See -ch on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "-ch",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Polish: -ch, -ich",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: -ch, -ich"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "szl",
"2": "-ch"
},
"expansion": "Silesian: -ch",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Silesian: -ch"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-xъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-xъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-xъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-xъ",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-xъ.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ch",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Bolesław + -ch → Bolech",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Jan + -ch → Jach",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Miłosław + -ch → Miłoch",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Miłosław + -ch → Mich",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Mirosław + -ch → Mich",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Paweł + -ch → Pach",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Radosław + -ch → Radoch",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Wacław + -ch → Wach",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"attached to truncated stems of masculine given names to form nicknames"
],
"id": "en--ch-zlw-opl-suffix-XD-jszkA",
"links": [
[
"truncated",
"truncated#English"
],
[
"stem",
"stem#English"
],
[
"given name",
"given name#English"
],
[
"nickname",
"nickname#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"attached to truncated stems of common nouns"
],
"id": "en--ch-zlw-opl-suffix-2xog7T0b",
"links": [
[
"common noun",
"common noun#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/x/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ–15ᵗʰ CE"
},
{
"ipa": "/x/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE"
}
],
"word": "-ch"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "-ch",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish -ch",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "-ch"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish -ch",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish -ch.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ch",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"[please"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-cha"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-och"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-uch"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with Template:pl-pr without syllabification",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "brat + -ch → brach",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "gamrat + -ch → gach",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "kmotr + -ch → kmoch",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Moskal + -ch → moch",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "piasek + -ch → piach",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "stryj + -ch → strych",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"attached to truncated stems of common nouns to form masculine, often augmentative or derogatory, nouns"
],
"id": "en--ch-pl-suffix-3xvV26ke",
"links": [
[
"common noun",
"common noun#English"
],
[
"augmentative",
"augmentative#English"
],
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with Template:pl-pr without syllabification",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Stanisław + -ch → Stach",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Zdzisław + -ch → Zdzich",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Zbigniew + -ch → Zbych",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"attached to truncated stems of masculine given names to form nicknames"
],
"id": "en--ch-pl-suffix-XD-jszkA",
"links": [
[
"truncated",
"truncated#English"
],
[
"stem",
"stem#English"
],
[
"given name",
"given name#English"
],
[
"nickname",
"nickname#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/x/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-x"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-ich"
}
],
"word": "-ch"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tli",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ch",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Tlingit",
"lang_code": "tli",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "My mother loves my father.",
"text": "Ax̱ tláach ax̱ éesh asix̱án",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the ergative case."
],
"id": "en--ch-tli-suffix-6rvl5oI7",
"links": [
[
"ergative",
"ergative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 22 15 15 3 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 23 15 15 2 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 95",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tlingit entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Marks the habitual aspect."
],
"id": "en--ch-tli-suffix-gTSaCV~N",
"links": [
[
"habitual",
"habitual#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ch"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "unm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ch",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Unami",
"lang_code": "unm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Unami entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Unami terms suffixed with -ch",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "lapi (“again”) + -ch (future marker)."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix to indicate something relates to the future."
],
"id": "en--ch-unm-suffix-Dlw-hfh3",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ch"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Polish lemmas",
"Old Polish suffixes",
"Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "-ch",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Polish: -ch, -ich",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: -ch, -ich"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "szl",
"2": "-ch"
},
"expansion": "Silesian: -ch",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Silesian: -ch"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-xъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-xъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-xъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-xъ",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-xъ.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ch",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Bolesław + -ch → Bolech",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Jan + -ch → Jach",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Miłosław + -ch → Miłoch",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Miłosław + -ch → Mich",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Mirosław + -ch → Mich",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Paweł + -ch → Pach",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Radosław + -ch → Radoch",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Wacław + -ch → Wach",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"attached to truncated stems of masculine given names to form nicknames"
],
"links": [
[
"truncated",
"truncated#English"
],
[
"stem",
"stem#English"
],
[
"given name",
"given name#English"
],
[
"nickname",
"nickname#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"attached to truncated stems of common nouns"
],
"links": [
[
"common noun",
"common noun#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/x/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ–15ᵗʰ CE"
},
{
"ipa": "/x/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE"
}
],
"word": "-ch"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish entries with Template:pl-pr without syllabification",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish suffixes",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/x",
"Rhymes:Polish/x/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "-ch",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish -ch",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "-ch"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish -ch",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish -ch.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ch",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"[please"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-cha"
},
{
"word": "-och"
},
{
"word": "-uch"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "brat + -ch → brach",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "gamrat + -ch → gach",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "kmotr + -ch → kmoch",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Moskal + -ch → moch",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "piasek + -ch → piach",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "stryj + -ch → strych",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"attached to truncated stems of common nouns to form masculine, often augmentative or derogatory, nouns"
],
"links": [
[
"common noun",
"common noun#English"
],
[
"augmentative",
"augmentative#English"
],
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Stanisław + -ch → Stach",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Zdzisław + -ch → Zdzich",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Zbigniew + -ch → Zbych",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"attached to truncated stems of masculine given names to form nicknames"
],
"links": [
[
"truncated",
"truncated#English"
],
[
"stem",
"stem#English"
],
[
"given name",
"given name#English"
],
[
"nickname",
"nickname#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/x/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-x"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ich"
}
],
"word": "-ch"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Tlingit entries with incorrect language header",
"Tlingit lemmas",
"Tlingit suffixes"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tli",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ch",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Tlingit",
"lang_code": "tli",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Tlingit terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "My mother loves my father.",
"text": "Ax̱ tláach ax̱ éesh asix̱án",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the ergative case."
],
"links": [
[
"ergative",
"ergative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Marks the habitual aspect."
],
"links": [
[
"habitual",
"habitual#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ch"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "unm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ch",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Unami",
"lang_code": "unm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Unami entries with incorrect language header",
"Unami lemmas",
"Unami suffixes",
"Unami terms suffixed with -ch"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "lapi (“again”) + -ch (future marker)."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix to indicate something relates to the future."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ch"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ch meaning in All languages combined (5.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (df33d17 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.