"abbess" meaning in All languages combined

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "abbesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English abbesse",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "abeesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French abeesse",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "LL.",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Late Latin",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "EL.",
        "3": "abbatissa"
      },
      "expansion": "Ecclesiastical Latin abbatissa",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "abbas"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin abbas",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English abbesse, from Old French abeesse (French abbesse), from Late Latin or Ecclesiastical Latin abbatissa, feminine of Latin abbas, abbatis (“abbot”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "abbesses",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
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    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "abbess (plural abbesses)",
      "name": "en-noun"
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  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "abbey"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "abbot"
    }
  ],
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "51 49",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Female people",
          "orig": "en:Female people",
          "parents": [
            "Female",
            "People",
            "Gender",
            "Human",
            "Biology",
            "Psychology",
            "Sociology",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Social sciences",
            "Fundamental",
            "Society"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "69 31",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Leaders",
          "orig": "en:Leaders",
          "parents": [
            "People",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "96 4",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Monasticism",
          "orig": "en:Monasticism",
          "parents": [
            "Religion",
            "Culture",
            "Society",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "The abbess was always after the nuns to keep the convent immaculately clean.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A female superior or governess of a nunnery, or convent of nuns, having the same authority over the nuns which the abbots have over the monks."
      ],
      "id": "en-abbess-en-noun-en:religion",
      "links": [
        [
          "governess",
          "governess"
        ],
        [
          "nunnery",
          "nunnery"
        ],
        [
          "convent",
          "convent"
        ],
        [
          "abbots",
          "abbots"
        ],
        [
          "The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles",
          "w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary"
        ],
        [
          "Oxford University Press",
          "w:Oxford University Press"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:religion"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "mother superior"
        }
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "alt": "raʔīsiyya(t) dayr",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "رَئِيسِيَّة دَيْر"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "roman": "mayrapet",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "մայրապետ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "roman": "abbayuhi",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "աբբայուհի"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "ast",
          "lang": "Asturian",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abadesa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "eu",
          "lang": "Basque",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "abadesa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "be",
          "lang": "Belarusian",
          "roman": "abatýsa",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "абаты́са"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "br",
          "lang": "Breton",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abadez"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "igumenka",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "игуменка"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abadessa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "kw",
          "lang": "Cornish",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abases"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abatyše"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "abbedisse"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "abdis"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "abatino"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "et",
          "lang": "Estonian",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "abtiss"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "abbedissa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abbesse"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "fro",
          "lang": "Old French",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abeesse"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abadesa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "abaṭisa",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "აბატისა"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Äbtissin"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Priorin"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "de",
          "english": "Reverend Mother",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Oberin"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "roman": "igouméni",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "ηγουμένη"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "apácafőnöknő"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "apátnő"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abbadís"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "io",
          "lang": "Ido",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "abadino"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "ia",
          "lang": "Interlingua",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "Abbatessa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "ban-ab"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "máthairab"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "badessa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "nisōinchō",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "尼僧院長"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "la",
          "lang": "Latin",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abbātissa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "lv",
          "lang": "Latvian",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abate"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "lt",
          "lang": "Lithuanian",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abatė"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "opatica",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "опатица"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "igumenija",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "игуменија"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "gv",
          "lang": "Manx",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "ard-chaillagh"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "gv",
          "lang": "Manx",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "ard-chaillagh ghoo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "gv",
          "lang": "Manx",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "ard-ven reill"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "gv",
          "lang": "Manx",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "ben abb"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "gv",
          "lang": "Manx",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "moir abb"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "nrf",
          "lang": "Norman",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "Jersey",
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abbêsse"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine",
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "abbedisse"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "nn",
          "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abbedisse"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "oc",
          "lang": "Occitan",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abadessa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "roa-opt",
          "lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abadessa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "przeorysza"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "ksieni"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "opatka"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abadessa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "stareță"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "abbatísa",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "аббати́са"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "alt": "монастыря́",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "настоя́тельница"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "igúmenʹja",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "игу́менья"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "gd",
          "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "ban-aba"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "sl",
          "lang": "Slovene",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "opatinja"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abadesa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "abbedissa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "tl",
          "lang": "Tagalog",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "abadesa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "başrahibe"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "abatýsa",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "абати́са"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "vi",
          "lang": "Vietnamese",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "topics": [
            "Christianity"
          ],
          "word": "bà trưởng tu viện"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "vi",
          "lang": "Vietnamese",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "topics": [
            "Christianity",
            "Buddhism",
            "religion",
            "lifestyle"
          ],
          "word": "nữ trưởng tu viện/ nữ trụ trì"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "vo",
          "lang": "Volapük",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "word": "jilepädan"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "code": "cy",
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "abades"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "51 49",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Female people",
          "orig": "en:Female people",
          "parents": [
            "Female",
            "People",
            "Gender",
            "Human",
            "Biology",
            "Psychology",
            "Sociology",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Social sciences",
            "Fundamental",
            "Society"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "42 58",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Prostitution",
          "orig": "en:Prostitution",
          "parents": [
            "Sexuality",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Sex",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Reproduction",
            "Fundamental",
            "Life",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1770, Samuel Foote, The Lame Lover, a Comedy in Three Acts. […], London: […] Paul Vaillant; and sold by P[eter] Elmsly […]; and Robinson and Roberts, […], →OCLC, Act I, page 12:",
          "text": "Why laſt night, as Colonel Kill'em, Sir William Weezy, Lord Frederick Foretop, and I were careleſsly ſliding the Ranelagh round, picking our teeth, after a damn'd muzzy dinner at Boodle's, who ſhould trip by but an abbeſs, well known about town, with a ſmart little nun in her ſuite.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1793, John Wolcot, A Poetical, Serious, and Possibly Impertinent, Epistle to the Pope, Ode II, page 33:",
          "text": "So an old Abbess for the rattling Rakes, / A tempting dish of human nature makes, / And dresses up a luscious Maid: / I rather should have said, indeed, undresses, / To please a youth's unsanctified caresses.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1881, Pierce Egan, chapter 8, in Life in London, page 205:",
          "text": "\"I mean to inform you,\" answered the Oxonian, with a grin on his face, \"that those three nymphs, who have so much dazzled your optics, are three nuns, and the plump female is Mother .... of great notoriety, but generally designated the Abbess of .... Her residence is at no great distance from one of the royal palaces; and she is distinguished for her bold ingenuous line of conduct in the profession which she has chosen to adopt; so much so, indeed, that she eclipses all her competitors in infamy.\"",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A woman who runs a brothel; a woman employed by a prostitute to find clients."
      ],
      "id": "en-abbess-en-noun-KoHKI2bM",
      "links": [
        [
          "brothel",
          "brothel"
        ],
        [
          "prostitute",
          "prostitute"
        ],
        [
          "client",
          "client"
        ],
        [
          "Charles G[odfrey] Leland",
          "w:Charles Godfrey Leland"
        ],
        [
          "John S[tephen] Farmer",
          "w:John Stephen Farmer"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic, British slang) A woman who runs a brothel; a woman employed by a prostitute to find clients."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "4 96",
          "sense": "woman who runs a brothel",
          "word": "bawd"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 96",
          "sense": "woman who runs a brothel",
          "word": "Covent Garden abbess"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 96",
          "sense": "woman who runs a brothel",
          "word": "lady abbess"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 96",
          "sense": "woman who runs a brothel",
          "word": "madam"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "British",
        "archaic",
        "slang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈæb.ɪs/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈæb.ɛs/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈæb.ɪs/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈæb.ɛs/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-abbess.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/En-us-abbess.ogg/En-us-abbess.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/En-us-abbess.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-ca-abbess.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/En-ca-abbess.ogg/En-ca-abbess.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/En-ca-abbess.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-æbɪs"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-æbɛs"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "abbatess"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "abbotess"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "abbess"
  ],
  "word": "abbess"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English female equivalent nouns",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Ecclesiastical Latin",
    "English terms derived from Late Latin",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms suffixed with -ess (female)",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:English/æbɛs",
    "Rhymes:English/æbɛs/2 syllables",
    "Rhymes:English/æbɪs",
    "Rhymes:English/æbɪs/2 syllables",
    "Terms with Arabic translations",
    "Terms with Armenian translations",
    "Terms with Asturian translations",
    "Terms with Basque translations",
    "Terms with Belarusian translations",
    "Terms with Breton translations",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Catalan translations",
    "Terms with Cornish translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Danish translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Esperanto translations",
    "Terms with Estonian translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with Galician translations",
    "Terms with Georgian translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Greek translations",
    "Terms with Hungarian translations",
    "Terms with Icelandic translations",
    "Terms with Ido translations",
    "Terms with Interlingua translations",
    "Terms with Irish translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Japanese translations",
    "Terms with Latin translations",
    "Terms with Latvian translations",
    "Terms with Lithuanian translations",
    "Terms with Macedonian translations",
    "Terms with Manx translations",
    "Terms with Norman translations",
    "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
    "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
    "Terms with Occitan translations",
    "Terms with Old French translations",
    "Terms with Old Galician-Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Polish translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Romanian translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
    "Terms with Slovene translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Tagalog translations",
    "Terms with Turkish translations",
    "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
    "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
    "Terms with Volapük translations",
    "Terms with Welsh translations",
    "en:Female people",
    "en:Leaders",
    "en:Monasticism",
    "en:Prostitution"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "abbesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English abbesse",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "abeesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French abeesse",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "LL.",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Late Latin",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "EL.",
        "3": "abbatissa"
      },
      "expansion": "Ecclesiastical Latin abbatissa",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "abbas"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin abbas",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English abbesse, from Old French abeesse (French abbesse), from Late Latin or Ecclesiastical Latin abbatissa, feminine of Latin abbas, abbatis (“abbot”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "abbesses",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "abbess (plural abbesses)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "abbey"
    },
    {
      "word": "abbot"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "The abbess was always after the nuns to keep the convent immaculately clean.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A female superior or governess of a nunnery, or convent of nuns, having the same authority over the nuns which the abbots have over the monks."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "governess",
          "governess"
        ],
        [
          "nunnery",
          "nunnery"
        ],
        [
          "convent",
          "convent"
        ],
        [
          "abbots",
          "abbots"
        ],
        [
          "The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles",
          "w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary"
        ],
        [
          "Oxford University Press",
          "w:Oxford University Press"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:religion"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "British slang",
        "English terms with archaic senses",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1770, Samuel Foote, The Lame Lover, a Comedy in Three Acts. […], London: […] Paul Vaillant; and sold by P[eter] Elmsly […]; and Robinson and Roberts, […], →OCLC, Act I, page 12:",
          "text": "Why laſt night, as Colonel Kill'em, Sir William Weezy, Lord Frederick Foretop, and I were careleſsly ſliding the Ranelagh round, picking our teeth, after a damn'd muzzy dinner at Boodle's, who ſhould trip by but an abbeſs, well known about town, with a ſmart little nun in her ſuite.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1793, John Wolcot, A Poetical, Serious, and Possibly Impertinent, Epistle to the Pope, Ode II, page 33:",
          "text": "So an old Abbess for the rattling Rakes, / A tempting dish of human nature makes, / And dresses up a luscious Maid: / I rather should have said, indeed, undresses, / To please a youth's unsanctified caresses.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1881, Pierce Egan, chapter 8, in Life in London, page 205:",
          "text": "\"I mean to inform you,\" answered the Oxonian, with a grin on his face, \"that those three nymphs, who have so much dazzled your optics, are three nuns, and the plump female is Mother .... of great notoriety, but generally designated the Abbess of .... Her residence is at no great distance from one of the royal palaces; and she is distinguished for her bold ingenuous line of conduct in the profession which she has chosen to adopt; so much so, indeed, that she eclipses all her competitors in infamy.\"",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A woman who runs a brothel; a woman employed by a prostitute to find clients."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "brothel",
          "brothel"
        ],
        [
          "prostitute",
          "prostitute"
        ],
        [
          "client",
          "client"
        ],
        [
          "Charles G[odfrey] Leland",
          "w:Charles Godfrey Leland"
        ],
        [
          "John S[tephen] Farmer",
          "w:John Stephen Farmer"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic, British slang) A woman who runs a brothel; a woman employed by a prostitute to find clients."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "British",
        "archaic",
        "slang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈæb.ɪs/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈæb.ɛs/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈæb.ɪs/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈæb.ɛs/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-abbess.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/En-us-abbess.ogg/En-us-abbess.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/En-us-abbess.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-ca-abbess.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/En-ca-abbess.ogg/En-ca-abbess.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/En-ca-abbess.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-æbɪs"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-æbɛs"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "mother superior"
    },
    {
      "sense": "woman who runs a brothel",
      "word": "bawd"
    },
    {
      "sense": "woman who runs a brothel",
      "word": "Covent Garden abbess"
    },
    {
      "sense": "woman who runs a brothel",
      "word": "lady abbess"
    },
    {
      "sense": "woman who runs a brothel",
      "word": "madam"
    },
    {
      "word": "abbatess"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "abbotess"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "alt": "raʔīsiyya(t) dayr",
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "رَئِيسِيَّة دَيْر"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "mayrapet",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "մայրապետ"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "abbayuhi",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "աբբայուհի"
    },
    {
      "code": "ast",
      "lang": "Asturian",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abadesa"
    },
    {
      "code": "eu",
      "lang": "Basque",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "abadesa"
    },
    {
      "code": "be",
      "lang": "Belarusian",
      "roman": "abatýsa",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "абаты́са"
    },
    {
      "code": "br",
      "lang": "Breton",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abadez"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "igumenka",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "игуменка"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abadessa"
    },
    {
      "code": "kw",
      "lang": "Cornish",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abases"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abatyše"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "abbedisse"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "abdis"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "abatino"
    },
    {
      "code": "et",
      "lang": "Estonian",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "abtiss"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "abbedissa"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abbesse"
    },
    {
      "code": "fro",
      "lang": "Old French",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abeesse"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abadesa"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "abaṭisa",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "აბატისა"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Äbtissin"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Priorin"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "english": "Reverend Mother",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Oberin"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "igouméni",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "ηγουμένη"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "apácafőnöknő"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "apátnő"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abbadís"
    },
    {
      "code": "io",
      "lang": "Ido",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "abadino"
    },
    {
      "code": "ia",
      "lang": "Interlingua",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "Abbatessa"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "ban-ab"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "máthairab"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "badessa"
    },
    {
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "nisōinchō",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "尼僧院長"
    },
    {
      "code": "la",
      "lang": "Latin",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abbātissa"
    },
    {
      "code": "lv",
      "lang": "Latvian",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abate"
    },
    {
      "code": "lt",
      "lang": "Lithuanian",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abatė"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "opatica",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "опатица"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "igumenija",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "игуменија"
    },
    {
      "code": "gv",
      "lang": "Manx",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "ard-chaillagh"
    },
    {
      "code": "gv",
      "lang": "Manx",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "ard-chaillagh ghoo"
    },
    {
      "code": "gv",
      "lang": "Manx",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "ard-ven reill"
    },
    {
      "code": "gv",
      "lang": "Manx",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "ben abb"
    },
    {
      "code": "gv",
      "lang": "Manx",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "moir abb"
    },
    {
      "code": "nrf",
      "lang": "Norman",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "Jersey",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abbêsse"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "abbedisse"
    },
    {
      "code": "nn",
      "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abbedisse"
    },
    {
      "code": "oc",
      "lang": "Occitan",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abadessa"
    },
    {
      "code": "roa-opt",
      "lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abadessa"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "przeorysza"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "ksieni"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "opatka"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abadessa"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "stareță"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "abbatísa",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "аббати́са"
    },
    {
      "alt": "монастыря́",
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "настоя́тельница"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "igúmenʹja",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "игу́менья"
    },
    {
      "code": "gd",
      "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "ban-aba"
    },
    {
      "code": "sl",
      "lang": "Slovene",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "opatinja"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abadesa"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "abbedissa"
    },
    {
      "code": "tl",
      "lang": "Tagalog",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "abadesa"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "başrahibe"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "abatýsa",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "абати́са"
    },
    {
      "code": "vi",
      "lang": "Vietnamese",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "topics": [
        "Christianity"
      ],
      "word": "bà trưởng tu viện"
    },
    {
      "code": "vi",
      "lang": "Vietnamese",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "topics": [
        "Christianity",
        "Buddhism",
        "religion",
        "lifestyle"
      ],
      "word": "nữ trưởng tu viện/ nữ trụ trì"
    },
    {
      "code": "vo",
      "lang": "Volapük",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "word": "jilepädan"
    },
    {
      "code": "cy",
      "lang": "Welsh",
      "sense": "female superior of a nunnery",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "abades"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "abbess"
  ],
  "word": "abbess"
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/2028",
  "msg": "more than one value in \"alt\": nastojátelʹnica (monastyrjá) vs. монастыря́",
  "path": [
    "abbess"
  ],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "abbess",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
  "msg": "abbess/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English female equivalent nouns\", \"English lemmas\", \"English nouns\", \"English terms derived from Ecclesiastical Latin\", \"English terms derived from Late Latin\", \"English terms derived from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms derived from Old French\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English terms suffixed with -ess (female)\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Pages with 1 entry\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɛs\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɛs/2 syllables\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɪs\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɪs/2 syllables\", \"Terms with Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Armenian translations\", \"Terms with Asturian translations\", \"Terms with Basque translations\", \"Terms with Belarusian translations\", \"Terms with Breton translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Catalan translations\", \"Terms with Cornish translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Esperanto translations\", \"Terms with Estonian translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with Galician translations\", \"Terms with Georgian translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Greek translations\", \"Terms with Hungarian translations\", \"Terms with Icelandic translations\", \"Terms with Ido translations\", \"Terms with Interlingua translations\", \"Terms with Irish translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Latin translations\", \"Terms with Latvian translations\", \"Terms with Lithuanian translations\", \"Terms with Macedonian translations\", \"Terms with Manx translations\", \"Terms with Norman translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations\", \"Terms with Occitan translations\", \"Terms with Old French translations\", \"Terms with Old Galician-Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations\", \"Terms with Slovene translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Tagalog translations\", \"Terms with Turkish translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"Terms with Vietnamese translations\", \"Terms with Volapük translations\", \"Terms with Welsh translations\", \"en:Female people\", \"en:Leaders\", \"en:Monasticism\", \"en:Prostitution\"], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"abbesse\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English abbesse\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"fro\", \"3\": \"abeesse\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old French abeesse\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"LL.\", \"3\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Late Latin\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"EL.\", \"3\": \"abbatissa\"}, \"expansion\": \"Ecclesiastical Latin abbatissa\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abbas\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abbas\", \"name\": \"der\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Middle English abbesse, from Old French abeesse (French abbesse), from Late Latin or Ecclesiastical Latin abbatissa, feminine of Latin abbas, abbatis (“abbot”).\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abbesses\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"abbess (plural abbesses)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"abbey\"}, {\"word\": \"abbot\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"text\": \"The abbess was always after the nuns to keep the convent immaculately clean.\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A female superior or governess of a nunnery, or convent of nuns, having the same authority over the nuns which the abbots have over the monks.\"], \"links\": [[\"governess\", \"governess\"], [\"nunnery\", \"nunnery\"], [\"convent\", \"convent\"], [\"abbots\", \"abbots\"], [\"The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles\", \"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary\"], [\"Oxford University Press\", \"w:Oxford University Press\"]], \"senseid\": [\"en:religion\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"British slang\", \"English terms with archaic senses\", \"English terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1770, Samuel Foote, The Lame Lover, a Comedy in Three Acts. […], London: […] Paul Vaillant; and sold by P[eter] Elmsly […]; and Robinson and Roberts, […], →OCLC, Act I, page 12:\", \"text\": \"Why laſt night, as Colonel Kill'em, Sir William Weezy, Lord Frederick Foretop, and I were careleſsly ſliding the Ranelagh round, picking our teeth, after a damn'd muzzy dinner at Boodle's, who ſhould trip by but an abbeſs, well known about town, with a ſmart little nun in her ſuite.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1793, John Wolcot, A Poetical, Serious, and Possibly Impertinent, Epistle to the Pope, Ode II, page 33:\", \"text\": \"So an old Abbess for the rattling Rakes, / A tempting dish of human nature makes, / And dresses up a luscious Maid: / I rather should have said, indeed, undresses, / To please a youth's unsanctified caresses.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1881, Pierce Egan, chapter 8, in Life in London, page 205:\", \"text\": \"\\\"I mean to inform you,\\\" answered the Oxonian, with a grin on his face, \\\"that those three nymphs, who have so much dazzled your optics, are three nuns, and the plump female is Mother .... of great notoriety, but generally designated the Abbess of .... Her residence is at no great distance from one of the royal palaces; and she is distinguished for her bold ingenuous line of conduct in the profession which she has chosen to adopt; so much so, indeed, that she eclipses all her competitors in infamy.\\\"\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A woman who runs a brothel; a woman employed by a prostitute to find clients.\"], \"links\": [[\"brothel\", \"brothel\"], [\"prostitute\", \"prostitute\"], [\"client\", \"client\"], [\"Charles G[odfrey] Leland\", \"w:Charles Godfrey Leland\"], [\"John S[tephen] Farmer\", \"w:John Stephen Farmer\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(archaic, British slang) A woman who runs a brothel; a woman employed by a prostitute to find clients.\"], \"tags\": [\"British\", \"archaic\", \"slang\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɪs/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɛs/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɪs/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɛs/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"audio\": \"en-us-abbess.ogg\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/En-us-abbess.ogg/En-us-abbess.ogg.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/En-us-abbess.ogg\"}, {\"audio\": \"en-ca-abbess.ogg\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/En-ca-abbess.ogg/En-ca-abbess.ogg.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/En-ca-abbess.ogg\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-æbɪs\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-æbɛs\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"mother superior\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"bawd\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"Covent Garden abbess\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"lady abbess\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"madam\"}, {\"word\": \"abbatess\"}, {\"tags\": [\"obsolete\"], \"word\": \"abbotess\"}], \"translations\": [{\"alt\": \"raʔīsiyya(t) dayr\", \"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"رَئِيسِيَّة دَيْر\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"mayrapet\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"մայրապետ\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"abbayuhi\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"աբբայուհի\"}, {\"code\": \"ast\", \"lang\": \"Asturian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"eu\", \"lang\": \"Basque\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"be\", \"lang\": \"Belarusian\", \"roman\": \"abatýsa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"абаты́са\"}, {\"code\": \"br\", \"lang\": \"Breton\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadez\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"igumenka\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"игуменка\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"kw\", \"lang\": \"Cornish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abases\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abatyše\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"abbedisse\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abdis\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abatino\"}, {\"code\": \"et\", \"lang\": \"Estonian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abtiss\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abbedissa\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbesse\"}, {\"code\": \"fro\", \"lang\": \"Old French\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abeesse\"}, {\"code\": \"gl\", \"lang\": \"Galician\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"abaṭisa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"აბატისა\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Äbtissin\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Priorin\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"english\": \"Reverend Mother\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Oberin\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"igouméni\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"ηγουμένη\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"apácafőnöknő\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"apátnő\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbadís\"}, {\"code\": \"io\", \"lang\": \"Ido\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abadino\"}, {\"code\": \"ia\", \"lang\": \"Interlingua\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"Abbatessa\"}, {\"code\": \"ga\", \"lang\": \"Irish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ban-ab\"}, {\"code\": \"ga\", \"lang\": \"Irish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"máthairab\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"badessa\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"nisōinchō\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"尼僧院長\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbātissa\"}, {\"code\": \"lv\", \"lang\": \"Latvian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abate\"}, {\"code\": \"lt\", \"lang\": \"Lithuanian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abatė\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"opatica\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"опатица\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"igumenija\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"игуменија\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ard-chaillagh\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ard-chaillagh ghoo\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ard-ven reill\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ben abb\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"moir abb\"}, {\"code\": \"nrf\", \"lang\": \"Norman\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"Jersey\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbêsse\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abbedisse\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbedisse\"}, {\"code\": \"oc\", \"lang\": \"Occitan\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"roa-opt\", \"lang\": \"Old Galician-Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"przeorysza\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ksieni\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"opatka\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"stareță\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"abbatísa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"аббати́са\"}, {\"alt\": \"монастыря́\", \"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"настоя́тельница\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"igúmenʹja\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"игу́менья\"}, {\"code\": \"gd\", \"lang\": \"Scottish Gaelic\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ban-aba\"}, {\"code\": \"sl\", \"lang\": \"Slovene\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"opatinja\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abbedissa\"}, {\"code\": \"tl\", \"lang\": \"Tagalog\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"başrahibe\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"abatýsa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"абати́са\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"topics\": [\"Christianity\"], \"word\": \"bà trưởng tu viện\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"topics\": [\"Christianity\", \"Buddhism\", \"religion\", \"lifestyle\"], \"word\": \"nữ trưởng tu viện/ nữ trụ trì\"}, {\"code\": \"vo\", \"lang\": \"Volapük\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"jilepädan\"}, {\"code\": \"cy\", \"lang\": \"Welsh\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abades\"}], \"wikipedia\": [\"abbess\"], \"word\": \"abbess\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "abbess",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
  "msg": "abbess/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English female equivalent nouns\", \"English lemmas\", \"English nouns\", \"English terms derived from Ecclesiastical Latin\", \"English terms derived from Late Latin\", \"English terms derived from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms derived from Old French\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English terms suffixed with -ess (female)\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Pages with 1 entry\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɛs\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɛs/2 syllables\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɪs\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɪs/2 syllables\", \"Terms with Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Armenian translations\", \"Terms with Asturian translations\", \"Terms with Basque translations\", \"Terms with Belarusian translations\", \"Terms with Breton translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Catalan translations\", \"Terms with Cornish translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Esperanto translations\", \"Terms with Estonian translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with Galician translations\", \"Terms with Georgian translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Greek translations\", \"Terms with Hungarian translations\", \"Terms with Icelandic translations\", \"Terms with Ido translations\", \"Terms with Interlingua translations\", \"Terms with Irish translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Latin translations\", \"Terms with Latvian translations\", \"Terms with Lithuanian translations\", \"Terms with Macedonian translations\", \"Terms with Manx translations\", \"Terms with Norman translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations\", \"Terms with Occitan translations\", \"Terms with Old French translations\", \"Terms with Old Galician-Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations\", \"Terms with Slovene translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Tagalog translations\", \"Terms with Turkish translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"Terms with Vietnamese translations\", \"Terms with Volapük translations\", \"Terms with Welsh translations\", \"en:Female people\", \"en:Leaders\", \"en:Monasticism\", \"en:Prostitution\"], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"abbesse\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English abbesse\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"fro\", \"3\": \"abeesse\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old French abeesse\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"LL.\", \"3\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Late Latin\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"EL.\", \"3\": \"abbatissa\"}, \"expansion\": \"Ecclesiastical Latin abbatissa\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abbas\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abbas\", \"name\": \"der\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Middle English abbesse, from Old French abeesse (French abbesse), from Late Latin or Ecclesiastical Latin abbatissa, feminine of Latin abbas, abbatis (“abbot”).\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abbesses\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"abbess (plural abbesses)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"abbey\"}, {\"word\": \"abbot\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"text\": \"The abbess was always after the nuns to keep the convent immaculately clean.\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A female superior or governess of a nunnery, or convent of nuns, having the same authority over the nuns which the abbots have over the monks.\"], \"links\": [[\"governess\", \"governess\"], [\"nunnery\", \"nunnery\"], [\"convent\", \"convent\"], [\"abbots\", \"abbots\"], [\"The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles\", \"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary\"], [\"Oxford University Press\", \"w:Oxford University Press\"]], \"senseid\": [\"en:religion\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"British slang\", \"English terms with archaic senses\", \"English terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1770, Samuel Foote, The Lame Lover, a Comedy in Three Acts. […], London: […] Paul Vaillant; and sold by P[eter] Elmsly […]; and Robinson and Roberts, […], →OCLC, Act I, page 12:\", \"text\": \"Why laſt night, as Colonel Kill'em, Sir William Weezy, Lord Frederick Foretop, and I were careleſsly ſliding the Ranelagh round, picking our teeth, after a damn'd muzzy dinner at Boodle's, who ſhould trip by but an abbeſs, well known about town, with a ſmart little nun in her ſuite.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1793, John Wolcot, A Poetical, Serious, and Possibly Impertinent, Epistle to the Pope, Ode II, page 33:\", \"text\": \"So an old Abbess for the rattling Rakes, / A tempting dish of human nature makes, / And dresses up a luscious Maid: / I rather should have said, indeed, undresses, / To please a youth's unsanctified caresses.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1881, Pierce Egan, chapter 8, in Life in London, page 205:\", \"text\": \"\\\"I mean to inform you,\\\" answered the Oxonian, with a grin on his face, \\\"that those three nymphs, who have so much dazzled your optics, are three nuns, and the plump female is Mother .... of great notoriety, but generally designated the Abbess of .... Her residence is at no great distance from one of the royal palaces; and she is distinguished for her bold ingenuous line of conduct in the profession which she has chosen to adopt; so much so, indeed, that she eclipses all her competitors in infamy.\\\"\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A woman who runs a brothel; a woman employed by a prostitute to find clients.\"], \"links\": [[\"brothel\", \"brothel\"], [\"prostitute\", \"prostitute\"], [\"client\", \"client\"], [\"Charles G[odfrey] Leland\", \"w:Charles Godfrey Leland\"], [\"John S[tephen] Farmer\", \"w:John Stephen Farmer\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(archaic, British slang) A woman who runs a brothel; a woman employed by a prostitute to find clients.\"], \"tags\": [\"British\", \"archaic\", \"slang\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɪs/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɛs/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɪs/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɛs/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"audio\": \"en-us-abbess.ogg\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/En-us-abbess.ogg/En-us-abbess.ogg.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/En-us-abbess.ogg\"}, {\"audio\": \"en-ca-abbess.ogg\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/En-ca-abbess.ogg/En-ca-abbess.ogg.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/En-ca-abbess.ogg\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-æbɪs\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-æbɛs\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"mother superior\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"bawd\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"Covent Garden abbess\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"lady abbess\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"madam\"}, {\"word\": \"abbatess\"}, {\"tags\": [\"obsolete\"], \"word\": \"abbotess\"}], \"translations\": [{\"alt\": \"raʔīsiyya(t) dayr\", \"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"رَئِيسِيَّة دَيْر\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"mayrapet\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"մայրապետ\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"abbayuhi\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"աբբայուհի\"}, {\"code\": \"ast\", \"lang\": \"Asturian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"eu\", \"lang\": \"Basque\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"be\", \"lang\": \"Belarusian\", \"roman\": \"abatýsa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"абаты́са\"}, {\"code\": \"br\", \"lang\": \"Breton\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadez\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"igumenka\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"игуменка\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"kw\", \"lang\": \"Cornish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abases\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abatyše\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"abbedisse\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abdis\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abatino\"}, {\"code\": \"et\", \"lang\": \"Estonian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abtiss\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abbedissa\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbesse\"}, {\"code\": \"fro\", \"lang\": \"Old French\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abeesse\"}, {\"code\": \"gl\", \"lang\": \"Galician\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"abaṭisa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"აბატისა\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Äbtissin\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Priorin\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"english\": \"Reverend Mother\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Oberin\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"igouméni\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"ηγουμένη\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"apácafőnöknő\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"apátnő\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbadís\"}, {\"code\": \"io\", \"lang\": \"Ido\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abadino\"}, {\"code\": \"ia\", \"lang\": \"Interlingua\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"Abbatessa\"}, {\"code\": \"ga\", \"lang\": \"Irish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ban-ab\"}, {\"code\": \"ga\", \"lang\": \"Irish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"máthairab\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"badessa\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"nisōinchō\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"尼僧院長\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbātissa\"}, {\"code\": \"lv\", \"lang\": \"Latvian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abate\"}, {\"code\": \"lt\", \"lang\": \"Lithuanian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abatė\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"opatica\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"опатица\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"igumenija\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"игуменија\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ard-chaillagh\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ard-chaillagh ghoo\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ard-ven reill\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ben abb\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"moir abb\"}, {\"code\": \"nrf\", \"lang\": \"Norman\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"Jersey\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbêsse\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abbedisse\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbedisse\"}, {\"code\": \"oc\", \"lang\": \"Occitan\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"roa-opt\", \"lang\": \"Old Galician-Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"przeorysza\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ksieni\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"opatka\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"stareță\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"abbatísa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"аббати́са\"}, {\"alt\": \"монастыря́\", \"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"настоя́тельница\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"igúmenʹja\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"игу́менья\"}, {\"code\": \"gd\", \"lang\": \"Scottish Gaelic\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ban-aba\"}, {\"code\": \"sl\", \"lang\": \"Slovene\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"opatinja\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abbedissa\"}, {\"code\": \"tl\", \"lang\": \"Tagalog\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"başrahibe\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"abatýsa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"абати́са\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"topics\": [\"Christianity\"], \"word\": \"bà trưởng tu viện\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"topics\": [\"Christianity\", \"Buddhism\", \"religion\", \"lifestyle\"], \"word\": \"nữ trưởng tu viện/ nữ trụ trì\"}, {\"code\": \"vo\", \"lang\": \"Volapük\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"jilepädan\"}, {\"code\": \"cy\", \"lang\": \"Welsh\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abades\"}], \"wikipedia\": [\"abbess\"], \"word\": \"abbess\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "abbess",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
  "msg": "abbess/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English female equivalent nouns\", \"English lemmas\", \"English nouns\", \"English terms derived from Ecclesiastical Latin\", \"English terms derived from Late Latin\", \"English terms derived from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms derived from Old French\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English terms suffixed with -ess (female)\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Pages with 1 entry\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɛs\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɛs/2 syllables\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɪs\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɪs/2 syllables\", \"Terms with Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Armenian translations\", \"Terms with Asturian translations\", \"Terms with Basque translations\", \"Terms with Belarusian translations\", \"Terms with Breton translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Catalan translations\", \"Terms with Cornish translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Esperanto translations\", \"Terms with Estonian translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with Galician translations\", \"Terms with Georgian translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Greek translations\", \"Terms with Hungarian translations\", \"Terms with Icelandic translations\", \"Terms with Ido translations\", \"Terms with Interlingua translations\", \"Terms with Irish translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Latin translations\", \"Terms with Latvian translations\", \"Terms with Lithuanian translations\", \"Terms with Macedonian translations\", \"Terms with Manx translations\", \"Terms with Norman translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations\", \"Terms with Occitan translations\", \"Terms with Old French translations\", \"Terms with Old Galician-Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations\", \"Terms with Slovene translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Tagalog translations\", \"Terms with Turkish translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"Terms with Vietnamese translations\", \"Terms with Volapük translations\", \"Terms with Welsh translations\", \"en:Female people\", \"en:Leaders\", \"en:Monasticism\", \"en:Prostitution\"], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"abbesse\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English abbesse\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"fro\", \"3\": \"abeesse\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old French abeesse\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"LL.\", \"3\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Late Latin\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"EL.\", \"3\": \"abbatissa\"}, \"expansion\": \"Ecclesiastical Latin abbatissa\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abbas\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abbas\", \"name\": \"der\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Middle English abbesse, from Old French abeesse (French abbesse), from Late Latin or Ecclesiastical Latin abbatissa, feminine of Latin abbas, abbatis (“abbot”).\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abbesses\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"abbess (plural abbesses)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"abbey\"}, {\"word\": \"abbot\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"text\": \"The abbess was always after the nuns to keep the convent immaculately clean.\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A female superior or governess of a nunnery, or convent of nuns, having the same authority over the nuns which the abbots have over the monks.\"], \"links\": [[\"governess\", \"governess\"], [\"nunnery\", \"nunnery\"], [\"convent\", \"convent\"], [\"abbots\", \"abbots\"], [\"The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles\", \"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary\"], [\"Oxford University Press\", \"w:Oxford University Press\"]], \"senseid\": [\"en:religion\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"British slang\", \"English terms with archaic senses\", \"English terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1770, Samuel Foote, The Lame Lover, a Comedy in Three Acts. […], London: […] Paul Vaillant; and sold by P[eter] Elmsly […]; and Robinson and Roberts, […], →OCLC, Act I, page 12:\", \"text\": \"Why laſt night, as Colonel Kill'em, Sir William Weezy, Lord Frederick Foretop, and I were careleſsly ſliding the Ranelagh round, picking our teeth, after a damn'd muzzy dinner at Boodle's, who ſhould trip by but an abbeſs, well known about town, with a ſmart little nun in her ſuite.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1793, John Wolcot, A Poetical, Serious, and Possibly Impertinent, Epistle to the Pope, Ode II, page 33:\", \"text\": \"So an old Abbess for the rattling Rakes, / A tempting dish of human nature makes, / And dresses up a luscious Maid: / I rather should have said, indeed, undresses, / To please a youth's unsanctified caresses.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1881, Pierce Egan, chapter 8, in Life in London, page 205:\", \"text\": \"\\\"I mean to inform you,\\\" answered the Oxonian, with a grin on his face, \\\"that those three nymphs, who have so much dazzled your optics, are three nuns, and the plump female is Mother .... of great notoriety, but generally designated the Abbess of .... Her residence is at no great distance from one of the royal palaces; and she is distinguished for her bold ingenuous line of conduct in the profession which she has chosen to adopt; so much so, indeed, that she eclipses all her competitors in infamy.\\\"\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A woman who runs a brothel; a woman employed by a prostitute to find clients.\"], \"links\": [[\"brothel\", \"brothel\"], [\"prostitute\", \"prostitute\"], [\"client\", \"client\"], [\"Charles G[odfrey] Leland\", \"w:Charles Godfrey Leland\"], [\"John S[tephen] Farmer\", \"w:John Stephen Farmer\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(archaic, British slang) A woman who runs a brothel; a woman employed by a prostitute to find clients.\"], \"tags\": [\"British\", \"archaic\", \"slang\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɪs/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɛs/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɪs/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɛs/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"audio\": \"en-us-abbess.ogg\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/En-us-abbess.ogg/En-us-abbess.ogg.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/En-us-abbess.ogg\"}, {\"audio\": \"en-ca-abbess.ogg\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/En-ca-abbess.ogg/En-ca-abbess.ogg.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/En-ca-abbess.ogg\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-æbɪs\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-æbɛs\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"mother superior\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"bawd\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"Covent Garden abbess\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"lady abbess\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"madam\"}, {\"word\": \"abbatess\"}, {\"tags\": [\"obsolete\"], \"word\": \"abbotess\"}], \"translations\": [{\"alt\": \"raʔīsiyya(t) dayr\", \"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"رَئِيسِيَّة دَيْر\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"mayrapet\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"մայրապետ\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"abbayuhi\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"աբբայուհի\"}, {\"code\": \"ast\", \"lang\": \"Asturian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"eu\", \"lang\": \"Basque\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"be\", \"lang\": \"Belarusian\", \"roman\": \"abatýsa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"абаты́са\"}, {\"code\": \"br\", \"lang\": \"Breton\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadez\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"igumenka\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"игуменка\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"kw\", \"lang\": \"Cornish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abases\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abatyše\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"abbedisse\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abdis\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abatino\"}, {\"code\": \"et\", \"lang\": \"Estonian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abtiss\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abbedissa\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbesse\"}, {\"code\": \"fro\", \"lang\": \"Old French\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abeesse\"}, {\"code\": \"gl\", \"lang\": \"Galician\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"abaṭisa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"აბატისა\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Äbtissin\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Priorin\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"english\": \"Reverend Mother\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Oberin\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"igouméni\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"ηγουμένη\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"apácafőnöknő\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"apátnő\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbadís\"}, {\"code\": \"io\", \"lang\": \"Ido\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abadino\"}, {\"code\": \"ia\", \"lang\": \"Interlingua\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"Abbatessa\"}, {\"code\": \"ga\", \"lang\": \"Irish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ban-ab\"}, {\"code\": \"ga\", \"lang\": \"Irish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"máthairab\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"badessa\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"nisōinchō\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"尼僧院長\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbātissa\"}, {\"code\": \"lv\", \"lang\": \"Latvian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abate\"}, {\"code\": \"lt\", \"lang\": \"Lithuanian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abatė\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"opatica\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"опатица\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"igumenija\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"игуменија\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ard-chaillagh\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ard-chaillagh ghoo\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ard-ven reill\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ben abb\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"moir abb\"}, {\"code\": \"nrf\", \"lang\": \"Norman\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"Jersey\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbêsse\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abbedisse\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbedisse\"}, {\"code\": \"oc\", \"lang\": \"Occitan\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"roa-opt\", \"lang\": \"Old Galician-Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"przeorysza\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ksieni\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"opatka\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"stareță\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"abbatísa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"аббати́са\"}, {\"alt\": \"монастыря́\", \"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"настоя́тельница\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"igúmenʹja\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"игу́менья\"}, {\"code\": \"gd\", \"lang\": \"Scottish Gaelic\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ban-aba\"}, {\"code\": \"sl\", \"lang\": \"Slovene\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"opatinja\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abbedissa\"}, {\"code\": \"tl\", \"lang\": \"Tagalog\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"başrahibe\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"abatýsa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"абати́са\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"topics\": [\"Christianity\"], \"word\": \"bà trưởng tu viện\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"topics\": [\"Christianity\", \"Buddhism\", \"religion\", \"lifestyle\"], \"word\": \"nữ trưởng tu viện/ nữ trụ trì\"}, {\"code\": \"vo\", \"lang\": \"Volapük\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"jilepädan\"}, {\"code\": \"cy\", \"lang\": \"Welsh\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abades\"}], \"wikipedia\": [\"abbess\"], \"word\": \"abbess\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "abbess",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
  "msg": "abbess/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English female equivalent nouns\", \"English lemmas\", \"English nouns\", \"English terms derived from Ecclesiastical Latin\", \"English terms derived from Late Latin\", \"English terms derived from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms derived from Old French\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English terms suffixed with -ess (female)\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Pages with 1 entry\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɛs\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɛs/2 syllables\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɪs\", \"Rhymes:English/æbɪs/2 syllables\", \"Terms with Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Armenian translations\", \"Terms with Asturian translations\", \"Terms with Basque translations\", \"Terms with Belarusian translations\", \"Terms with Breton translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Catalan translations\", \"Terms with Cornish translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Esperanto translations\", \"Terms with Estonian translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with Galician translations\", \"Terms with Georgian translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Greek translations\", \"Terms with Hungarian translations\", \"Terms with Icelandic translations\", \"Terms with Ido translations\", \"Terms with Interlingua translations\", \"Terms with Irish translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Latin translations\", \"Terms with Latvian translations\", \"Terms with Lithuanian translations\", \"Terms with Macedonian translations\", \"Terms with Manx translations\", \"Terms with Norman translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations\", \"Terms with Occitan translations\", \"Terms with Old French translations\", \"Terms with Old Galician-Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations\", \"Terms with Slovene translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Tagalog translations\", \"Terms with Turkish translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"Terms with Vietnamese translations\", \"Terms with Volapük translations\", \"Terms with Welsh translations\", \"en:Female people\", \"en:Leaders\", \"en:Monasticism\", \"en:Prostitution\"], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"abbesse\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English abbesse\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"fro\", \"3\": \"abeesse\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old French abeesse\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"LL.\", \"3\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Late Latin\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"EL.\", \"3\": \"abbatissa\"}, \"expansion\": \"Ecclesiastical Latin abbatissa\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abbas\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abbas\", \"name\": \"der\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Middle English abbesse, from Old French abeesse (French abbesse), from Late Latin or Ecclesiastical Latin abbatissa, feminine of Latin abbas, abbatis (“abbot”).\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abbesses\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"abbess (plural abbesses)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"abbey\"}, {\"word\": \"abbot\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"text\": \"The abbess was always after the nuns to keep the convent immaculately clean.\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A female superior or governess of a nunnery, or convent of nuns, having the same authority over the nuns which the abbots have over the monks.\"], \"links\": [[\"governess\", \"governess\"], [\"nunnery\", \"nunnery\"], [\"convent\", \"convent\"], [\"abbots\", \"abbots\"], [\"The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles\", \"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary\"], [\"Oxford University Press\", \"w:Oxford University Press\"]], \"senseid\": [\"en:religion\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"British slang\", \"English terms with archaic senses\", \"English terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1770, Samuel Foote, The Lame Lover, a Comedy in Three Acts. […], London: […] Paul Vaillant; and sold by P[eter] Elmsly […]; and Robinson and Roberts, […], →OCLC, Act I, page 12:\", \"text\": \"Why laſt night, as Colonel Kill'em, Sir William Weezy, Lord Frederick Foretop, and I were careleſsly ſliding the Ranelagh round, picking our teeth, after a damn'd muzzy dinner at Boodle's, who ſhould trip by but an abbeſs, well known about town, with a ſmart little nun in her ſuite.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1793, John Wolcot, A Poetical, Serious, and Possibly Impertinent, Epistle to the Pope, Ode II, page 33:\", \"text\": \"So an old Abbess for the rattling Rakes, / A tempting dish of human nature makes, / And dresses up a luscious Maid: / I rather should have said, indeed, undresses, / To please a youth's unsanctified caresses.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1881, Pierce Egan, chapter 8, in Life in London, page 205:\", \"text\": \"\\\"I mean to inform you,\\\" answered the Oxonian, with a grin on his face, \\\"that those three nymphs, who have so much dazzled your optics, are three nuns, and the plump female is Mother .... of great notoriety, but generally designated the Abbess of .... Her residence is at no great distance from one of the royal palaces; and she is distinguished for her bold ingenuous line of conduct in the profession which she has chosen to adopt; so much so, indeed, that she eclipses all her competitors in infamy.\\\"\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A woman who runs a brothel; a woman employed by a prostitute to find clients.\"], \"links\": [[\"brothel\", \"brothel\"], [\"prostitute\", \"prostitute\"], [\"client\", \"client\"], [\"Charles G[odfrey] Leland\", \"w:Charles Godfrey Leland\"], [\"John S[tephen] Farmer\", \"w:John Stephen Farmer\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(archaic, British slang) A woman who runs a brothel; a woman employed by a prostitute to find clients.\"], \"tags\": [\"British\", \"archaic\", \"slang\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɪs/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɛs/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɪs/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˈæb.ɛs/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"audio\": \"en-us-abbess.ogg\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/En-us-abbess.ogg/En-us-abbess.ogg.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/En-us-abbess.ogg\"}, {\"audio\": \"en-ca-abbess.ogg\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/En-ca-abbess.ogg/En-ca-abbess.ogg.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/En-ca-abbess.ogg\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-æbɪs\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-æbɛs\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"mother superior\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"bawd\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"Covent Garden abbess\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"lady abbess\"}, {\"sense\": \"woman who runs a brothel\", \"word\": \"madam\"}, {\"word\": \"abbatess\"}, {\"tags\": [\"obsolete\"], \"word\": \"abbotess\"}], \"translations\": [{\"alt\": \"raʔīsiyya(t) dayr\", \"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"رَئِيسِيَّة دَيْر\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"mayrapet\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"մայրապետ\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"abbayuhi\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"աբբայուհի\"}, {\"code\": \"ast\", \"lang\": \"Asturian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"eu\", \"lang\": \"Basque\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"be\", \"lang\": \"Belarusian\", \"roman\": \"abatýsa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"абаты́са\"}, {\"code\": \"br\", \"lang\": \"Breton\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadez\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"igumenka\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"игуменка\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"kw\", \"lang\": \"Cornish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abases\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abatyše\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"abbedisse\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abdis\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abatino\"}, {\"code\": \"et\", \"lang\": \"Estonian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abtiss\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abbedissa\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbesse\"}, {\"code\": \"fro\", \"lang\": \"Old French\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abeesse\"}, {\"code\": \"gl\", \"lang\": \"Galician\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"abaṭisa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"აბატისა\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Äbtissin\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Priorin\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"english\": \"Reverend Mother\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Oberin\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"igouméni\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"ηγουμένη\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"apácafőnöknő\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"apátnő\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbadís\"}, {\"code\": \"io\", \"lang\": \"Ido\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abadino\"}, {\"code\": \"ia\", \"lang\": \"Interlingua\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"Abbatessa\"}, {\"code\": \"ga\", \"lang\": \"Irish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ban-ab\"}, {\"code\": \"ga\", \"lang\": \"Irish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"máthairab\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"badessa\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"nisōinchō\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"尼僧院長\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbātissa\"}, {\"code\": \"lv\", \"lang\": \"Latvian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abate\"}, {\"code\": \"lt\", \"lang\": \"Lithuanian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abatė\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"opatica\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"опатица\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"igumenija\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"игуменија\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ard-chaillagh\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ard-chaillagh ghoo\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ard-ven reill\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ben abb\"}, {\"code\": \"gv\", \"lang\": \"Manx\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"moir abb\"}, {\"code\": \"nrf\", \"lang\": \"Norman\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"Jersey\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbêsse\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\", \"masculine\"], \"word\": \"abbedisse\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abbedisse\"}, {\"code\": \"oc\", \"lang\": \"Occitan\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"roa-opt\", \"lang\": \"Old Galician-Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"przeorysza\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ksieni\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"opatka\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadessa\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"stareță\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"abbatísa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"аббати́са\"}, {\"alt\": \"монастыря́\", \"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"настоя́тельница\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"igúmenʹja\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"игу́менья\"}, {\"code\": \"gd\", \"lang\": \"Scottish Gaelic\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ban-aba\"}, {\"code\": \"sl\", \"lang\": \"Slovene\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"opatinja\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abbedissa\"}, {\"code\": \"tl\", \"lang\": \"Tagalog\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"abadesa\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"başrahibe\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"abatýsa\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"абати́са\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"topics\": [\"Christianity\"], \"word\": \"bà trưởng tu viện\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"topics\": [\"Christianity\", \"Buddhism\", \"religion\", \"lifestyle\"], \"word\": \"nữ trưởng tu viện/ nữ trụ trì\"}, {\"code\": \"vo\", \"lang\": \"Volapük\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"word\": \"jilepädan\"}, {\"code\": \"cy\", \"lang\": \"Welsh\", \"sense\": \"female superior of a nunnery\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"abades\"}], \"wikipedia\": [\"abbess\"], \"word\": \"abbess\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "abbess",
  "trace": ""
}