See -x on Wiktionary
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],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_text": "From the use of x as a neutral or nonspecific placeholder.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-x",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-x",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English neologisms"
],
"glosses": [
"Used to replace a gendered suffix, such as in alumnx, Chicanx, Latinx."
],
"links": [
[
"alumnx",
"alumnx#English"
],
[
"Chicanx",
"Chicanx#English"
],
[
"Latinx",
"Latinx#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(neologism) Used to replace a gendered suffix, such as in alumnx, Chicanx, Latinx."
],
"senseid": [
"en:gender-neutral"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neologism"
]
}
],
"word": "-x"
}
{
"categories": [
"Entries with collapsible category trees for nonexistent categories",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French suffixes",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "voyeul",
"4": "voyeus",
"t": "vowel"
},
"expansion": "Old French voyeus (“vowel”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a medieval ligature for -us, which looked similar to the letter x and was ultimately treated as identical to it. Thus Old French voyeus (“vowel”) was also spelt voyex, for instance. Later on the u was reinserted before the -x and this latter thus became an alternative spelling of -s in said position.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-x",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-x",
"name": "fr-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-s"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "god → gods",
"text": "dieu → dieux",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "core → cores",
"text": "noyau → noyaux",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Hebrew → Hebrews",
"text": "hébreu → hébreux",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the regular plurals of nouns and adjectives in -au and -eu."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"French terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "louse → lice",
"text": "pou → poux",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the irregular plurals of a few nouns in -ou (which regularly add -s)."
],
"links": [
[
"-s",
"-s#French"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "/z‿/"
}
],
"word": "-x"
}
{
"categories": [
"Maltese entries with incorrect language header",
"Maltese lemmas",
"Maltese suffixes",
"Maltese terms derived from Arabic",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mt",
"2": "ar",
"3": "شَيْء",
"4": "",
"5": "thing"
},
"expansion": "Arabic شَيْء (šayʔ, “thing”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Arabic شَيْء (šayʔ, “thing”). The same negation suffix is found in most North African and some Levantine dialects of Arabic.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mt",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-x",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Maltese",
"lang_code": "mt",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Maltese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "jikteb → ma jiktibx ― he writes → he doesn’t write"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used together with the particle ma to negate verbs and adverbs"
],
"links": [
[
"ma",
"ma#Maltese"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Maltese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "tikteb → tiktibx or: la tiktibx ― you write → don't write"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used on its own or with the particle la to express a negated imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"la",
"la#Maltese"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-x"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "en",
"3": "-x",
"id": "gender-neutral"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from English -x",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from English -x.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-x",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-x",
"name": "pt-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese lemmas",
"Portuguese proscribed terms",
"Portuguese suffixes",
"Portuguese terms borrowed from English",
"Portuguese terms derived from English",
"Portuguese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "We are all one.",
"text": "Somos todxs um.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a gender-neutral, normally not pronounced suffix that replaces -o and -a in nouns, adjectives and pronouns"
],
"links": [
[
"-o",
"-o#Portuguese"
],
[
"-a",
"-a#Portuguese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(now chiefly proscribed) a gender-neutral, normally not pronounced suffix that replaces -o and -a in nouns, adjectives and pronouns"
],
"senseid": [
"pt:gender-neutral"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-e"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"proscribed"
]
}
],
"word": "-x"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bbl",
"2": "-ხ"
},
"expansion": "Bats: -ხ (-x)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bats: -ხ (-x)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Vainakh:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ce",
"2": "-х"
},
"expansion": "Chechen: -х (-x)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Chechen: -х (-x)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inh",
"2": "-х"
},
"expansion": "Ingush: -х (-x)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingush: -х (-x)"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cau-nkh-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-x",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Nakh",
"lang_code": "cau-nkh-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Nakh/-x",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Entries with collapsible category trees for nonexistent categories",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Nakh entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Nakh lemmas",
"Proto-Nakh suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"The lative singular marker."
],
"links": [
[
"lative",
"lative#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-x"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "-xs",
"head_nr": 1,
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-xs",
"head_nr": 2,
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mfbysense"
},
"expansion": "-x m or f by sense (noun-forming suffix, plural -xs)",
"name": "es-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"f": "#",
"pl": "-xs"
},
"expansion": "-x m or f (adjective-forming suffix, masculine and feminine plural -xs)",
"name": "es-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Spanish adjective-forming suffixes",
"Spanish countable suffixes",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish epicene suffixes",
"Spanish feminine suffixes",
"Spanish gender-neutral suffixes",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish masculine and feminine suffixes by sense",
"Spanish masculine suffixes",
"Spanish neologisms",
"Spanish nonstandard terms",
"Spanish noun-forming suffixes",
"Spanish suffixes",
"Spanish suffixes with multiple genders",
"Spanish suffixes with red links in their headword lines"
],
"glosses": [
"a gender-neutral suffix that replaces -o and -a in nouns, adjectives and pronouns"
],
"head_nr": 2,
"links": [
[
"-o",
"-o#Spanish"
],
[
"-a",
"-a#Spanish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nonstandard, neologism) a gender-neutral suffix that replaces -o and -a in nouns, adjectives and pronouns"
],
"senseid": [
"es:gender-neutral"
],
"tags": [
"by-personal-gender",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"neologism",
"nonstandard"
]
}
],
"word": "-x"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -x meaning in All languages combined (11.0kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: noun-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-x"
],
"section": "Spanish",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-x",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: adjective-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-x"
],
"section": "Spanish",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-x",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.