, 1st] Earl of Clarendon, “(please specify |book=I to XVI)”, in The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, Begun in the Year 1641. […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed at the Theater, published 1707, →OCLC:",
"text": "there were only five hundred foot and three hundred horse left with him, for the blocking of Plymouth; the rest were dwindled away",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To break up or disperse."
],
"id": "en-dwindle-en-verb-ywwhRTmz",
"links": [
[
"break up",
"break up"
],
[
"disperse",
"disperse"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdwɪn.dəl/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-dwindle.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/En-us-dwindle.ogg/En-us-dwindle.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/En-us-dwindle.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-dwindle.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/En-au-dwindle.ogg/En-au-dwindle.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/En-au-dwindle.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪndəl"
}
],
"word": "dwindle"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰegʷʰ-",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms suffixed with -le (verbal frequentative)",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɪndəl",
"Rhymes:English/ɪndəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Middle English translations",
"Terms with Navajo translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dwindlement"
},
{
"word": "dwindles"
},
{
"word": "dwindling"
},
{
"word": "fall dwindle disease"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dwinen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dwinen",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "dwīnan",
"t": "to waste away"
},
"expansion": "Old English dwīnan (“to waste away”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dwīnaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dwīnaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dwine",
"3": "-le",
"id2": "verbal frequentative"
},
"expansion": "dwine + -le",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "dvena"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse dvena",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "verdwijnen",
"t": "to disappear, dwindle"
},
"expansion": "Dutch verdwijnen (“to disappear, dwindle”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Frequentative form of dwine, from Middle English dwinen, from Old English dwīnan (“to waste away”), itself from Proto-Germanic *dwīnaną. It is equivalent to dwine + -le, akin to Old Norse dvena, dvína, Dutch verdwijnen (“to disappear, dwindle”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dwindles",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dwindling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dwindled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "dwindled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dwindle (third-person singular simple present dwindles, present participle dwindling, simple past and past participle dwindled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1802, T. Paynell (translator), Erasmus, The Complaint of Peace\n[E]very thing that was improving gradually degenerates and dwindles away to nothing, […]"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To decrease, shrink, diminish, reduce in size or intensity."
],
"links": [
[
"decrease",
"decrease"
],
[
"shrink",
"shrink"
],
[
"diminish",
"diminish"
],
[
"reduce",
"reduce"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To decrease, shrink, diminish, reduce in size or intensity."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "peter out"
},
{
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "spin down"
},
{
"word": "trail off"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii], page 132, column 1:",
"text": "VVearie Seu'nights, nine times nine, / Shall he dvvindle, peake, and pine: […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1709, [Jonathan Swift], A Project for the Advancement of Religion, and the Reformation of Manners. […], London: […] Benj[amin] Tooke, […], →OCLC, page 44:",
"text": "Religious Societies, though begun with excellent Intention, and by Perſons of true Piety, have dwindled into factious Clubs; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1766, [Oliver Goldsmith], chapter III, in The Vicar of Wakefield: […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), Salisbury, Wiltshire: […] B. Collins, for F[rancis] Newbery, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "The flattery of his friends began to dwindle into simple approbation.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1919, Boris Sidis, The Source and Aim of Human Progress:",
"text": "The larger the empire, the more dwindles the mind of the citizen.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2014 September 26, Charles Quest-Ritson, “The Dutch garden where tulip bulbs live forever: Hortus Bulborum, a volunteer-run Dutch garden, is dedicated to conserving historic varieties before they vanish for good [print version: Inspired by a living bulb archive, 27 September 2014, p. G5]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening):",
"text": "[I]nfected tulips are weakened by the viruses that cause the very patterns and swirls that fascinated horticulturists and investors in the first place. Such bulbs tend to dwindle away instead of fattening up and producing offsets.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To fall away in quality; degenerate, sink."
],
"links": [
[
"fall away",
"fall away"
],
[
"degenerate",
"degenerate"
],
[
"sink",
"sink"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, figuratively) To fall away in quality; degenerate, sink."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "a. 1749 (date written), James Thomson, “Spring”, in The Seasons, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, and sold by Thomas Cadell, […], published 1768, →OCLC:",
"text": "Our drooping days are dwindled down to nought.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To lessen; to bring low."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To lessen; to bring low."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1702–1704, Edward [Hyde, 1st] Earl of Clarendon, “(please specify |book=I to XVI)”, in The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, Begun in the Year 1641. […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed at the Theater, published 1707, →OCLC:",
"text": "there were only five hundred foot and three hundred horse left with him, for the blocking of Plymouth; the rest were dwindled away",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To break up or disperse."
],
"links": [
[
"break up",
"break up"
],
[
"disperse",
"disperse"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdwɪn.dəl/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-dwindle.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/En-us-dwindle.ogg/En-us-dwindle.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/En-us-dwindle.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-dwindle.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/En-au-dwindle.ogg/En-au-dwindle.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/En-au-dwindle.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪndəl"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "smaljavam se",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "смалявам се"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "svivam se",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "свивам се"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "disminuir"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "afeblir-se"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "minvar"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "縮小"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "suōxiǎo",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "缩小"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "減少"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jiǎnshǎo",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "减少"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "ubývat"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "zmenšovat se"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "verdwijnen"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "smelten"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "krimpen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "vähetä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "huveta"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "haipua"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "diminuer"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "fondre"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "s'amenuiser"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "se tarir"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "se dessécher"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "disparaître"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "s’évanouir"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "décroître"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "minguar"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "diminuír"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "reducir"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "decrecer"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "iḳlebs",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "იკლებს"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "daiḳlebs",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "დაიკლებს"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "mcirdeba",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "მცირდება"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "šemcirdeba",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "შემცირდება"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ileva",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "ილევა"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gamoileva",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "გამოილევა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "schwinden"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "abnehmen"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "fogy"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "apad"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "csökken"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "elenyészik"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "gyengül"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "kevesbedik"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "kisebbedik"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "megcsappan"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "sorvad"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "dvína"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "diminutar"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "restringersi"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "diminuire"
},
{
"alt": "げんしょうする",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "genshō suru",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "減少する"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "se svéde",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "се све́де"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "se smáli",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "се сма́ли"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "tāharahara"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "dwynen"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "áádįįł"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "umniejszać"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "diminuir"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "decrescer"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "umenʹšátʹsja",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "уменьша́ться"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "uménʹšitʹsja",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "уме́ньшиться"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sokraščátʹsja",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "сокраща́ться"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sokratítʹsja",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "сократи́ться"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "crìon"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "сви̏снути"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "svȉsnuti"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "disminuir"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "agotarse"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "desaparecer"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "menguar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "minska"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "krympa"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "förtvina"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zmenšuvatysja",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "зменшуватися"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "skoročuvatysja",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "скорочуватися"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "ubuvaty",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "убувати"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "suy yếu"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "(intransitive) to decrease, shrink, vanish",
"word": "tiêu giảm"
}
],
"word": "dwindle"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dwindle meaning in All languages combined (16.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.