See 黑暗 on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for 黑暗 meaning in All languages combined (13.3kB)
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "guāngmíng",
"sense": "antonym(s) of “dark”",
"word": "光明"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "烏同黑暗"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "乌同黑暗"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "黑暗世界"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "hēi'ànshǐ",
"word": "黑暗史"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "黑暗地獄"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "黑暗地狱"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "黑暗大陸"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "黑暗大陆"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "hēi'àn liàolǐ",
"word": "黑暗料理"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "Hēi'ànshídài",
"word": "黑暗時代"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "Hēi'ànshídài",
"word": "黑暗时代"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "黑暗獄"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "黑暗狱"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "黑暗",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 47 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "They were driven into a dark dungeon.",
"ref": "他們被人驅趕進入一個黑暗的地牢。 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "他们被人驱赶进入一个黑暗的地牢。 [MSC, simp.]\nTāmen bèi rén qūgǎn jìnrù yī ge hēi'àn de dìláo. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not.",
"ref": "光照在黑暗裏，黑暗卻不接受光。 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "光照在黑暗里，黑暗却不接受光。 [MSC, simp.]\nFrom: 新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version), 約翰福音 (John) 1:5\nGuāng zhào zài hēi'àn lǐ, hēi'àn què bù jiēshòu guāng. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dark; unlighted"
],
"id": "en-黑暗-zh-adj-sqP7oopG",
"links": [
[
"dark",
"dark"
],
[
"unlighted",
"unlighted"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 47 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 47 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Elementary Mandarin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "a dark world",
"roman": "yīge hēi'àn de shìjiè",
"text": "一個黑暗的世界／一个黑暗的世界",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"backward; unenlightened; evil; corrupt; sordid; dark"
],
"id": "en-黑暗-zh-adj-oJEWzoIM",
"links": [
[
"backward",
"backward"
],
[
"unenlightened",
"unenlightened"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"corrupt",
"corrupt"
],
[
"sordid",
"sordid"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) backward; unenlightened; evil; corrupt; sordid; dark"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hēi'àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄏㄟ ㄢˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "hak¹ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "haak¹ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "het-am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "hek-àm"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hêg⁴ am³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "he⁶ ngan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "hēi'àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hei-àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "hei¹-an⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hēi-àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "heiann"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "хэйань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "xɛjanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hāk am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hāak am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hak⁷ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "haak⁷ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "heg¹ em³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "hag¹ em³"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɐk̚⁵ ɐm³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/haːk̚⁵ ɐm³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "het-am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "hed` am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "hed⁵ am⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/het̚² am⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "hik-àm"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "hek'axm"
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hek àm"
},
{
"ipa": "/hek̚²⁻⁴ am²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Changsha",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"Xiang"
],
"zh-pron": "he⁶ ngan⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/xɤ̞²⁴ ŋan⁴⁵/",
"tags": [
"Changsha",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Xiang"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "xok 'omH"
},
{
"ipa": "/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɐk̚⁵ ɐm³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/haːk̚⁵ ɐm³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/het̚² am⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hek̚²⁻⁴ am²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/xɤ̞²⁴ ŋan⁴⁵/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "míngmíng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "冥冥"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "cǎn",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "慘"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "cǎn",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "惨"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "cǎndàn",
"word": "慘淡"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "cǎndàn",
"word": "惨淡"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "cǎnbái",
"word": "慘白"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "cǎnbái",
"word": "惨白"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "hūn'àn",
"word": "昏暗"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "hūnchén",
"word": "昏沉"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "hūnhēi",
"word": "昏黑"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "used both literally and figuratively",
"roman": "huìmíng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "晦冥"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "huì'àn",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "晦暗"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "used both literally and figuratively",
"roman": "àndàn",
"word": "暗淡"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "烏暗"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "乌暗"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yīnyōu",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "陰幽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yīnyōu",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "阴幽"
}
],
"word": "黑暗"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "黑暗",
"2": "lit. black-dark"
},
"expansion": "黑暗 (MC xok 'omH, “lit. black-dark”)",
"name": "ltc-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "波斯"
},
"expansion": "波斯 (Bōsī)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "白暗",
"2": "lit. white-dark"
},
"expansion": "白暗 (MC baek 'omH, “lit. white-dark”)",
"name": "ltc-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Laufer (1914: 145)"
},
"expansion": "Laufer (1914: 145)",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Laufer (1967: 473)"
},
"expansion": "Laufer (1967: 473)",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "jra",
"tr": "hötam"
},
"expansion": "Jarai [Term?] (hötam)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ceb",
"2": "itom"
},
"expansion": "Cebuano itom",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "hitam"
},
"expansion": "Malay hitam",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "jv",
"2": "item"
},
"expansion": "Javanese item",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "itim"
},
"expansion": "Tagalog itim",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*kɓɔɔk"
},
"expansion": "*kɓɔɔk",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*kbooʔ"
},
"expansion": "*kbooʔ",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The 9ᵗʰ-century Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang described 黑暗 (MC xok 'omH, “lit. black-dark”) as the name for “rhinoceros(-horn)” in the place Po-se (波斯 (Bōsī), “Persia”), in parallel to 白暗 (MC baek 'omH, “lit. white-dark”), the designation for “ivory”.\nLaufer (1914: 145) and Laufer (1967: 473) pointed out that these names cannot be Persian, but are Malayan in origin. Additionally, it is clear that neither the Malayan words for “rhinoceros-horn” and “ivory”, nor the words for “rhinoceros” and “elephant”, are implicated in these etymologies. It appears that these two Chinese words are corruptions of the colour names “black” and “white”, with which the local traders in Malaya at the time distinguished rhinoceros-horn and ivory.\nLaufer compared the former with Jarai [Term?] (hötam), Cebuano itom, Malay hitam, Javanese item, Tagalog itim, all meaning “black” (in Austronesian languages), and the latter with: Čam bauṅ, boṅ, or bhuṅ; Senoi biūg, other forms in the Sakei and Semang languages of Malakka biok, biäk, biēg, begiäk, bekuṅ, bekog; Alfur, Boloven, Kon tu, Kaseng, Lave, and Niah bok, Sedeng röboṅ, Stieng bōk (“white”); Bahnar bak (Mon bu), most of which are the Mon-Khmer words for “white” (proto-form *kɓɔɔk and *kbooʔ).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "黑暗",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"rhinoceros horn"
],
"id": "en-黑暗-zh-noun-jE0IRkOc",
"links": [
[
"rhinoceros",
"rhinoceros"
],
[
"horn",
"horn"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) rhinoceros horn"
],
"related": [
{
"roman": "bái'àn",
"word": "白暗"
}
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hēi'àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄏㄟ ㄢˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "hak¹ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "haak¹ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "het-am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "hek-àm"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hêg⁴ am³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "he⁶ ngan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "hēi'àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hei-àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "hei¹-an⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hēi-àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "heiann"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "хэйань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "xɛjanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hāk am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hāak am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hak⁷ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "haak⁷ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "heg¹ em³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "hag¹ em³"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɐk̚⁵ ɐm³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/haːk̚⁵ ɐm³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "het-am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "hed` am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "hed⁵ am⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/het̚² am⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "hik-àm"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "hek'axm"
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hek àm"
},
{
"ipa": "/hek̚²⁻⁴ am²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Changsha",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"Xiang"
],
"zh-pron": "he⁶ ngan⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/xɤ̞²⁴ ŋan⁴⁵/",
"tags": [
"Changsha",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Xiang"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "xok 'omH"
},
{
"ipa": "/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɐk̚⁵ ɐm³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/haːk̚⁵ ɐm³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/het̚² am⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hek̚²⁻⁴ am²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/xɤ̞²⁴ ŋan⁴⁵/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang"
],
"word": "黑暗"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "黑暗",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "黑暗",
"name": "vi-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese nouns without classifiers",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"chữ Hán form of hắc ám (“dark; unlighted”)."
],
"id": "en-黑暗-vi-noun-H38e3YfV",
"links": [
[
"chữ Hán",
"chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
],
[
"hắc ám",
"hắc ám#Vietnamese"
],
[
"dark",
"dark"
],
[
"unlighted",
"unlighted"
]
]
}
],
"word": "黑暗"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "guāngmíng",
"sense": "antonym(s) of “dark”",
"word": "光明"
}
],
"categories": [
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Elementary Mandarin",
"Middle Chinese lemmas"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "烏同黑暗"
},
{
"word": "乌同黑暗"
},
{
"word": "黑暗世界"
},
{
"roman": "hēi'ànshǐ",
"word": "黑暗史"
},
{
"word": "黑暗地獄"
},
{
"word": "黑暗地狱"
},
{
"word": "黑暗大陸"
},
{
"word": "黑暗大陆"
},
{
"roman": "hēi'àn liàolǐ",
"word": "黑暗料理"
},
{
"roman": "Hēi'ànshídài",
"word": "黑暗時代"
},
{
"roman": "Hēi'ànshídài",
"word": "黑暗时代"
},
{
"word": "黑暗獄"
},
{
"word": "黑暗狱"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "黑暗",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mandarin terms with quotations",
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "They were driven into a dark dungeon.",
"ref": "他們被人驅趕進入一個黑暗的地牢。 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "他们被人驱赶进入一个黑暗的地牢。 [MSC, simp.]\nTāmen bèi rén qūgǎn jìnrù yī ge hēi'àn de dìláo. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not.",
"ref": "光照在黑暗裏，黑暗卻不接受光。 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "光照在黑暗里，黑暗却不接受光。 [MSC, simp.]\nFrom: 新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version), 約翰福音 (John) 1:5\nGuāng zhào zài hēi'àn lǐ, hēi'àn què bù jiēshòu guāng. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dark; unlighted"
],
"links": [
[
"dark",
"dark"
],
[
"unlighted",
"unlighted"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "a dark world",
"roman": "yīge hēi'àn de shìjiè",
"text": "一個黑暗的世界／一个黑暗的世界",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"backward; unenlightened; evil; corrupt; sordid; dark"
],
"links": [
[
"backward",
"backward"
],
[
"unenlightened",
"unenlightened"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
],
[
"corrupt",
"corrupt"
],
[
"sordid",
"sordid"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) backward; unenlightened; evil; corrupt; sordid; dark"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hēi'àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄏㄟ ㄢˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "hak¹ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "haak¹ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "het-am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "hek-àm"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hêg⁴ am³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "he⁶ ngan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "hēi'àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hei-àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "hei¹-an⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hēi-àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "heiann"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "хэйань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "xɛjanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hāk am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hāak am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hak⁷ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "haak⁷ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "heg¹ em³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "hag¹ em³"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɐk̚⁵ ɐm³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/haːk̚⁵ ɐm³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "het-am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "hed` am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "hed⁵ am⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/het̚² am⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "hik-àm"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "hek'axm"
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hek àm"
},
{
"ipa": "/hek̚²⁻⁴ am²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Changsha",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"Xiang"
],
"zh-pron": "he⁶ ngan⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/xɤ̞²⁴ ŋan⁴⁵/",
"tags": [
"Changsha",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Xiang"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "xok 'omH"
},
{
"ipa": "/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɐk̚⁵ ɐm³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/haːk̚⁵ ɐm³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/het̚² am⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hek̚²⁻⁴ am²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/xɤ̞²⁴ ŋan⁴⁵/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "míngmíng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "冥冥"
},
{
"roman": "cǎn",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "慘"
},
{
"roman": "cǎn",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "惨"
},
{
"roman": "cǎndàn",
"word": "慘淡"
},
{
"roman": "cǎndàn",
"word": "惨淡"
},
{
"roman": "cǎnbái",
"word": "慘白"
},
{
"roman": "cǎnbái",
"word": "惨白"
},
{
"roman": "hūn'àn",
"word": "昏暗"
},
{
"roman": "hūnchén",
"word": "昏沉"
},
{
"roman": "hūnhēi",
"word": "昏黑"
},
{
"english": "used both literally and figuratively",
"roman": "huìmíng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "晦冥"
},
{
"roman": "huì'àn",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "晦暗"
},
{
"english": "used both literally and figuratively",
"roman": "àndàn",
"word": "暗淡"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "烏暗"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "乌暗"
},
{
"roman": "yīnyōu",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "陰幽"
},
{
"roman": "yīnyōu",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "阴幽"
}
],
"word": "黑暗"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Elementary Mandarin",
"Middle Chinese lemmas"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "黑暗",
"2": "lit. black-dark"
},
"expansion": "黑暗 (MC xok 'omH, “lit. black-dark”)",
"name": "ltc-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "波斯"
},
"expansion": "波斯 (Bōsī)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "白暗",
"2": "lit. white-dark"
},
"expansion": "白暗 (MC baek 'omH, “lit. white-dark”)",
"name": "ltc-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Laufer (1914: 145)"
},
"expansion": "Laufer (1914: 145)",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Laufer (1967: 473)"
},
"expansion": "Laufer (1967: 473)",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "jra",
"tr": "hötam"
},
"expansion": "Jarai [Term?] (hötam)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ceb",
"2": "itom"
},
"expansion": "Cebuano itom",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "hitam"
},
"expansion": "Malay hitam",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "jv",
"2": "item"
},
"expansion": "Javanese item",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "itim"
},
"expansion": "Tagalog itim",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*kɓɔɔk"
},
"expansion": "*kɓɔɔk",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*kbooʔ"
},
"expansion": "*kbooʔ",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The 9ᵗʰ-century Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang described 黑暗 (MC xok 'omH, “lit. black-dark”) as the name for “rhinoceros(-horn)” in the place Po-se (波斯 (Bōsī), “Persia”), in parallel to 白暗 (MC baek 'omH, “lit. white-dark”), the designation for “ivory”.\nLaufer (1914: 145) and Laufer (1967: 473) pointed out that these names cannot be Persian, but are Malayan in origin. Additionally, it is clear that neither the Malayan words for “rhinoceros-horn” and “ivory”, nor the words for “rhinoceros” and “elephant”, are implicated in these etymologies. It appears that these two Chinese words are corruptions of the colour names “black” and “white”, with which the local traders in Malaya at the time distinguished rhinoceros-horn and ivory.\nLaufer compared the former with Jarai [Term?] (hötam), Cebuano itom, Malay hitam, Javanese item, Tagalog itim, all meaning “black” (in Austronesian languages), and the latter with: Čam bauṅ, boṅ, or bhuṅ; Senoi biūg, other forms in the Sakei and Semang languages of Malakka biok, biäk, biēg, begiäk, bekuṅ, bekog; Alfur, Boloven, Kon tu, Kaseng, Lave, and Niah bok, Sedeng röboṅ, Stieng bōk (“white”); Bahnar bak (Mon bu), most of which are the Mon-Khmer words for “white” (proto-form *kɓɔɔk and *kbooʔ).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "黑暗",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"roman": "bái'àn",
"word": "白暗"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Chinese terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"rhinoceros horn"
],
"links": [
[
"rhinoceros",
"rhinoceros"
],
[
"horn",
"horn"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) rhinoceros horn"
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hēi'àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄏㄟ ㄢˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "hak¹ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "haak¹ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "het-am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "hek-àm"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hêg⁴ am³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "he⁶ ngan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "hēi'àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hei-àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "hei¹-an⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hēi-àn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "heiann"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "хэйань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "xɛjanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hāk am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hāak am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hak⁷ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "haak⁷ am³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "heg¹ em³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "hag¹ em³"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɐk̚⁵ ɐm³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/haːk̚⁵ ɐm³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "het-am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "hed` am"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "hed⁵ am⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/het̚² am⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "hik-àm"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "hek'axm"
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hek àm"
},
{
"ipa": "/hek̚²⁻⁴ am²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Changsha",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"Xiang"
],
"zh-pron": "he⁶ ngan⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/xɤ̞²⁴ ŋan⁴⁵/",
"tags": [
"Changsha",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Xiang"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "xok 'omH"
},
{
"ipa": "/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɐk̚⁵ ɐm³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/haːk̚⁵ ɐm³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/het̚² am⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ am¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hek̚²⁻⁴ am²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/xɤ̞²⁴ ŋan⁴⁵/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang"
],
"word": "黑暗"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "黑暗",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "黑暗",
"name": "vi-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
"Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"Vietnamese lemmas",
"Vietnamese nouns",
"Vietnamese nouns in Han script",
"Vietnamese nouns without classifiers"
],
"glosses": [
"chữ Hán form of hắc ám (“dark; unlighted”)."
],
"links": [
[
"chữ Hán",
"chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
],
[
"hắc ám",
"hắc ám#Vietnamese"
],
[
"dark",
"dark"
],
[
"unlighted",
"unlighted"
]
]
}
],
"word": "黑暗"
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary)'",
"path": [
"黑暗"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "黑暗",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
"path": [
"黑暗"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "黑暗",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
"path": [
"黑暗"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "黑暗",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese)⁺'",
"path": [
"黑暗"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "黑暗",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.